Deck 8: Overview of Micronutrients and Phytochemicals

Question 1

Water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins differ in which way?

A)Water-soluble vitamins are best absorbed in the presence of dietary fat.
B)Fat-soluble vitamins have much less potential for toxicity.
C)Water-soluble are less likely to be toxic.
D)Water-soluble vitamins are stored,whereas fat-soluble vitamins are excreted readily.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is true about mineral bioavailability?

A)Minerals from plants are better absorbed than those from animal products.
B)Minerals from animal products are better absorbed than those from plants.
C)The trace mineral content of plants is relatively constant no matter which soil serves as the medium.
D)Refining and processing foods will increase the trace mineral content.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Of the following minerals,daily requirements are highest for

A)iron.
B)iodine.
C)calcium.
D)copper.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

If you wanted to add significant quantities of vitamins and minerals to your diet from the food you eat,a good choice would be

A)apple juice.
B)a multivitamin.
C)a doughnut made with enriched white flour.
D)a fortified breakfast cereal such as Total^® Raisin Bran.

Question 5

Megadoses are defined as vitamin intakes ________ times the estimated human needs to prevent a deficiency.

A)1 to 3
B)2 to 10
C)50
D)100

Question 6

A nutrient that has been deemed essential but has not been classified as a vitamin is

A)resveratrol.
B)beta-carotene.
C)choline.
D)ascorbic acid.

Question 7

Which of the following is most likely to result in vitamin toxicity if consumed daily over a long period of time?

A)Vitamin A supplements
B)B-vitamin complex
C)Fortified breakfast cereals
D)Spinach,kale,and other greens

Question 8

In general,excess amounts of water-soluble vitamins are excreted via the

A)kidneys.
B)intestine.
C)lungs.
D)liver.

Question 9

Which of the following statements is true about vitamin characteristics?

A)They cannot be stored by the body.
B)They are inorganic.
C)They help regulate chemical reactions in the body.
D)They directly supply energy to the body.

Question 10

Which of the following does not describe fat-soluble vitamins?

A)They are stored in the body.
B)Excesses are excreted in the urine.
C)They are transported via special carriers in the bloodstream.
D)They tend to exist in several biologically active forms.

Question 11

Which of the following is not true of B vitamins?

A)They are water soluble.
B)They serve as coenzymes.
C)They can be lost during food processing and preparation.
D)They are stored in adipose tissue.

Question 12

Which of the following is best for preserving the vitamin content of foods?

A)Exposure to light
B)Cooking in water
C)Flash freezing
D)Alkalinity

Question 13

Which of the following is true about the absorption,transport,and storage of fat-soluble vitamins?

A)They enter the bloodstream directly from the stomach.
B)Fat in the digestive contents is not important for their absorption.
C)They are not able to be stored in the body.
D)They are stored in the liver and fatty tissue.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is not correct when describing the role of minerals in the body?

A)They facilitate the transfer of nerve impulses.
B)They are constituents of important body compounds.
C)They provide 4 kilocalories per gram.
D)They help maintain water balance.

Question 15

Which of the following is true about the intake of vitamins?

A)All vitamins consumed in excess are excreted.
B)Supplemental vitamins are better than those from food.
C)Occasional lapses in vitamin intake should cause no harm.
D)It is hard to get all the vitamins we need from food.

Question 16

Zinc competes with ______ for absorption.

A)chromium
B)copper
C)chloride
D)vitamin C

Question 17

Minerals are categorized based on the amount we need per day.Which of the following statements is correct?

A)Major minerals are needed in amounts of 500 mg per day or greater.
B)Trace minerals are needed in amounts of 100 mg per day or less.
C)Trace minerals are needed in amounts of 10 mg per day or less.
D)Major minerals are needed in amounts of 200 mg per day or greater.

Question 18

Which of the following vitamins are most readily excreted by the body?

A)Vitamin B-6
B)Vitamin A
C)Vitamin D
D)Thiamin

Question 19

Oxalic acid,a component of fiber,can inhibit the absorption of

A)vitamin A
B)thiamin.
C)calcium.
D)protein.

Question 20

Which of the following is not a true statement regarding fat malabsorption?

A)It results in decreased absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
B)It increases the risk of fat-soluble vitamin deficiency.
C)It increases the risk of developing pellagra or beriberi.
D)It increases the risk of developing rickets or osteomalacia.

Question 21

The Supplement Facts panel on dietary supplements resembles the _______ and is required on all dietary supplements.

A)Drug Facts panel on drugs
B)Cosmetic Facts panel on cosmetics
C)Nutrition Facts panel on food
D)Prescription Facts panel

Question 22

Calcium,phosphorus,magnesium,and fluoride mainly serve as structural components of

A)the skin.
B)the central nervous system.
C)bones and teeth.
D)hair and fingernails.

Question 23

Which of the following is an example of a vitamin that is more bioavailable in its synthetic form?

A)Vitamin A
B)Vitamin E
C)Folate
D)Vitamin B-6

Question 24

The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA)of 1994 classified vitamins,minerals,amino acids,and herbal remedies as

A)drugs.
B)foods.
C)micronutrients.
D)phytochemicals.

Question 25

Which of the following is an example of a trace mineral?

A)Potassium
B)Sodium
C)Iron
D)Calcium

Question 26

Consumption of vitamin C

A)enhances absorption of iron.
B)limits absorption of iron.
C)does not affect absorption of iron.

Question 27

When B vitamins are consumed in their coenzyme forms,

A)intestinal absorption of fat is enhanced.
B)they are broken down to free vitamins in the stomach and small intestine prior to absorption.
C)toxicity of B vitamins is likely to occur.
D)more energy is available to the body.

Question 28

Vitamins A,C,and E work together to

A)protect the body from damage by free radicals.
B)serve as coenzymes in the chemical reactions of energy metabolism.
C)maintain the balance between intracellular and extracellular fluid.
D)provide strength and stability to bones.

Question 29

______ are mostly stored in the liver and adipose tissue.

A)Fat-soluble vitamins
B)Trace minerals
C)Water-soluble vitamins
D)Major minerals

Question 30

Which of the following criteria qualifies a compound as a vitamin?

A)The compound is necessary for health,but the body is unable to synthesize enough of the compound to maintain health.
B)The compound prevents chronic disease and cancer.
C)The compound is best absorbed if taken in supplement form.
D)The body is unable to synthesize the compound.

Question 31

Besides being supplied in the diet,some micronutrients are synthesized in the body.For example,______ can be synthesized by microorganisms in the intestinal tract.

A)vitamin K
B)niacin
C)vitamin D
D)vitamin B-6

Question 32

The B vitamins

A)provide strength and stability to bones.
B)can be broken down to yield about 4 kilocalories per gram.
C)facilitate chemical reactions that yield energy from the macronutrients.
D)protect the cells from damage by free radicals.

Question 33

Which of the following is an example of a fat-soluble vitamin?

A)Vitamin B-12
B)Vitamin B-6
C)Riboflavin
D)Vitamin A

Question 34

The primary site of micronutrient absorption is the

A)liver.
B)large intestine.
C)small intestine.
D)stomach.

Question 35

Immediately after absorption from the small intestine,fat-soluble vitamins appear in the lymph as part of

A)VLDLs.
B)chylomicrons.
C)HDLs.
D)phospholipids.

Question 36

Excessive intake of zinc can decrease the absorption of

A)calcium.
B)vitamin C
C)iron.
D)copper.

Question 37

Which of the following is not classified as a B vitamin?

A)Riboflavin
B)Niacin
C)Choline
D)Biotin

Question 38

Which of the following statements about micronutrients is true?

A)It is likely that all essential vitamins and minerals have been identified.
B)Choline is the most recent addition to the vitamins.
C)Toxicity diseases are not likely to result from overdoses of trace minerals because they are stored in such small amounts.
D)Natural forms of vitamins are much more potent than synthetic forms.

Question 39

Fluid balance is dependent on

A)niacin.
B)potassium.
C)vitamin C
D)magnesium.

Question 40

Which of the following does not help preserve the vitamin content of fruits and vegetables?

A)Trimming and peeling fruits and vegetables soon after purchase
B)Storing fruits and vegetables in moisture-proof,airtight containers
C)Storing fruits and vegetables in a cool place,such as the crisper drawer of the refrigerator
D)Using cooking methods such as steaming,stir-frying,or microwaving

Question 41

Which of the following is a function of phytochemicals?

A)Increases inflammation and oxidative damage to cells
B)Regulates cell signaling and gene expression
C)Increases the formation of blood clots
D)Increases the initiation and proliferation of cancer

Question 42

Functional foods can be placed into two categories: ______ and ______.

A)zoochemicals;phytochemicals
B)antioxidants;anti-inflammatory
C)superfoods;phytochemicals
D)animal;plant

Question 43

Examples of foods that are rich sources of phytochemicals include

A)gluten-free products,wild game,red wine,and green tea.
B)plant and animal proteins.
C)monounsaturated oils,whole grains,and poultry.
D)fruits,vegetables,whole grains,herbs,nuts,and seeds.

Question 44

Vitamin C is a ______-soluble vitamin.

A)water
B)fat

Question 45

Earl,who has been a strict vegan for years,requires a supplemental source of

A)vitamin B-12.
B)folate.
C)vitamin C
D)selenium.

Question 46

Orlistat is a weight-loss medication with a possible side-effect of

A)excessive storage of fat-soluble vitamins.
B)increased urinary excretion of water-soluble vitamins.
C)impaired absorption of minerals.
D)limiting absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.

Question 47

Foods that are sources of the chemicals that provide health benefits beyond being essential dietary nutrients are termed

A)functional foods.
B)antioxidants.
C)gluten-free foods.
D)superfoods.

Question 49

When buying a vitamin or mineral supplement,look for ______ on the label for evidence the product has been tested for purity,strength,and quality.

A)UPS
B)SPU
C)PSU
D)USP

Question 50

Micronutrients can be classified based on the presence of ______ in their chemical structures.According to this classification system,vitamins are organic and minerals are inorganic.

A)oxygen
B)synthetic chemicals
C)carbon
D)double bonds

Question 51

Compared to whole grain products,refined grains are ______ in trace minerals.

A)lower
B)higher
C)equivalent