Deck 29: Body Fluids

Question 1

The major cation and anion inside cells are ________ and ________,respectively.

A)potassium; chloride
B)potassium; hydrogen phosphate
C)sodium; bicarbonate
D)sodium; chloride
E)sodium; hydrogen phosphate

Answer 1

potassium; hydrogen phosphate

Question 2

Other than water,the major component of plasma is

A)blood cells.
B)electrolytes.
C)nutrients.
D)proteins.
E)waste.

Answer 2

proteins.

Question 3

The osmolarities of blood plasma,intracellular fluid,and interstitial fluid are ________ because ________.

A)the same; their compositions are identical
B)the same; they contain the same total number but different kinds of dissolved particles
C)different; they contain the same kinds and proportions of dissolved particles but different total numbers of particles
D)different; osmosis cannot occur fast enough to balance the differences
E)different; each fluid contains different numbers of each kind of solute particles

Answer 3

the same; they contain the same total number but different kinds of dissolved particles

Question 4

The hormone that regulates the level of water in the urine (also known as the antidiuretic hormone)is

A)aldosterone.
B)vasopressin.
C)insulin.
D)progesterone.
E)glucogon.

Question 5

Which of the following fluids contains the most proteins?

A)plasma
B)interstitial
C)intracellular
D)extracellular
E)They are equally distributed among all fluids.

Question 6

The process of maintaining proper nutrient balance and temperature is called ________.

A)homeostasis
B)osteoporosis
C)metabolism
D)heterolysis
E)oligomerization

Question 7

The minor,but important,fluid that lubricates joints is

A)plasma.
B)lymph.
C)cerebrospinal fluid.
D)urine.
E)synovial fluid.

Question 8

Different concentrations of potassium ion between intracellular and interstitial fluid are maintained by

A)osmosis.
B)simple diffusion.
C)facilitated diffusion.
D)active transport.
E)none of the above

Question 9

The balance between water and electrolytes in the body is maintained by the

A)bladder.
B)kidneys.
C)liver.
D)lungs.
E)skin.

Question 10

The composition of blood plasma and interstitial fluid are almost identical,except that interstitial fluid contains ________ than blood plasma.

A)more water
B)less water
C)more proteins
D)fewer proteins
E)more phosphate

Question 11

The human body contains approximately 64% __________ fluid.

A)extracellular
B)intracellular
C)blood plasma
D)none of the above

Question 12

The major cation and anion in extracellular fluids are ________ and ________,respectively.

A)potassium; chloride
B)potassium; hydrogen phosphate
C)sodium; bicarbonate
D)sodium; chloride
E)sodium; hydrogen phosphate

Question 13

Which bodily fluid has the highest concentration of potassium ion?

A)intracellular fluid
B)extracellular fluid
C)blood plasma
D)blood serum
E)none of the above

Question 14

The body fluids that are found outside of cells are known as ________.

A)extracellular fluids
B)intracellular fluids
C)plasma
D)serum
E)cytosol

Question 15

Each of the following characteristics of molecules allows them to dissolve in water except

A)being a gas.
B)being a charged particle.
C)being a large complex molecule with ionic or polar groups on the surface.
D)being hydrophobic on the surface.
E)being a small polar covalent molecule.

Question 16

Which ion is not a major constituent of body fluids?

A)Na⁺
B)Fe²⁺
C)K⁺
D)C1^-
E)HPO₄^2-

Question 17

How would urinary output be affected if the antidiuretic hormone was overexcreted?

A)increased output
B)decreased output
C)greatly decrease output
D)no affect on output

Question 18

Whole blood is composed of each of the following components except

A)plasma.
B)lymph.
C)erythrocytes.
D)platelets.
E)white blood cells

Question 19

How would urinary output be affected if the antidiuretic hormone was underexcreted?

A)increased output
B)decreased output
C)greatly increase output
D)no affect on output

Question 20

Most of the water in the human body is found

A)in blood plasma.
B)inside cells.
C)as interstitial fluids.
D)in miscellaneous fluids,such as cerebrospinal fluid and lymph.
E)none of the above

Question 21

B cells are associated with the

A)inflammatory response.
B)cell-mediated immune response.
C)antibody-mediated immune response.
D)clotting of blood.
E)production of histamine.

Question 22

The non-specific localized response to an antigen is the

A)inflammatory response.
B)cell- and antibody-mediated response.
C)cell-mediated response only.
D)antibody-mediated response only.
E)none of the above

Question 23

Comment on the tertiary structure of the defensive proteins immunoglobulins and fibrin.Explain how the structure of each protein contributes to its function.

Question 24

The function of memory T cells is to

A)destroy killer T cells after they have performed their function.
B)produce helper T cells when an antigen appears.
C)destroy killer and helper T cells after they have performed their functions.
D)produce killer T cells when a previously encountered antigen appears again.
E)produce phagocytes to assist in the functions of T cells.

Question 25

The inorganic component of hemoglobin that is critical to its function is ________.

A)Fe²⁺
B)Fe³⁺
C)Na⁺
D)K⁺
E)H₂O

Question 26

Fibrinogen can be classified as a(an)________ because it circulates in the bloodstream in an inactive form until it is converted to its active form when needed.

A)amino acid
B)coenzyme
C)enzyme
D)lipid
E)zymogen

Question 27

Two components of blood that carry out the transport function are ________ and ________.

A)immunoglobulins; platelets
B)albumins; fibrinogen
C)albumins; red blood cells
D)white blood cells; albumins
E)platelets; red blood cells

Question 28

Which is the correct order for the steps in the process of blood clotting?
I.release of thrombin
II.activation of zymogens
III.formation of fibrin clot
IV.constriction of blood vessels
V.interaction of blood with collagen or tissue factor

A)I,II,III,IV,V
B)V,IV,III,II,I
C)V,IV,II,III,I
D)IV,V,II,I,III
E)III,I,V,IV,II

Question 29

An antigen at the site of inflammation will probably be attacked and destroyed by

A)erythrocytes.
B)lymphocytes.
C)phagocytes.
D)helper T cells.
E)memory T cells.

Question 30

The first two steps in the process of hemostasis are ________ and ________.

A)release of thrombin; formation of fibrin clot
B)constriction of blood vessels; formation of a plug of platelets
C)release of thrombin; constriction of blood vessels
D)formation of fibrin clot; formation of a plug of platelets
E)release of zymogens; inflammation

Question 31

Two components of blood that carry out the protection function are ________ and ________.

A)immunoglobulins; platelets
B)albumins; fibrinogen
C)albumins; red blood cells
D)white blood cells; albumins
E)platelets; red blood cells

Question 32

All of the following are small molecules commonly found dissolved in blood except

A)oxygen.
B)nitrogen.
C)carbon dioxide.
D)glucose.
E)amino acids.

Question 33

The body fluid responsible for the proper functioning of the immune system is

A)plasma.
B)lymph.
C)cerebrospinal fluid.
D)urine.
E)synovial fluid.

Question 34

Chemically,antibodies can be classified as

A)amino acids.
B)anions.
C)cations.
D)immunoglobulins.
E)nonpolar covalent molecules.

Question 35

The major function of platelets in the blood is

A)to help stop bleeding.
B)to transport CO₂ to the lungs.
C)to transport O₂ to the tissues.
D)maintain body pH.
E)to prevent infection.

Question 36

All of the chemicals listed are associated with blood clotting except

A)vitamin K.
B)calcium ion.
C)collagen.
D)fibrinogen.
E)hemoglobin.

Question 37

Distinguish between inflammatory and immune responses to antigens.

Question 38

Blood clotting is a specific example of the blood's general function of

A)defense.
B)transport.
C)regulation.
D)energy production.
E)none of the above

Question 39

All of the following are functions of blood except

A)defense from foreign organisms.
B)transport of waste products.
C)regulation of body temperature.
D)production of energy for anabolic processes.
E)regulation of acid-base balance in the body.

Question 40

The amino acid that is the precursor to the substance associated with the inflammatory response is

A)antihistamine.
B)histamine.
C)histidine.
D)proline.
E)phenylalanine.

Question 41

Match the following.
antigen

A)any substance that is foreign to the body and therefore causes an immune response
B)a protein molecule that identifies foreign substances and mediates certain immune responses
C)an abnormal condition in which the acidity of the blood is higher than normal and the pH is lower
D)fluid inside cells
E)fluid outside of cells,such as blood plasma or interstitial fluid
F)an abnormal condition in which the acidity of the blood is lower than normal and the pH is higher

Question 42

All of the following are functions of the kidneys except

A)filtration.
B)reabsorption.
C)detoxification.
D)secretion.
E)control of concentrations of electrolytes.

Question 43

Which of the following buffer systems is associated with the respiratory system?

A)phosphate
B)bicarbonate
C)protein
D)amino acids

Question 44

Most of the carbon dioxide carried in the blood from the tissues to the lungs is in what form?

A)carbonic acid,H₂CO₃
B)CO₂ dissolved in the blood
C)CO₂ bound to the N-terminal end of hemoglobin chains
D)CO₂ bound to the C-terminal end of the hemoglobin chains
E)as the bicarbonate ion dissolved in the blood

Question 45

The major function of red blood cells is

A)glycolysis.
B)glycogenesis.
C)transport of waste products to the kidneys.
D)transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
E)transport of glucose.

Question 46

Match the following.
extracellular fluid

A)any substance that is foreign to the body and therefore causes an immune response
B)a protein molecule that identifies foreign substances and mediates certain immune responses
C)an abnormal condition in which the acidity of the blood is higher than normal and the pH is lower
D)fluid inside cells
E)fluid outside of cells,such as blood plasma or interstitial fluid
F)an abnormal condition in which the acidity of the blood is lower than normal and the pH is higher

Question 47

An increase in blood pH due to increased loss of CO₂ through hyperventilation is called

A)respiratory acidosis.
B)respiratory alkalosis.
C)metabolic acidosis.
D)metabolic alkalosis.
E)diabetic ketosis.

Question 48

In which part of the kidney is most of the water reabsorbed from the urine?

A)glomerulus
B)Henle's loop
C)kidney tubule
D)Bowman's capsule
E)nephrons

Question 49

Carbon dioxide transport is an important aspect of maintaining proper pH in blood because

A)carbon dioxide is basic when dissolved in water.
B)a high pH causes more carbon dioxide to dissolve in blood.
C)the multiple equilibria between CO₂ and bicarbonate ion involve hydrogen ions.
D)carbon dioxide can affect the acidity of hemoglobin molecules.
E)none of the above

Question 50

Match the following.
intracellular fluid

A)any substance that is foreign to the body and therefore causes an immune response
B)a protein molecule that identifies foreign substances and mediates certain immune responses
C)an abnormal condition in which the acidity of the blood is higher than normal and the pH is lower
D)fluid inside cells
E)fluid outside of cells,such as blood plasma or interstitial fluid
F)an abnormal condition in which the acidity of the blood is lower than normal and the pH is higher

Question 51

Carbon dioxide is transported to the lungs in all of the following forms except ________.

A)H₂CO₃.
B)HCO₃^-
C)CO₂ (aq)
D)bonded to Hb
E)none of the above

Question 52

Hemoglobin contains how many heme groups for each molecule?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 53

All of the following can be found in a normal urine sample except

A)potassium ions.
B)sodium ions.
C)urea.
D)red blood cells.
E)creatinine.

Question 54

Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body in the urine without lowering the pH excessively by reaction of H⁺ with ________ or ________.

A)CO₂; H₂O
B)NH₄⁺; H₃PO₄
C)NH₃; HPO₄^2-
D)urea; water
E)NH₃; CO₂

Question 55

Hemoglobin is capable of carrying ________ oxygen molecules.

A)4
B)1
C)2
D)3
E)5

Question 56

Which of the following is considered to be a normal constituent of urine?

A)protein
B)ketone bodies
C)amino acids
D)hemoglobin

Question 57

The protein in red blood cells that is most important to their major function is

A)fibrin.
B)fibrinogen.
C)hemoglobin.
D)heme.
E)immunoglobulin.

Question 58

The functional units in the kidney are the numerous

A)hemoglobin molecules.
B)tubules.
C)glomeruli.
D)nephrons.
E)neurons.

Question 59

The hormone that helps to regulate the level of sodium ions in the blood is

A)aldosterone.
B)vasopressin.
C)insulin.
D)progesterone.

Question 60

What pH value is associated with the onset of respiratory alkalosis?

A)7.8
B)7.4
C)7.2
D)7.0
E)6.8

Question 61

Match the following.
alkalosis

A)any substance that is foreign to the body and therefore causes an immune response
B)a protein molecule that identifies foreign substances and mediates certain immune responses
C)an abnormal condition in which the acidity of the blood is higher than normal and the pH is lower
D)fluid inside cells
E)fluid outside of cells,such as blood plasma or interstitial fluid
F)an abnormal condition in which the acidity of the blood is lower than normal and the pH is higher

Question 62

Match the following.
antibody

A)any substance that is foreign to the body and therefore causes an immune response
B)a protein molecule that identifies foreign substances and mediates certain immune responses
C)an abnormal condition in which the acidity of the blood is higher than normal and the pH is lower
D)fluid inside cells
E)fluid outside of cells,such as blood plasma or interstitial fluid
F)an abnormal condition in which the acidity of the blood is lower than normal and the pH is higher

Question 63

Match the following.
acidosis

A)any substance that is foreign to the body and therefore causes an immune response
B)a protein molecule that identifies foreign substances and mediates certain immune responses
C)an abnormal condition in which the acidity of the blood is higher than normal and the pH is lower
D)fluid inside cells
E)fluid outside of cells,such as blood plasma or interstitial fluid
F)an abnormal condition in which the acidity of the blood is lower than normal and the pH is higher