Deck 3: Health Behaviors

Question 1

________ messages are more persuasive for encouraging health behaviors with certain outcomes.

A)Prevention
B)Promotion-oriented
C)Negative
D)Positive

Answer 1

Positive

Question 2

The ________ Theory examines how people appraise health threats and how they appraise their abilities to manage threats.

A)Implementation Intention
B)Protection Motivation
C)Self-Determination
D)Planned Behavior

Answer 2

Protection Motivation

Question 3

Threatening messages that are designed to change health behaviors can cause ________ and lead people to respond defensively.

A)psychological distress
B)physiological symptoms
C)negative perceptions
D)physical stress

Answer 3

psychological distress

Question 4

When a person desires to practice a health behavior,it can be achieved by making a plan that links critical situations or environmental cues to goal-directed responses.This is emphasized in the

A)implementation intentions model.
B)self-determination theory.
C)health belief model.
D)transtheoretical model.

Question 5

________ is the belief that one can control one's practice of a particular behavior.

A)Health locus of control
B)Self-esteem
C)Self criticism
D)Self efficacy

Question 6

Which of the following statements best defines health promotion?

A)a philosophy that good health is a personal and collective achievement
B)the practice of preventing a disease rather than curing it
C)the performance of a health behavior automatically without awareness
D)a social activity designed to enhance and maximize awareness

Question 7

In the context of health behavior,________ is defined as the conscious and unconscious ways in which people control their own actions,emotions,and thoughts.

A)self reinforcement
B)self affirmation
C)self regulation
D)self monitoring

Question 8

Russell had a few drinks for the first time at a party,and he woke up the next day with a splitting headache.He thought his vision was blurred,and he could barely remember what he had planned for the day.He instantly realized that he may be vulnerable to health risks because of alcohol and decided to quit drinking immediately.In this scenario,Russell's health habits are most likely to be controlled by

A)his personal goals.
B)perceived symptoms.
C)social influence.
D)his intelligence.

Question 9

A(n)_____ may initially develop because it is reinforced by a positive outcome,but it eventually becomes independent of the reinforcement process.

A)intervention
B)appeal
C)precontemplation
D)health habit

Question 10

The ________ measures the degree to which people perceive their health to be under their personal control,control by the health practitioner,or chance.

A)health locus of control scale
B)window of vulnerability scale
C)health belief model
D)abstinence violation effect

Question 11

A health habit is a health behavior that

A)is only performed under the supervision of health specialists.
B)is especially important for at-risk individuals to adopt.
C)is not always beneficial to an individual's metabolism and immune system.
D)is often performed automatically,without awareness.

Question 12

People who are identified as intelligent in childhood

A)are highly likely to take calculated health risks in adulthood.
B)will be very knowledgeable in adulthood,but less healthy.
C)may develop cognitive distortions in adulthood.
D)have good health-related biological profiles in adulthood.

Question 13

________ refers to the belief that one is capable of making a health behavior change.

A)Assertiveness
B)Framing
C)Actualizing
D)Competence

Question 14

Most people do not perceive their risks correctly,and they view their poor health behaviors as shared by everyone.This perception is often

A)unrealistically optimistic.
B)unrealistically pessimistic.
C)socially influenced.
D)unambiguous.

Question 15

Health promotion efforts most commonly capitalize on

A)personal control.
B)personal goals.
C)values.
D)teachable moments.

Question 16

________ is the perception that one can perform an action and that the action will have the intended effect.

A)Perceived vulnerability
B)Perceived threat reduction
C)Perceived health threat
D)Perceived behavioral control

Question 17

________ is experienced when individuals have free will and choice to make decisions regarding health behavior change.

A)Self reinforcement
B)Locus of control
C)Autonomous motivation
D)Perceived competence

Question 18

Focusing health promotions on at-risk people is beneficial because

A)it is obvious that people who are not at risk are more likely to stay healthy.
B)it is easier to prevent health problems among those who are not at risk.
C)it helps to identify other factors that may increase risk.
D)it helps to gradually reduce their risk.

Question 19

Educational appeals make the assumption that

A)people who are predisposed to depression are likely to react especially poorly to information about their risks.
B)people from families with a familial disorder are likely to know that their personal risk is higher.
C)people will change their health habits if they have good information about their habits.
D)people are afraid that a particular habit is hurting their health and that they will change their behavior to reduce their fear.

Question 20

According to the theory of planned behavior,behavioral intentions

A)are made up of attitudes toward a specific action,subjective norms regarding the action,and perceived behavioral control.
B)depend on perceived health threats,perceived threat reduction,and perceived behavioral control.
C)are made up of three components,namely autonomous motivation,perceived competence and perceived behavioral control.
D)depend on perceptions of vulnerability,magnitude of health threat,and perceived behavioral control.

Question 21

Which of the following is a technique used in relaxation training?

A)self-talk
B)deep breathing
C)hypnosis
D)debriefing

Question 22

Positive self punishment involves

A)rewarding oneself with something desirable after successful modification of a behavior.
B)administering an unpleasant stimulus to punish an undesirable behavior.
C)withdrawing a positive reinforcement in the environment each time an undesirable behavior is performed.
D)removing an aversive factor in the environment after successful modification of a target behavior.

Question 23

________ is when a person acts as his or her own therapist,along with guidance from outside,in order to modify the antecedents and consequences of a target behavior.

A)Self control
B)Self efficacy
C)Self talk
D)Self-actualization

Question 24

The rationale underlying self monitoring is that

A)people must understand the dimensions of a poor health habit before a change can begin.
B)people should believe that a health measure will reduce potential health threats.
C)people should be afraid of their poor health habits in order to induce change.
D)people will change their health habits if they have good information about their habits.

Question 25

Wanda's weight-loss counselor has observed that she has a self-defeating pattern of beliefs and cognitions about her inability to control overeating.Specifically,when she eats something that is not allowed on her diet,she instantly loses hope and ponders over her weak willpower.Wanda's counselor is trying to encourage her to think otherwise and continue with her diet routine even if she waivers a few times.In this case,the therapist is utilizing a technique called

A)cognitive restructuring.
B)positive reinforcement.
C)self monitoring.
D)self punishment.

Question 26

________ is a feeling of loss of control that results when a person has violated self-imposed rules.

A)Relapse
B)Social anxiety
C)Window of vulnerability
D)Abstinence violation effect

Question 27

Self reinforcement involves

A)learning that occurs from witnessing another person perform a behavior.
B)systematically rewarding oneself to increase or decrease the occurrence of a target behavior.
C)forming a contract with another person detailing what rewards or punishments are contingent on the performance of a behavior.
D)home practice activities that support the goals of a therapeutic intervention.

Question 28

Cognitive-behavior therapy focuses heavily on

A)the perception of a personal health threat and perceived threat reduction.
B)the beliefs that people hold about their health habits.
C)persuasive messages that elicit fear.
D)educating and changing attitudes.

Question 29

A behavioral response is most resistant to extinction if it is maintained by a ________ reinforcement schedule.

A)continuous
B)variable
C)random
D)static

Question 30

________ is learning that occurs from witnessing another person perform a behavior.

A)Classical conditioning
B)Operant conditioning
C)Modeling
D)Guided participation

Question 31

A discriminative stimulus is important because

A)it helps in distracting an individual from performing a target behavior.
B)its occurrence helps to eliminate a target behavior.
C)it signals that a positive reinforcement will occur.
D)it is incapable of eliciting a target behavior.

Question 32

Classical conditioning is the pairing of a(n)________ with a new stimulus to produce a conditioned reflex.

A)conditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned response
C)unconditioned reflex
D)conditioned response

Question 33

The use of positive reinforcements,such as money or new clothing,to encourage weight loss in an obesity treatment program is an example of

A)shaping.
B)modeling.
C)operant conditioning.
D)classical conditioning.

Question 34

Which of the following is an advantage of using behavioral assignments?

A)The therapist becomes involved in the treatment.
B)The therapist produces an analysis of the behavior that is useful in planning interventions.
C)The client commits to the treatment program only when a legal agreement is established.
D)The client gradually takes up responsibility for behavior change.

Question 35

Brenda has been trying to lose weight and control her seemingly insatiable sweet tooth.To meet her goal,she has removed all cookies,candies,and ice cream from her kitchen cabinets and her refrigerator.She has kept a bowl of fresh fruits on the kitchen counter to occasionally snack on.In this case,Brenda is practicing

A)vicarious self-control.
B)self-punishment.
C)stimulus control.
D)self-reinforcement.

Question 36

Fred wants to lose 20 pounds.He places 20 one-pound boxes of lard in the refrigerator.As his weight-loss program proceeds,he removes one box of lard each time he succeeds in losing a pound.In this instance,Fred is using

A)positive self punishment.
B)negative self punishment.
C)positive self reward.
D)negative self reward.

Question 37

The use of Antabuse in the treatment of alcoholism involves having the client sip his or her favorite drink while ingesting Antabuse.After several pairings,alcohol becomes associated with the Antabuse and elicits a(n)

A)conditioned response.
B)conditioned stimulus.
C)unconditioned response.
D)unconditioned stimulus.

Question 38

Adolescents often begin to drink or smoke to reduce their nervousness in social situations by trying to communicate a cool and sophisticated image.This behavior is usually a response to

A)depression.
B)medication.
C)social anxiety.
D)relapse.

Question 39

Rhonda entered into an agreement with her friend,Nancy,in an attempt to establish a regular exercise program.According to their agreement,Nancy must pay $1 to Rhonda every day that she exercises for at least 30 minutes.If she fails to do so,Rhonda must pay $1 to Nancy.This is an example of

A)self-reward.
B)a token economy.
C)contingency contracting.
D)vicarious reinforcement.

Question 40

The most important principle in modeling is

A)synergy.
B)differentiation.
C)similarity.
D)persuasion.

Question 41

Relapse is more likely when an individual

A)is over performing at work.
B)experiences negative affect.
C)has socially appropriate behaviors.
D)is unaware of treatment programs.

Question 42

An intervention package to cope with social anxiety is most likely to include

A)assertiveness training.
B)dietary changes.
C)fear appeals.
D)social engineering.

Question 43

The ________ stage of the transtheoretical model of behavior change requires the commitment of time and energy to achieve real behavior change.

A)contemplation
B)maintenance
C)preparation
D)action

Question 44

Mass media campaigns usually bring about

A)insignificant health changes.
B)drastic attitude changes.
C)long-term behavior changes.
D)modest attitude changes.

Question 45

________ involves modifying the environment to affect one's ability to practice a particular health behavior.

A)Social engineering
B)Reconstruction
C)Cognitive restructuring
D)Passive retraining

Question 46

In the context of behavior change,which of the following scenarios exemplifies a perceived barrier?

A)a family without health insurance not getting their children vaccinated
B)an adolescent girl resorting to smoking to reduce her nervousness in social situations
C)a man believing that dietary change would not reduce his risk of a heart attack
D)a woman suffering from stress caused by the recognition of her risk of getting breast cancer

Question 47

Health habits usually develop in childhood and begin to stabilize around age 20 or
25.

Question 48

Long-term maintenance of a behavior change can be promoted by leading a person to make other health-oriented lifestyle changes.This technique is called

A)operant conditioning.
B)cognitive restructuring.
C)social engineering.
D)lifestyle rebalancing.

Question 49

Identify an example of social engineering.

A)staying away from bars to avoid drinking
B)ridding one's home of unhealthy and fattening foods
C)obtaining training to improve social skills
D)banning smoking in the workplace

Question 50

The first and most common strategy of primary prevention is to get people to alter their problematic health behaviors.

Question 51

In the ________ stage of the transtheoretical model of behavior change,people work to prevent relapse and to consolidate the gains they have made.

A)contemplation
B)preparation
C)maintenance
D)action

Question 52

In the precontemplation stage of the transtheoretical model of behavior change,people

A)modify their behavior to overcome the problem.
B)intend to change their behavior but have not yet done so successfully.
C)have no intention of changing their behavior.
D)are aware that they have a problem and are thinking about it.

Question 53

According to the transtheoretical model of behavior change,interventions that emphasize providing self reinforcement,social support,stimulus control,and coping skills are likely to be most successful with individuals

A)moving through the precontemplation phase into the contemplation phase.
B)in the contemplation phase.
C)in the preparation phase.
D)moving through the action phase into the long-term maintenance phase.

Question 54

________ involves restructuring the environment to avoid situations that evoke a target behavior.

A)Modeling
B)Discriminative stimulus
C)Cue elimination
D)Preparation

Question 55

The window of vulnerability for smoking and drug use is typically associated with adulthood.

Question 56

Which of the following statements is true of health interventions?

A)Health interventions are ineffective in college.
B)Community-based interventions reach more people than interventions in schools.
C)Workplace interventions typically increase health care costs to organizations.
D)Community-based interventions typically bring about drastic behavior change.

Question 57

Julian has decided to lose 15 pounds.He is concerned about the amount of fat he consumes and suspects that his cholesterol levels are high.He has purchased a popular book on low-fat diets,and has decided to go walking thrice a week after he buys a new pair of walking shoes next week.According to the transtheoretical model of behavior change,Julian is in the ________ stage of behavior change.

A)precontemplation
B)contemplation
C)preparation
D)action

Question 58

Family physicians may be particularly effective agents in promoting health-related attitudes and behaviors because

A)individuals are more likely to follow a suggested treatment if they are paying for professional advice.
B)individual behavior modification programs are unsuccessful compared to social engineering efforts.
C)they recommend one-to-one approaches that are inexpensive and the most efficient for changing health habits.
D)they are highly credible sources and their recommendations have the force of expertise behind them.

Question 59

Which of the following is a difference between community-based interventions and individually based interventions?

A)Community-based interventions can build on social support for reinforcing health changes,whereas individually based interventions focus only on the individual.
B)Community-based interventions are restricted to a limited environment,whereas individual-based interventions reach more people.
C)Community-based interventions are more influential among older adults,whereas individually based interventions are more successful among adolescents.
D)Community-based interventions can bring about significant changes among participants,whereas individually based interventions bring about only modest changes.

Question 60

In the ________ stage of the transtheoretical model of behavior change,people are aware that they have a problem and are thinking about it but have not yet made a commitment to taking action.

A)maintenance
B)contemplation
C)action
D)preparation

Question 61

Testing positive for a risk factor usually leads people into needless worry or hypervigilant behavior.

Question 62

Contrary to popular belief,health behaviors of characters in soap operas,dramas,and comedies do not affect health behaviors of viewers.

Question 63

Charles is a college student who smokes cigarettes.Use the health belief model to explain why Charles continues to smoke even though he is aware of the Surgeon General's warning about the relationship between cigarettes and cancer or heart disease.

Question 64

Cognitive-behavioral therapy interventions use several complementary methods to intervene in the modification of a target problem and its context.

Question 65

Self talk helps participants to talk themselves through tempting situations.

Question 66

In the context of the transtheoretical model of behavior change,relapse is the exception rather than the rule with most health behaviors.

Question 67

Have the patterns of disease in the United States changed since the turn of the twentieth century? Considering the current trends,explain the importance of lifestyle rebalancing.

Question 68

Promotion-oriented messages may be more successful in getting people to initiate behavior change,and prevention messages may be more helpful in getting them to maintain behavior change over time.

Question 69

How is the Internet useful in contributing toward health interventions? What are the advantages of using the Internet for cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT)interventions?

Question 70

According to the transtheoretical model of behavior change,interventions designed to get people to make explicit commitments as to when and how they will change their behavior is most likely to help bridge the gap between the precontemplation stage and the contemplation stage.

Question 71

Perceived threat reduction is the perception that one can perform an action,and that action will have the intended effect.

Question 72

In motivational interviewing,there is no effort to dismantle the denial or irrational beliefs that often accompany bad health behaviors.

Question 73

As a philosophy,how is health promotion viewed differently by different people?

Question 74

How effective are educational appeals in changing attitudes toward health behaviors?