Deck 14: Psychoneuroimmunology and Immune-Related Disorders

Question 1

_____ is a generalized defense against pathogens.

A)Natural immunity
B)Specific immunity
C)Passive immunity
D)Humoral immunity

Answer 1

Natural immunity

Question 2

Activation of the HPA axis

A)increases the number of white blood cells.
B)reduces the release of cytokines.
C)decreases the level of glucocorticoids.
D)increases humoral immunity.

Answer 2

reduces the release of cytokines.

Question 3

HIV primarily affects

A)helper T cells and macrophages.
B)monocytes and granulocytes.
C)natural killer cells.
D)B cells.

Answer 3

helper T cells and macrophages.

Question 4

Juan is very stressed about his recent divorce.He is preoccupied with thoughts of his ex-wife.How is this stress likely to affect his immune system?

A)It will not affect his immune system.
B)His immune system will be less active than before.
C)His immune system will be more active than before.
D)Certain immune parameters will function better than before.

Question 5

Which of the following statements best describes rheumatoid arthritis?

A)It is a disease of lifestyle.
B)It is a disease that typically attacks men.
C)It is a disorder that can be cured by diet.
D)It is an autoimmune disorder.

Question 6

Which of the following statements best defines autoimmune diseases?

A)diseases in which the immune system is not able to produce antibodies
B)diseases in which the immune cells' attacks do not affect the foreign agent
C)diseases in which the immune system fails to recognize the foreign agents that have entered the body
D)diseases in which the immune system attacks the body's own tissues,FALSEly identifying them as invaders

Question 7

_____ levels are indicative of inflammatory activity and may increase in response to stress.

A)Cytokine
B)Serotonin
C)Thyroxine
D)Oxytocin

Question 8

_____ is likely to mute the adverse effects of stress on the immune system.

A)Relaxation training
B)Pessimism
C)Repressing one's thoughts about stressful events
D)Regarding stressors as uncontrollable

Question 9

AIDS is caused by a

A)bacterial virus.
B)protozoan.
C)retrovirus.
D)bacteria.

Question 10

Providing long-term care to friends or family members with long-term illness has been linked to adverse effects on almost all functional measures of the immune system.This can be attributed to caregivers'

A)poor eating habits.
B)disrupted sleep patterns.
C)experience of severe stressors.
D)poor hygiene.

Question 11

Which of the following symptoms will occur first in a person affected with AIDS?

A)reduction in helper T cell activity
B)swollen glands
C)chronic diarrhea
D)skeletal pain

Question 12

Evidence suggests that some of the adverse effects of depression on immunity may be mediated by

A)hostility.
B)disturbed hypothalamic functioning.
C)poor maturation of the immune system.
D)sleep disturbances.

Question 13

Which of the following will improve immune functioning during stressful events?

A)finding benefits
B)being alone
C)being pessimistic
D)using avoidance coping

Question 14

The interactions among behavioral,neuroendocrine,and immunological processes of adaptation are referred to as

A)health psychology.
B)psychoneuroimmunology.
C)behavioral medicine.
D)psychosomatic medicine.

Question 15

HIV can be transmitted by _____ a person suffering from AIDS.

A)touching
B)sharing needles with
C)breathing the air near
D)being near

Question 16

Which of the following statements is true of short-term stressors?

A)They are likely to suppress immune system changes that are involved in wound repair.
B)They trigger up-regulation of specific immunity.
C)They lead to rapid decrease in immune cells.
D)They elicit immune responses that anticipate the entry of infectious agents into the bloodstream.

Question 17

Studies of personality and coping styles have found that the stress-related distress is moderated by

A)optimism.
B)avoidance coping.
C)isolation.
D)pessimism.

Question 18

Who among the following is likely to have low natural killer (NK)cell cytotoxicity?

A)Martha,who is using avoidant coping methods to cope with the stress caused by the death of a friend
B)Amanda,who is using active coping strategies to cope with stress caused by her recent divorce
C)Sean,who is receiving emotional support from his wife to cope with stress at work
D)Hector,who is unemployed but optimistic about finding work

Question 19

The period between contracting HIV and developing symptoms of AIDS is most strongly influenced by

A)personality differences.
B)socioeconomic factors.
C)sexual orientation.
D)age.

Question 20

Which of the following statements is true of the relationship between stress and the immune system?

A)Brief stressors lead to changes in cytokine production.
B)The immune system responds in the same way to all types of stress.
C)Specific immunity increases in response to acute short-term stressors.
D)Natural immunity decreases in response to immediate short-term stressors.

Question 21

Which of the following is an early symptom of central nervous system impairment in people suffering from AIDS?

A)seizure
B)disorientation
C)profound dementia
D)psychomotor retardation

Question 22

Hayden found out that he is HIV seropositive during his last general checkup.However,Hayden has not experienced any of the symptoms that indicate the onset of AIDS.Which of the following is most likely to lead to the onset of the disease in Hayden?

A)positive beliefs about self and future
B)negative expectations of the disease
C)being surrounded by friends and family
D)disclosing his HIV seropositive status

Question 23

Which of the following statements is true of cognitive-behavioral interventions?

A)They need to be directed only at improving health behaviors.
B)They need to be directed only at stress management.
C)They can help in maintaining adherence.
D)They have no effect on the viral load.

Question 24

In the context of cancer,cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)intervention focuses on

A)reducing cancer risk-related behavior.
B)medical treatments to improve immunologic functioning related to the course of illness.
C)active cultivation of conscious awareness through relaxation,meditation,and yoga.
D)reducing depression and controlling fear of recurrence.

Question 25

Who among the following are likely to adhere to antiretroviral therapy (ART)?

A)people with social support
B)homeless people
C)IV drug users
D)alcoholics

Question 26

According to research,how do pessimism and psychological distress affect the course of cancer?

A)They cause physiological changes in the later stages of cancer,thereby masking the severity of cancer.
B)They alter the function of the body's immune system,which allows cancer to flourish.
C)They drive patients to seek active coping strategies,which arrests the growth of cancer in early stages.
D)They do not appear to particularly affect the course of cancer.

Question 27

Which of the following statements is true about antiretroviral therapy?

A)It can only control symptoms of AIDS.
B)It is a combination of antibiotic medications.
C)It can be used to reduce sexual transmission of HIV.
D)It can be used to cure AIDS completely.

Question 28

Sarah was recently informed that she has AIDS.She is very depressed and has isolated herself from her friends.Which of the following actions is most likely to help her cope with her situation?

A)practicing meditation
B)reducing physical exercise
C)not disclosing her HIV+ status
D)using avoidance coping methods

Question 29

Cancers are hard to study because

A)they are not affected by lifestyle or genetics.
B)they have long or irregular growth cycles.
C)finding appropriate cell lines for conducting studies is very difficult.
D)of the lack of funding for cancer research.

Question 30

Cancer patients who receive social support are likely to

A)express improved immunologic responses to cancer.
B)have problems in psychological adjustment to cancer.
C)express social awkwardness because they are surrounded by people who do not know what they are experiencing.
D)experience depression because it leads to the thought that they may not live as long as others.

Question 31

_____ is the most common difficulty experienced as a result of cancer.

A)Depression
B)Eating disorders
C)Anxiety disorders
D)Social awkwardness

Question 32

Who among the following are likely to develop AIDS the slowest?

A)Hispanics,who test positive for HIV
B)Blacks,who test positive for HIV
C)Whites,who test positive for HIV
D)People,from lower socioeconomic status who test positive for HIV

Question 33

Susan,Sarah,and Charlotte are suffering from breast cancer.Susan is a middle-class white woman whose family and friends provide her with emotional and instrumental social support.Sarah is a single Hispanic woman from a working-class family.Her parents are deceased,her siblings do not contact her,and her children are too frightened to be of much support.Charlotte is an African-American woman who was widowed recently.According to the scenario,who is more likely to survive the longest?

A)Susan
B)Sarah
C)Charlotte
D)There is no way to predict mortality in these cases.

Question 34

_____ are most likely to disclose their HIV status.

A)People who self-medicate their depression
B)People with strong social support networks
C)People who are less likely to use condoms during intercourse
D)People from lower socioeconomic status

Question 35

People who use the Internet to manage their HIV seropositive status are likely to _____ than those not using the Internet.

A)use passive coping skills
B)have less social support
C)engage in more information-seeking
D)be less knowledgeable about the disease and more interested in sharing their experience

Question 36

Educational interventions are an effective means of

A)primary prevention for HIV+ individuals.
B)reducing behaviors that might infect others.
C)primary prevention for uninfected participants.
D)understanding the progression of the disease.

Question 37

Who among the following are likely to develop fewer cancers?

A)alcoholics
B)married people
C)people who are malnourished
D)people who consume fat

Question 38

Cognitive-behavioral intervention programs that work with other at-risk populations may not work as well with IV drug users because

A)their peer group has too much influence.
B)they lack good impulse control.
C)methadone programs don't work with them.
D)they are not receptive to outside interventions.

Question 39

Which of the following actions has been found to be associated with increased levels of CD4 and helper cells?

A)using passive coping methods
B)concealing one's sexual orientation
C)disclosing one's HIV+ status
D)reducing socializing

Question 40

Who among the following patients is likely to be better adjusted and most successful in coping with HIV infection?

A)Paul,who has enrolled himself in an experimental treatment program on the insistence of his family
B)Mary,who contracted HIV through a faulty blood transfusion and feels that she has no personal control over the disease
C)Tom,who prefers to spend most of his time by himself because seeing his family frequently upsets him
D)John,who feels that he has some control over the disease and has taken responsibility for his treatment

Question 41

Past sexual practice is an important predictor of AIDS-related risk behaviors.

Question 42

Which of the following parts of the body will be affected by osteoarthritis?

A)skin
B)spine
C)blood
D)kidney

Question 43

Studies have found impaired immune functioning among bereaved individuals.

Question 44

The most prevalent of the autoimmune diseases is cancer.

Question 45

Impaired immune functioning has been found in samples of adults who have experienced short-term marital conflict,marital separation,and divorce.

Question 46

Which of the following statements is true about osteoarthritis?

A)It affects only the small joints of the wrists and hands.
B)It affects only the joints in the spine.
C)It involves the deterioration of cartilage in weight-bearing joints.
D)It is a genetic disorder.

Question 47

A person may test HIV-seropositive (HIV+)but be free of a diagnosis of AIDS for years.

Question 48

Which of the following statements is true of Type I diabetes?

A)It develops relatively late in life (after age 40).
B)It accounts for 90 percent of all diabetics.
C)It is characterized by an abrupt onset of symptoms.
D)It is primarily managed by reducing the intake of sweets.

Question 49

Identify a true statement about rheumatoid arthritis.

A)It is an infectious disease that only attacks the heart muscles.
B)It is a disease in which complete recovery is possible.
C)It is a mild form of arthritis.
D)It primarily affects children and young-adults.

Question 50

A common symptom for women with AIDS is gynecologic infection.

Question 51

_____ develops when the smooth lining of a joint,known as the articular cartilage,begins to crack or wear away because of overuse,injury,or other causes.

A)Cancer
B)Leprosy
C)Osteoarthritis
D)HIV

Question 52

Japanese American women are more susceptible to breast cancer the longer they have lived in the United States and the more they have adopted the American culture.

Question 53

_____ is an autoimmune disease that tends to affect the weight-bearing joints: the hips,knees,and spine.

A)Blood cancer
B)Osteoarthritis
C)Lyme disease
D)Cushing's disease

Question 54

Studies with human subjects indicate that exposure to stressors is related to immunologic change.

Question 55

Children do better managing their diabetes regimen when their parents

A)direct all their efforts to control diet to avoid hypoglycemia.
B)convince them that they are normal.
C)ensure that the children's blood glucose levels stay steady.
D)trust their children to adequately self-manage the treatment regimen.

Question 56

Which of the following statements is true of rheumatoid arthritis?

A)It is the least crippling form of arthritis.
B)It primarily occurs in middle-aged people and the elderly.
C)It is usually fatal.
D)It is unaffected by stress and psychological variables.

Question 57

Identify a true statement about osteoarthritis.

A)It cannot be managed through active coping methods.
B)It can be managed by reducing one's weight.
C)It affects the muscles around the bones.
D)It is common in children.

Question 58

Which of the following is a symptom of rheumatoid arthritis?

A)nausea
B)inflammation
C)poor vision
D)poor cognitive functioning

Question 59

Specific immunity is especially important in combating short-term stressors.

Question 60

Megan has breast cancer.She is anxious and depressed.She is scared of the impending surgery.Also,she worried that the cancer might recur and that it might be fatal.Which of the following therapies is her oncologist likely to recommend to help her cope with her fear and worries?

A)cognitive behavioral therapy
B)hypnotherapy
C)writing therapy
D)psychodynamic therapy

Question 61

What are the common symptoms of AIDS?

Question 62

People suffering from Type I diabetes usually have high adherence to self-management programs.

Question 63

How are depression,loneliness,and interpersonal stress associated with the immune system?

Question 64

Explain how stress is related to immune functioning and how the immune system responds to stress.

Question 65

How do psychosocial factors influence the initiation and course of cancer?

Question 66

Why do people suffering from Type I diabetes show low adherence to self-management programs and their treatment regimen?