Deck 9: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Question 1

Which of the following 1-ounce portions of food would have the least sodium?

A)Hamburger
B)Ham
C)Deli chicken
D)Cheese

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Hypertension is defined as a systolic/diastolic blood pressure at or above ______ mm Hg.

A)100/50
B)120/80
C)140/90
D)180/100

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Water regulates body temperature through heat loss via

A)conduction.
B)radiation.
C)respiration.
D)evaporation.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Adult men need how much total water intake per day?

A)2.0 liters (8.5 cups)
B)2.7 liters (11 cups)
C)3.0 liters (13 cups)
D)3.7 liters (15 cups)

Question 5

Intracellular water volume depends primarily on the concentration of

A)sodium and chloride.
B)phosphate and potassium.
C)potassium and sodium.
D)chloride and potassium.

Question 6

Water constitutes ______ percent of body weight.

A)10-20
B)25-45
C)50-70
D)75-95

Question 7

The typical American diet contains approximately ______ milligrams of sodium.

A)700 to 1,200
B)1,300 to 2,200
C)2,300 to 4,700
D)5,000 to 10,000

Question 8

The amount of water in each body compartment mainly is controlled by

A)oxygen concentration.
B)glucose concentration.
C)the presence of fatty acids.
D)ion concentration.

Question 9

Joe is a wrestler and during his workouts he loses 2 pounds.How much water would he have to drink to replenish this water weight loss?

A)2 - 3 cups
B)3 - 4 cups
C)4 - 6 cups
D)6 - 8 cups

Question 10

Adult women need how much total water intake per day?

A)1.5 liters (6 cups)
B)2 liters (8.5 cups)
C)2.7 liters (11 cups)
D)3 liters (13 cups)

Question 11

Consumption of a diet high in salt by a healthy individual will

A)cause damage to the kidneys.
B)result in edema.
C)increase fecal excretion of sodium.
D)increase urinary excretion of sodium.

Question 12

The AI for sodium for those under 51 years of age is ______ milligrams per day.

A)500
B)1000
C)1500
D)2000

Question 13

All foods in their unprocessed form tend to be low in sodium except

A)milk and dairy products.
B)whole grains.
C)legumes.
D)fruits.

Question 14

A liter of perspiration lost by the body represents _____ kilocalories.

A)200
B)400
C)600
D)800

Question 15

A useful strategy to reduce the risk of developing hypertension is

A)eat plenty of protein.
B)limit the use of pepper at the table and during food preparation.
C)eat lots of prepackaged and canned foods.
D)eat a kilocalorie-controlled diet to maintain a desirable body weight.

Question 16

Which of the following is not true about the regulation of fluid in the body?

A)Thirst is a reliable indicator of how much water should be consumed to replenish body fluids during illness.
B)Antidiuretic hormone is released to force the kidney to conserve water.
C)There is a limit to how concentrated the kidney can make the urine.
D)Even though the kidney can effectively conserve water,insensible water losses must be replenished.

Question 17

Higher intake of which of the following minerals is associated with lowered blood pressure?

A)Sodium
B)Potassium
C)Cadmium
D)Chloride

Question 18

The two most significant extracellular ions are

A)sodium and chloride.
B)phosphate and potassium.
C)potassium and sodium.
D)chloride and potassium.

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of potassium?

A)Maintenance of night vision
B)Regulation of fluid balance
C)Neutralization of free radicals
D)Production of stomach acid

Question 20

Of the following foods,which one is lowest in sodium?

A)Pepperoni pizza
B)Macaroni salad
C)Milk
D)Grape juice

Question 21

Mucus and synovial (joint)fluid exemplify water's role as a

A)lubricant.
B)solvent.
C)transport medium.
D)participant in chemical reactions.

Question 22

For a healthy adult,the largest percentage of daily water output is attributed to

A)feces.
B)urine.
C)perspiration.
D)lung respiration.

Question 23

The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)is characterized by excessive production of ADH.A consequence of this disorder could be

A)hyponatremia.
B)hypernatremia.
C)dehydration.
D)kidney stones.

Question 24

The ratio of sodium to chloride in table salt is

A)30:70.
B)40:60.
C)50:50.
D)60:40.

Question 25

The major source of chloride in the diet is

A)nuts.
B)milk.
C)cheese.
D)table salt.

Question 26

Inadequate hydration may increase risk for

A)hyponatremia.
B)kidney stones.
C)hypertension.
D)hypokalemia.

Question 27

Symptoms of dehydration include all of the following except

A)heat intolerance.
B)low blood pressure.
C)slowed heart rate.
D)dry skin.

Question 28

Depletion of chloride is mostly likely to occur with excessive

A)dieting.
B)vomiting.
C)diarrhea.
D)sweating.

Question 29

Aldosterone signals the kidneys to conserve

A)sodium.
B)potassium.
C)chloride.
D)phosphate.

Question 30

Which of the following people is likely to have the highest percentage of body water?

A)A highly trained male athlete
B)A highly trained female athlete
C)An obese woman
D)An elderly man

Question 31

Chronic dehydration increases a man's risk of developing

A)gallstones.
B)calcium deposits.
C)a fever.
D)kidney stones.

Question 32

Metabolic water refers to

A)rehydration beverages that contain electrolytes.
B)water that is formed as a byproduct of the breakdown of macronutrients for energy.
C)water that is conserved by the kidneys.
D)fluids that are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 33

Potassium is found in the largest quantities in

A)milk and dairy products.
B)meats.
C)fruits and vegetables.
D)refined grains.

Question 34

Which of the following foods has the lowest water content?

A)Butter
B)Whole grain bread
C)Tomato
D)Sirloin steak

Question 35

The process of nerve impulse transmission starts with

A)flow of potassium ions into the cell.
B)flow of sodium ions into the cell.
C)flow of chloride ions into the cell.
D)flow of phosphate ions into the cell.

Question 36

If the intracellular concentration of ions is greater than the extracellular concentration of ions,which will happen in order to maintain balance?

A)Fluid will move into the cell.
B)Fluid will move out of the cell.
C)Ions will move into the cell.
D)Ions will move out of the cell.

Question 37

Of the following,the best source of potassium is

A)fresh spinach.
B)milk.
C)white bread.
D)canned tuna.

Question 38

A rise from 98.6° to 99.6° F,results in a ______% rise in basal metabolic rate.

A)10
B)7
C)5
D)1

Question 39

Which of the following is a function of chloride?

A)Participates in digestion
B)Neutralizes free radicals
C)Activates enzymes
D)Mineralizes bone

Question 40

After an intense workout,Christa's weight was down 3 pounds.To rehydrate adequately,Christa should drink ______ cups of water over the next hour or two.

A)1 - 2
B)2 - 3
C)4 - 6
D)6 - 9

Question 41

About ______ of adults are sodium sensitive.

A)10%-15%
B)25%-30%
C)45%-50%
D)70%-75%

Question 42

Which of the following conditions leads to the breakdown of plastic water bottles?

A)Being left in a hot car
B)Being used to hold lemonade
C)Cleaning in the dishwasher
D)All of these conditions break down plastic.

Question 43

For which of the following people are sports drinks with electrolytes most appropriate?

A)A student who needs to stay up late to study for an exam
B)An athlete who competes in a marathon
C)An athlete who competes in the 100-meter dash
D)An elderly adult

Question 44

Systolic pressure refers to the pressure in the

A)veins when the heart is beating.
B)veins when the heart is between beats.
C)arteries when the heart is beating.
D)arteries when the heart is between beats.

Question 45

Primary hypertension

A)is also known as the "white coat syndrome."
B)has no clear-cut cause.
C)is a result of kidney disease.
D)is a result of sleep apnea.

Question 46

Sodium intake above 2000 milligrams per day may increase urinary excretion of ______ if dietary intake of that nutrient is low.

A)iron
B)vitamin E
C)calcium
D)vitamin D

Question 47

Bottled water is often lower in _______ than municipal tap water.

A)calcium
B)iron
C)fluoride
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 48

Diastolic pressure refers to the pressure in the

A)veins when the heart is contracting.
B)veins when the heart is relaxed.
C)arteries when the heart is contracting.
D)arteries when the heart is relaxed.

Question 49

Which of the following foods is the best source of potassium?

A)Squash
B)Skim milk
C)White bread
D)Canola oil

Question 50

When starting a reduced-salt diet,how long before you can sense salt at a lower taste threshold?

A)2 weeks
B)8 weeks
C)12 weeks
D)18 weeks

Question 51

Elevated blood pressure has been linked to excess intake of

A)calcium and vitamin D
B)sodium and potassium.
C)sodium and chloride.
D)magnesium and potassium.

Question 52

Which of the following populations is at risk for high blood potassium?

A)Vegetarians
B)Alcoholics
C)People with eating disorders
D)People with kidney disorders

Question 53

The sodium concentration of the blood is primarily regulated by the

A)kidneys.
B)small intestine.
C)large intestine.
D)spleen.

Question 54

Which of the following electrolytes is especially important for proper heart rhythm?

A)Sodium
B)Potassium
C)Chloride
D)Phosphate

Question 55

Which of the following population groups is at high risk for low blood potassium?

A)Vegetarians
B)Individuals with lactose intolerance
C)People with eating disorders
D)Physically inactive adults

Question 56

Bottled water is regulated by

A)USDA.
B)EPA.
C)FDA.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 57

Which of the following meals would be suitable for a person following a low-sodium diet?

A)Chicken noodle soup,oyster crackers,and a tossed green salad with ranch dressing
B)Chicken tenders,French fries,and sliced apples from a fast food restaurant
C)A homemade chicken casserole made with canned green beans and cream of mushroom soup
D)Homemade oven-baked chicken,buttered rice,and steamed fresh green beans

Question 58

Softening of hard water may increase its ______ content.

A)sodium
B)magnesium
C)calcium
D)fluoride

Question 59

Which of the following population groups requires the least sodium?

A)Adults through age 50
B)Adults age 51-70
C)Adults age 71 and older
D)Sodium requirements are the same for all adults.

Question 60

About 95% of Americans exceed the Upper Level for

A)water.
B)sodium.
C)potassium.
D)calcium.

Question 62

During the process of nerve impulse transmission,when sodium flows into the neuron,its cell membrane is

A)repolarized.
B)charged.
C)depolarized.
D)activated.

Question 63

The most practical advice for prevention of hypertension is

A)maintain a healthy weight.
B)engage in 60 to 90 minutes of vigorous exercise on most days of the week.
C)take diuretics.
D)restrict sodium intake to 2000 milligrams per day.

Question 64

Because it increases loss of the acidic compound CO₂,hyperventilation would ______ blood pH.

A)increase
B)not affect
C)decrease

Question 65

Which of the following populations is especially sensitive to the effects of excess sodium intake on blood pressure?

A)Caucasians
B)Hispanics
C)African-Americans
D)Native-Americans

Question 66

Limiting dietary intake of sodium will ______ urine production.

A)decrease
B)increase
C)not change

Question 67

Stephen's blood pressure is 135/88 and he wishes to follow the principles of the DASH diet.For most Americans,this means increasing intake of

A)fruits and vegetables.
B)whole milk.
C)protein.
D)enriched grain products.

Question 68

Potassium and phosphate are the major ______ electrolytes.

A)intracellular
B)extracellular

Question 69

The process of equalizing ion concentration by movement of fluid through a semipermeable membrane is known as

A)diuresis.
B)osteoporosis.
C)nerve impulse transmission.
D)osmosis.

Question 70

The major source of ______ in the American diet is processed foods.

A)potassium
B)phosphorus
C)calcium
D)sodium

Question 71

Hypertension can lead to

A)cardiovascular disease.
B)kidney disease.
C)declines in brain function.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 72

Up to one or two alcoholic drinks per day

A)is a reasonable alcohol intake for an adult with hypertension.
B)may reduce the risk for ischemic stroke.
C)is a reasonable alcohol intake for adults of legal drinking age.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 73

The DASH diet recommends inclusion of ______ of nuts,seeds,or legumes.

A)1 serving per day
B)4 to 5 servings per day
C)4 to 5 servings per week
D)2 to 3 servings per week

Question 74

The pH of blood is normally maintained at

A)0.
B)7.4.
C)14.
D)7.0.

Question 75

Active transport of ______ from the lumen of the intestine into the cells lining the intestine facilitates absorption of water from the gastrointestinal tract.

A)amino acids
B)glucose
C)sodium
D)phosphorus

Question 76

Obesity

A)reduces risk for hypertension.
B)is a minor contributor to risk for hypertension.
C)is the number one lifestyle risk factor for hypertension.
D)is not related to hypertension.

Question 77

During nerve impulse transmission,depolarization results in a ______ charge inside the cell membrane.Repolarization restores the ______ charge inside the cell membrane.

A)slightly positive;slightly negative
B)slightly negative;slightly positive
C)slightly positive;neutral
D)neutral;slightly negative

Question 78

Composed primarily of water,metabolic wastes,and minerals,the body's major waste product is

A)sweat.
B)urine.
C)feces.
D)bile.

Question 79

The pH of a solution is a measurement of the concentration of ______ ions in the solution.

A)phosphate
B)hydrogen
C)chloride
D)sodium

Question 80

The DASH diet for reduction of hypertension

A)excludes added sugars.
B)is a vegetarian meal plan.
C)recommends 2 to 3 servings per day of low-fat dairy products.
D)encourages daily use of coconut oil.