Deck 8: Using Health Services

Question 1

The _____ model is important because it lends coherence to a person's comprehension of the illness experience.

A)commonsense
B)health belief
C)illness
D)transtheoretical

Answer 1

commonsense

Question 2

_____ is believed to be caused by multiple factors,including health habits,and is long in duration,often with severe consequences.

A)Terminal illness
B)Acute illness
C)Chronic illness
D)Cyclic illness

Answer 2

Chronic illness

Question 3

The coherent conceptions of diseases and afflictions that are acquired through the media,through personal experience,and from family and friends who have experience with similar disorders are known as

A)illness representations.
B)medical delays.
C)secondary gains.
D)delay behaviors.

Answer 3

illness representations.

Question 4

Accelerated heartbeat and fatigue are typical physiological changes related to

A)stress.
B)mood.
C)situational factors.
D)attentional differences.

Question 5

The detection of symptoms,their interpretation,and the use of health services are heavily influenced by _____ processes.

A)ossification
B)social
C)psychological
D)physical

Question 6

_____ are convinced that normal bodily symptoms are indicators of illness.

A)Lay practitioners
B)Medical students
C)Hypochondriacs
D)Neurotics

Question 7

Medical students' disease is an example of the role of _____ in the recognition of symptoms.

A)individual differences
B)mood fluctuations
C)attentional differences
D)situational factors

Question 8

People with negative expectations or pessimistic outlooks are likely to

A)report more symptoms and perceive themselves as vulnerable to future illness.
B)be superstitious and rely on supernatural treatments for their symptoms or illness.
C)ignore symptoms until they become debilitating.
D)report fewer illness-related memories and fewer symptoms.

Question 9

Coherent conceptions of illness are acquired from

A)the fear of fatality as a result of an illness.
B)those who are unaware of a disorder.
C)those who have had experience with a similar disorder.
D)individuals who self-prescribe medication.

Question 10

Illness representations or schemas are acquired through

A)financial strain,disruptions in personal relationships,and other stressors that lead people to believe they are ill.
B)fewer illness-related memories and fewer symptoms.
C)people's interpretations of their symptoms and their decisions to seek treatment.
D)commonsense beliefs about symptoms and illnesses that result in organized illness representations.

Question 11

A component of an illness's schema involves perceptions of the range of symptoms,treatments associated with the disease,and its implications for quality of life.This is known as the _____ of the disease.

A)identity
B)consequence
C)cure
D)cause

Question 12

After Dr.Woldt's class on detecting and diagnosing meningitis,several interns inform him that they have experienced similar symptoms in recent times.The interns' belief that they have symptoms of meningitis represents a phenomenon known as

A)fibrocystic syndrome.
B)Hodgkin's disease.
C)disease carrier syndrome.
D)medical students' disease.

Question 13

A symptom is likely to prompt an individual to seek treatment if

A)it can be cured easily.
B)mobility is unaffected.
C)the pain is insignificant.
D)it affects a valued organ.

Question 14

Paul lives alone,has very few friends,and is unhappy with his work life.He constantly complains of back pains and headaches.He is very distracted and finds it difficult to relax.Which of the following factors in recognizing symptoms does Paul exemplify?

A)individual differences
B)attentional differences
C)situational factors
D)mood fluctuations

Question 15

Herpes is an example of the _____ model of illness.

A)acute
B)chronic
C)cyclic
D)terminal

Question 16

The _____ model of illness is represented by alternating periods of either no symptoms or many symptoms.

A)acute
B)chronic
C)cyclic
D)terminal

Question 17

According to commonsense models of illness,which of the following statements describes a timeline?

A)the length of time that an illness is expected to last
B)the symptoms and treatments of an illness and its consequences
C)the period of time between the detection of an illness and the start of treatment
D)the cogent representation of illness in lay referral networks

Question 18

According to the commonsense models of illness,an individual's belief about the possibility of managing or treating an illness is termed

A)cause/source.
B)identity/name.
C)consequence/symptoms.
D)control/cure.

Question 19

Symptoms are more likely to be detected when

A)a situation is interesting and motivating.
B)the environment is highly distracting.
C)attention is directed toward the body.
D)attention is directed toward vigorous physical activity.

Question 20

According to commonsense models of illness,the label for an illness is its

A)consequence.
B)cause.
C)cure.
D)identity.

Question 21

According to Leventhal,Diefenbach,and Leventhal,which of the following is a difference between how women and men access medical services?

A)Women report symptoms more often than do men because they are more sensitive to the changes in their bodies.
B)Women,unlike men,refuse to seek treatment for painful symptoms and diseases because of social conditioning.
C)Men,unlike women,refuse to seek treatment for symptoms because they have stronger homeostatic mechanisms.
D)Men access medical services more often than do women because they are more vulnerable to diseases and painful symptoms.

Question 22

Medicaid is a federally administered system of health insurance available to the

A)disabled.
B)ethnic minorities.
C)elderly.
D)underprivileged.

Question 23

Certain ethnic communities incorporate beliefs about the causes and cures of diseases that would be regarded as supernatural or superstitious by traditional medicine.This is characteristic of

A)home remedial techniques.
B)commonsense models of illness.
C)health belief models.
D)lay referral networks.

Question 24

According to the commonsense models of illness,its _____ are the factors that an individual believes give rise to an illness.

A)coherence
B)consequences
C)causes
D)identities

Question 25

_____ complaints usually develop because of anxiety and depression.

A)Medical
B)Nonmedical
C)Abrasive
D)Lay

Question 26

Maria is a 70-year-old woman.She has not had a formal education,but she is regarded as highly knowledgeable in illnesses,childbirth,and traditional medicine.Since she has personal wisdom in medical matters,she is known to be a

A)medical specialist.
B)lay practitioner.
C)community nurse.
D)social worker.

Question 27

Samara is diagnosed with the flu.She does not require intensive treatment,and the illness will not have any long-term consequences.She only requires rest and a strictly controlled diet to recover from it.Which of the following models of illness describes Samara's experience?

A)acute illness
B)cyclic illness
C)neurotic illness
D)chronic illness

Question 28

Which of the following results in the misrepresentation of health information?

A)A patient's conception of his or her illness is correct,but the health care provider ignores his or her symptoms.
B)A patient's conceptions of his or her illness differs from the health care provider's conception of it.
C)A patient's understanding of his or her illness is based on what the health care provider tells him or her.
D)A patient's understanding of his or her illness changes based on the information provided by lay referral networks.

Question 29

The Affordable Care Act attempts to

A)form medical unions to protest against the poor medical care provided to the underprivileged.
B)standardize hospital management and medical care practices throughout the United States.
C)provide medicines at subsidized rates.
D)bridge the gap between medical service use by the rich and by the poor.

Question 30

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using the Internet for health care information?

A)Most physicians do not trust the information provided online.
B)Inaccurate information on the Web can make symptoms worse.
C)No health care information can be found on the Internet.
D)The medical information available online tends to focus exclusively on prenatal care.

Question 31

The health belief model predicts the treatment-seeking behavior of

A)people who have been serving in the armed forces.
B)people lacking resources and health care services.
C)people who belong to certain ethnic minorities.
D)people with money and access to health services.

Question 32

Bruce has been feeling increasingly fatigued even when he exerts himself mildly.He discusses his condition with his neighbor,Sam,who also suffers from a similar problem.Sam tells him that a large dose of vitamin B complex will eradicate the symptoms.Bruce tries Sam's remedy and experiences a gradual improvement in his condition.This type of consultation is an example of

A)traditional medicine.
B)cognitive behavioral therapy.
C)a disease prototype.
D)a lay referral network.

Question 33

According to social psychological factors,the use of health care services is influenced chiefly by the actions of one's

A)spouse.
B)parents.
C)community.
D)religious beliefs.

Question 34

The frequency of illness and use of health services decline substantially during

A)childhood.
B)young adulthood.
C)middle age.
D)old age.

Question 35

The use of the Internet for health care information may be beneficial because

A)it is used by physicians to update their own knowledge on health care.
B)it constitutes a lay referral network of its own.
C)it is the most accurate source of information.
D)it is easier to get appropriate treatment information from the Internet than from a physician.

Question 36

The biggest gap between the rich and the poor in the use of medical services is reflected in the

A)budget cuts that have restricted access to Medicare programs.
B)use of preventive health services.
C)use of lay referral networks.
D)availability of emergency care services.

Question 37

Young children are more likely to require health services because

A)it is more affordable and well organized.
B)it is mandatory under the Affordable Care Act.
C)underweight babies need to reach normal weight.
D)they develop a number of infectious diseases.

Question 38

Women use health care services more often because

A)their medical care is more fragmented.
B)health care is cheaper for them.
C)the government has mandated regular health checkups for them.
D)they are more prone to acquiring terminal diseases than are men.

Question 39

Which of the following symptoms is most likely to occur just before the onset of menstruation?

A)color blindness
B)sore throat
C)swollen breasts
D)abnormal binging

Question 40

Medicare is a federally administered system of health insurance available to the

A)disabled.
B)ethnic minorities.
C)elderly.
D)underprivileged.

Question 41

Lydia is experiencing severe stomach pains.Last week,she noticed blood in her urine.She feels fatigued and is increasingly unable to carry on with her daily routine.She researches her symptoms on the Internet,and many of her symptoms indicate that she may be at an early stage of developing a cancerous tumor.She concludes that she requires treatment but has not visited a doctor yet.Which of the following delay behaviors is Lydia displaying?

A)behavioral delay
B)appraisal delay
C)illness delay
D)medical delay

Question 42

Robert noticed that his urine was pale pink.His first thought was about what he had eaten the previous day,and then it occurred to him that it may also be due to something unrelated to his diet.Robert's case exemplifies

A)illness delay.
B)appraisal delay.
C)behavioral delay.
D)medical delay.

Question 43

_____ is known as the time it takes an individual to decide that a symptom is serious.

A)Illness delay
B)Appraisal delay
C)Behavioral delay
D)Medical delay

Question 44

People's conceptions of illnesses and their symptoms are largely similar and consistent.

Question 45

People who are anxious or neurotic are more likely to ignore physical symptoms and avoid seeking treatment.

Question 46

In which of the following conditions is delay in seeking treatment likely to be appropriate?

A)when the symptoms progress at a very slow pace
B)when the symptoms are likely to diminish on their own
C)when the symptoms persist for weeks
D)when the lay referral network is unable to help

Question 47

Brandon blacks out frequently,experiences severe headaches,and has chronic body pain.Brandon is uncomfortable with the idea of seeing a doctor.Since his symptoms surface only a couple of times a month,he carelessly dismisses them and does not consult a physician.Which of the following behaviors is Brandon displaying?

A)abnormal behavior
B)treatment-seeking behavior
C)delay behavior
D)health behavior

Question 48

Rachel is diagnosed with typhoid.She is admitted to the hospital for immediate treatment of the disease.Although she has been diagnosed,she is still put through various tests.She is not assigned any medication,and her condition steadily deteriorates.Rachel's case exemplifies

A)illness delay.
B)appraisal delay.
C)behavioral delay.
D)medical delay.

Question 49

Illness delay is the

A)time it takes an individual to decide that a symptom is serious.
B)time between the recognition that a symptom implies an illness and the decision to seek treatment.
C)time between deciding to seek treatment and actually doing so.
D)time that elapses between an individual calling for an appointment and receiving appropriate medical care.

Question 50

Physicians are most likely to dismiss legitimate medical problems as psychological disturbances in

A)adolescents.
B)women.
C)men.
D)children.

Question 51

Leon experiences abdominal pain during bowel movements.He also observes blood in his stools.However,he is not sure if he requires medical treatment and delays his visit to the doctor.Which of the following delay behaviors is Leon displaying?

A)behavioral delay
B)appraisal delay
C)illness delay
D)medical delay

Question 52

Common disorders are generally regarded as less serious than rare or distinctive risk factors and disorders.

Question 53

People's awareness of their internal physiological state is remarkably accurate.

Question 54

In most cases,if delay occurs because of health care providers,it is a result of

A)honest mistakes.
B)irresponsible behavior.
C)underqualified physicians.
D)outdated equipment.

Question 55

The time that elapses between a person's calling for an appointment and his or her receiving appropriate medical care is known as

A)medical delay.
B)illness delay.
C)appraisal delay.
D)behavioral delay.

Question 56

A study in the Annals of Internal Medicine suggested that physicians begin all their patient interviews with

A)direct questions.
B)online screening.
C)drug administration
D)physical examinations.

Question 57

Which of the following statements is true of psychological complaints?

A)They are always accompanied by physical illnesses.
B)They require very short hospital stays.
C)They are characterized by speedy recovery periods.
D)They require multiple visits to therapists.

Question 58

The notion that an illness may actually be reinforced because it exempts the individual from daily responsibilities is termed

A)schemas.
B)lay referrals.
C)secondary gains.
D)primary gains.

Question 59

Which of the following is the first stage of delay in seeking treatment for symptoms?

A)appraisal delay
B)illness delay
C)behavioral delay
D)medical delay

Question 60

Symptoms that are painful are more likely to prompt a person to seek medical treatment.

Question 61

Explain the factors that facilitate the recognition of health-related symptoms.

Question 62

A study in the Annals of Internal Medicine suggested that physicians begin all their patient interactions using electronic mails.

Question 63

Describe the four stages of delay in seeking treatment for symptoms.What are the likely causes of delay?

Question 64

How often do people seek health care services for psychological or nonmedical complaints?

Question 65

Physicians estimate that as much as half their time is taken up by patients whose complaints are psychological rather than medical.

Question 66

People sometimes abuse health services by seeking treatment for problems that are medically insignificant.

Question 67

Medical delay is more likely when a patient matches the profile of an average person with a given disease.

Question 68

Delay behavior is more common in people with regular contact with a physician.

Question 69

Explain the usage of health services in the context of social psychological factors.

Question 70

Briefly explain the categories of people who use health services.