Deck 28: Chemical Messengers: Hormones, neurotransmitters, and Drugs

Question 1

The two systems responsible for regulating the huge number of chemical processes in the human body are the ________ and ________ systems.

A)circulatory; digestive
B)reproductive; endocrine
C)nervous; endocrine
D)nervous; digestive
E)digestive; endocrine

Answer 1

nervous; endocrine

Question 2

Which statement(s)about hormones are correct?

A)They are secreted by specific tissues.
B)They act over short distances.
C)They travel through the blood stream to the location of action.
D)Both A and B.
E)Both A and C.

Answer 2

Both A and C.

Question 3

Which type of hormone actually enters the target cell?

A)amino acid derivatives
B)enzymes
C)peptides
D)steroids
E)zymogens

Answer 3

steroids

Question 4

When epinephrine interacts with a cell,the step immediately following binding of the messenger with the receptor site is

A)production of GTP from GDP.
B)conversion of cyclic AMP to ATP.
C)activation of a G protein in the cell membrane.
D)activation of adenylate cyclase.
E)conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP.

Question 5

Hormones are produced in the ________ system.

A)digestive
B)endocrine
C)excretory
D)nervous
E)circulatory

Question 6

The molecule or molecules that interacts with a hormone or other biologically active molecule to initiate a cellular response is called

A)a receptor.
B)a transmitter.
C)an active site.
D)a target cell.

Question 7

The organ that controls the endocrine system is the

A)hypothalamus.
B)ovaries.
C)testes.
D)thyroid gland.
E)adrenal gland.

Question 8

Which descriptions are true of hormones?
I.produced by the nervous system
II.transported in the blood stream
III.interact with any cell having the appropriate receptor
IV.act within 1 second or less after release
V.effects may last several hours or days

A)I,II,III
B)II,III,V
C)I,III,V
D)I,IV
E)none of these

Question 9

The major chemical structures of hormones include

A)polysaccharides,esters,and steroids.
B)steroids,polypeptides,and amino acid derivatives.
C)steroids,amino acid derivatives,and esters.
D)only molecules containing amine groups.
E)only steroids.

Question 10

Which two types of hormones act by way of second messengers?
I.amino acid derivatives
II.enzymes
III.peptides
IV.steroids
V.zymogens

A)I and II
B)I and III
C)I and IV
D)II and V
E)III and IV

Question 11

Chemical messengers deliver information by interacting with ________ in or at the target cell.

A)receptors
B)antibodies
C)antigens
D)hormones
E)neurotransmitters

Question 12

The hypothalamus gland communicates with other tissues by ________ and ________.

A)direct release of hormones; indirect control through release of regulatory hormones
B)direct neuronal control by release of transmitters; direct release of hormones
C)direct neuronal control by release of transmitters; indirect control through release of regulatory hormones
D)allosteric control of enzymes; direct neuronal control by release of transmitters
E)none of these

Question 13

Hormones regulate biochemical reactions by

A)performing the same role as enzymes in certain reactions.
B)acting rapidly on receptor sites close to the point where the hormone was produced.
C)acting to produce indirect effects on reactions occurring at some distance from the site of hormone production.
D)interacting with substrates to prevent their participation in specific reactions.
E)altering the properties of substrates and enzymes in the target reaction.

Question 14

Which of the following hormones must deliver its signal using the "second-messenger" mechanism?

A)estradiol
B)testosterone
C)vasopressin
D)progesterone
E)androsterone

Question 15

All of the following types of molecules function as chemical messengers in the body except

A)polypeptide hormones such as insulin.
B)steroid hormones such as progesterone.
C)neurons,including axons and dendrons.
D)amino acid derivatives classified as catecholamines.
E)neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine.

Question 16

The function of a receptor is to

A)receive messages and store the information for later use.
B)interact with a first messenger and hold the information until it can be passed on to a second messenger.
C)cause a chemical change in the messenger to indicate that it has received information.
D)receive messages and cause chemical changes within the target cell.
E)release chemicals which interact with other receptors.

Question 17

The receptors on the surfaces of cell membranes are

A)lipids.
B)carbohydrates.
C)proteins.
D)nucleic acids.
E)steroids.

Question 18

Chemical messengers that are produced by the endocrine system and circulate in the bloodstream are

A)enzymes.
B)antibodies.
C)hormones.
D)neurotransmitters.
E)neuropeptides.

Question 19

Which statement about hormones is not correct?

A)Hormones can affect biochemical reactions by inhibiting enzymes.
B)Hormones are transported in the bloodstream.
C)Hormones can affect biochemical reactions by activating enzymes.
D)Hormones are usually produced by endocrine glands.
E)Hormones are very specific,affecting only one chemical reaction.

Question 20

The endocrine system is most often controlled by

A)regulatory hormones released by the hypothalamus upon stimulation from the pituitary gland.
B)neurotransmitters produced in the brain.
C)neurotransmitters produced in the spinal cord.
D)regulatory hormones released by the pituitary gland upon stimulation from the hypothalamus.
E)regulatory hormones released by the thyroid gland upon stimulation from the hypothalamus.

Question 21

One example of an amino acid derivative that acts as both a hormone and a neurotransmitter is

A)epinephrine.
B)thyroxine.
C)growth hormone (GH).
D)estrogen.
E)cortisone.

Question 22

Vasopressin is an example of which type of hormone?

A)polypeptide
B)amino acid
C)steroid
D)polyatomic
E)none of the above

Question 23

The second messenger for the hormones epinephrine is

A)cyclic AMP.
B)AMP.
C)ADP.
D)ATP.
E)none of the above

Question 24

Mineralocorticoids are a specific type of steroid whose function is to

A)maintain pregnancy.
B)promote development of secondary male sex characteristics.
C)promote development of secondary female sex characteristics.
D)regulate the sodium/potassium balance in cellular fluids.
E)regulate glucose metabolism.

Question 25

Progestins are a specific type of steroid whose function is to

A)maintain pregnancy.
B)promote development of secondary male sex characteristics.
C)promote development of secondary female sex characteristics.
D)regulate the sodium/potassium balance in cellular fluids.
E)regulate glucose metabolism.

Question 26

Which of the following compounds is not an amino acid derivative hormone?

A)dopamine
B)epinephrine
C)thyroxine
D)norepinephrine
E)All of these are amino acid derivatives.

Question 27

Describe in detail the two ways in which a hormone can deliver its message to a target cell.What characteristics of the hormone determine which mechanism is used?

Question 28

Glucocorticoids are a specific type of steroid whose function is to

A)maintain pregnancy.
B)promote development of secondary male sex characteristics.
C)promote development of secondary female sex characteristics.
D)regulate the sodium/potassium balance in cellular fluids.
E)regulate glucose metabolism.

Question 29

Which hormone is an example of an amino acid derivative?

A)estrogen
B)thyroxine
C)growth hormone (GH)
D)antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
E)cortisone

Question 30

Which hormone is an example of a polypeptide?

A)epinephrine
B)thyroxine
C)growth hormone (GH)
D)estrogen
E)cortisone

Question 31

Estrogens are a specific type of steroid whose function is to

A)maintain pregnancy.
B)promote development of secondary male sex characteristics.
C)promote development of secondary female sex characteristics.
D)regulate the sodium/potassium balance in cellular fluids.
E)regulate glucose metabolism.

Question 32

The chemical structure of steroid hormones includes

A)ten or fewer amino acids.
B)10-50 amino acids.
C)a carboxylic acid group and an alpha-hydroxy group.
D)an aromatic ring and an alkene group.
E)a central structure of four connected rings.

Question 33

The second messenger cAMP is synthesized from

A)ATP.
B)ADP.
C)AMP.
D)GTP.
E)GDP.

Question 34

List and briefly describe the chemical sequence of events in the fight-or-flight response to a threatening situation from the binding of epinephrine at the receptor site to readiness for another situation.

Question 35

Androgens are a specific type of steroid whose function is to

A)maintain pregnancy.
B)promote development of secondary male sex characteristics.
C)promote development of secondary female sex characteristics.
D)regulate the sodium/potassium balance in cellular fluids.
E)regulate glucose metabolism.

Question 36

A hormone that is involved in maintaining electrolyte balance in cells is classified as a(an)

A)mineralocorticoid.
B)glucocorticoid.
C)sex hormone.
D)receptor molecule.
E)inhibitor.

Question 37

A hormone that is involved in mediating inflammation and in metabolism of simple carbohydrates is classified as a(an)

A)mineralocorticoid.
B)glucocorticoid.
C)sex hormone.
D)receptor molecule.
E)inhibitor.

Question 38

Arrange the steps of the chemical response of a cell to epinephrine in the correct order.
1.production of GTP from GDP
2.conversion of cyclic AMP to ATP
3.activation of a G protein in the cell membrane
4.release of glucose into the bloodstream
5.activation of adenylate cyclase
6.conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP

A)3,1,5,2,4,6
B)5,6,3,1,2,4
C)4,1,3,2,5,6
D)3,1,5,6,4,2
E)5,1,3,6,4,2

Question 39

Which statement regarding polypeptide hormones is incorrect?

A)This class of hormones includes all the regulatory hormones produced by the pituitary gland.
B)Vasopressin is an example.
C)Insulin is an example.
D)Sex hormones are included in this category.
E)Many of the names include the terms "releasing hormone" or "stimulating hormone."

Question 40

Which of the following is an example of an amino acid derivative hormone?

A)thyroxine
B)insulin
C)theobromine
D)antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 41

Steroid hormones are chemically described as

A)molecules whose structure is clearly related to an amino acid,usually tyrosine.
B)molecules containing a nucleus of four interconnected cyclic structures.
C)molecules composed of three or more amino acids,but no secondary or tertiary structure.
D)polypeptides with a high degree of secondary and tertiary structure.
E)large protein molecules which are directly involved in the regulation of chemical reactions.

Question 42

Nerves that use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter are said to be

A)antagonized.
B)cholinergic.
C)cholinesterases.
D)inhibited.
E)sympathetic.

Question 43

A molecule that enters the body from an external source and alters its normal functions is a(an)

A)agonist.
B)antagonist.
C)drug.
D)hormone.
E)steroid.

Question 44

Which descriptions are true of neurotransmitters?
I.produced by the endocrine system
II.transported in the bloodstream
III.interact with cells in their direct pathway
IV.act within 1 second or less after release
V.effects are of short duration

A)I,II,IV
B)II,III,V
C)III,IV,V
D)I,II
E)IV,V

Question 45

Birth control pills work by mimicking what type of hormones?

A)estrogen
B)progesterone
C)testosterone
D)both A and B

Question 46

Which of the following is a steroid based hormone?

A)testosterone
B)epinepherine
C)vasopressin
D)glucagon
E)thyroxine

Question 47

Which type of steroids is mimicked by anabolic steroids?

A)estrogen
B)progesterone
C)testosterone
D)norethindrone

Question 48

Depression is known to be caused by a deficiency of

A)serotonin.
B)dopamine.
C)norepinephrine.
D)all of the above

Question 49

The neurotransmitter that is associated with the perception of pleasure and pain in the brain is

A)acetylcholine.
B)testosterone.
C)epinephrine.
D)histamine.
E)dopamine.

Question 50

Which of the following hormones acts directly rather than through a secondary messenger?

A)estradiol
B)glucagon
C)thyroxine
D)epinephrine
E)vasopressin

Question 51

Chemical messengers that carry signals between neurons are

A)enzymes.
B)antibodies.
C)hormones.
D)neurotransmitters.
E)neuropeptides.

Question 52

A neurotransmitter that controls the perception of pain in the brain is

A)GABA.
B)enkephalin.
C)taurine.
D)histamine.
E)dopamine.

Question 53

Which of the following is not part of a nerve cell?

A)synaptic cleft
B)axon
C)vesicles
D)presynaptic neuron
E)dendrites

Question 54

When acetylcholine is adsorbed onto a cholinergic receptor of a neuron,

A)the membranes of the neurons are destroyed.
B)the ion gates are opened and ions freely flow across the membranes.
C)the axon of the neuron breaks off.
D)the membranes of the neurons become rigid and breakable.
E)more than one of the above happens.

Question 55

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors are good antidepressants because they

A)activate receptor sites.
B)block receptor sites.
C)increase the concentration of monoamine neurotransmitters.
D)decrease the concentration of monoamine neurotransmitters.
E)none of the above

Question 56

If a neurotransmitter molecule is to be used again to carry messages,it is removed from the postsynaptic neuron by the process of

A)antagonism.
B)enzymatic destruction.
C)hydrolysis.
D)impulse transmission.
E)reuptake.

Question 57

The short,tentacle like appendages coming from the main body of a nerve cell are called

A)dendrites.
B)axons.
C)synapses.
D)vesicles.
E)collaterals.

Question 58

The three monoamine neurotransmitters most studied in relation to moods and emotions are

A)histamine,acetylcholine,and acetylcholinesterase.
B)amitriptyline,phenelzine,and fluoxetine.
C)serotonin,norepinephrine,and dopamine.
D)tryptophan,serotonin,and melatonin.
E)cortisone,testosterone,and androsterone.

Question 59

Compare the nervous system and the endocrine system with respect to chemical messengers used,and the messenger molecules' means of transport,specificity,and time lapse between release and effect.

Question 60

Which hormone is an example of a steroid?

A)epinephrine
B)thyroxine
C)growth hormone (GH)
D)antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
E)cortisone

Question 61

Match the following.
vasopressin

A)an example of a polypeptide hormone
B)a site on a cell that interacts with some external chemical messenger in order to enable a response to occur
C)an example of an amino acid hormone
D)a chemical messenger that is produced in the nervous system
E)a chemical messenger that is produced in the endocrine system and indirectly regulates biochemical processes
F)a substance introduced from outside the body that alters some body function
G)a molecule within a cell that is released in response to the interaction of a hormone or neurotransmitter with a receptor outside the cell
H)the intended site of a specific chemical reaction
I)an example of a steroid hormone

Question 62

Match the following.
progesterone

A)an example of a polypeptide hormone
B)a site on a cell that interacts with some external chemical messenger in order to enable a response to occur
C)an example of an amino acid hormone
D)a chemical messenger that is produced in the nervous system
E)a chemical messenger that is produced in the endocrine system and indirectly regulates biochemical processes
F)a substance introduced from outside the body that alters some body function
G)a molecule within a cell that is released in response to the interaction of a hormone or neurotransmitter with a receptor outside the cell
H)the intended site of a specific chemical reaction
I)an example of a steroid hormone

Question 63

A drug that interacts with a receptor to produce or enhance its normal response is a(an)

A)agonist.
B)amino acid derivative.
C)antagonist.
D)hormone.
E)steroid.

Question 64

Match the following.
secondary messenger

A)an example of a polypeptide hormone
B)a site on a cell that interacts with some external chemical messenger in order to enable a response to occur
C)an example of an amino acid hormone
D)a chemical messenger that is produced in the nervous system
E)a chemical messenger that is produced in the endocrine system and indirectly regulates biochemical processes
F)a substance introduced from outside the body that alters some body function
G)a molecule within a cell that is released in response to the interaction of a hormone or neurotransmitter with a receptor outside the cell
H)the intended site of a specific chemical reaction
I)an example of a steroid hormone

Question 65

Match the following.
drug

A)an example of a polypeptide hormone
B)a site on a cell that interacts with some external chemical messenger in order to enable a response to occur
C)an example of an amino acid hormone
D)a chemical messenger that is produced in the nervous system
E)a chemical messenger that is produced in the endocrine system and indirectly regulates biochemical processes
F)a substance introduced from outside the body that alters some body function
G)a molecule within a cell that is released in response to the interaction of a hormone or neurotransmitter with a receptor outside the cell
H)the intended site of a specific chemical reaction
I)an example of a steroid hormone

Question 66

Match the following.
target

A)an example of a polypeptide hormone
B)a site on a cell that interacts with some external chemical messenger in order to enable a response to occur
C)an example of an amino acid hormone
D)a chemical messenger that is produced in the nervous system
E)a chemical messenger that is produced in the endocrine system and indirectly regulates biochemical processes
F)a substance introduced from outside the body that alters some body function
G)a molecule within a cell that is released in response to the interaction of a hormone or neurotransmitter with a receptor outside the cell
H)the intended site of a specific chemical reaction
I)an example of a steroid hormone

Question 67

Match the following.
hormone

A)an example of a polypeptide hormone
B)a site on a cell that interacts with some external chemical messenger in order to enable a response to occur
C)an example of an amino acid hormone
D)a chemical messenger that is produced in the nervous system
E)a chemical messenger that is produced in the endocrine system and indirectly regulates biochemical processes
F)a substance introduced from outside the body that alters some body function
G)a molecule within a cell that is released in response to the interaction of a hormone or neurotransmitter with a receptor outside the cell
H)the intended site of a specific chemical reaction
I)an example of a steroid hormone

Question 68

Most drugs used as antihistamines prevent allergic reactions by acting as

A)a neurotransmitter to enhance the response of histamine receptor sites.
B)allosteric inhibitors of the destruction of histamine.
C)competitors for reuptake of histamine.
D)antagonists to the histamine receptor sites.
E)none of these

Question 69

A drug that behaves as an antagonist affects a receptor cell by

A)irreversibly binding to the targeted receptor site,preventing any response.
B)prolonging the response of the receptor cell.
C)blocking the response of the receptor cell.
D)speeding up the response of the receptor cell.
E)hydrolyzing the proteins involved in the receptor site.

Question 70

Match the following.
norepinephrine

A)an example of a polypeptide hormone
B)a site on a cell that interacts with some external chemical messenger in order to enable a response to occur
C)an example of an amino acid hormone
D)a chemical messenger that is produced in the nervous system
E)a chemical messenger that is produced in the endocrine system and indirectly regulates biochemical processes
F)a substance introduced from outside the body that alters some body function
G)a molecule within a cell that is released in response to the interaction of a hormone or neurotransmitter with a receptor outside the cell
H)the intended site of a specific chemical reaction
I)an example of a steroid hormone

Question 71

Match the following.
neurotransmitter

A)an example of a polypeptide hormone
B)a site on a cell that interacts with some external chemical messenger in order to enable a response to occur
C)an example of an amino acid hormone
D)a chemical messenger that is produced in the nervous system
E)a chemical messenger that is produced in the endocrine system and indirectly regulates biochemical processes
F)a substance introduced from outside the body that alters some body function
G)a molecule within a cell that is released in response to the interaction of a hormone or neurotransmitter with a receptor outside the cell
H)the intended site of a specific chemical reaction
I)an example of a steroid hormone

Question 72

Match the following.
receptor

A)an example of a polypeptide hormone
B)a site on a cell that interacts with some external chemical messenger in order to enable a response to occur
C)an example of an amino acid hormone
D)a chemical messenger that is produced in the nervous system
E)a chemical messenger that is produced in the endocrine system and indirectly regulates biochemical processes
F)a substance introduced from outside the body that alters some body function
G)a molecule within a cell that is released in response to the interaction of a hormone or neurotransmitter with a receptor outside the cell
H)the intended site of a specific chemical reaction
I)an example of a steroid hormone

Question 73

A drug that interacts with a receptor to block or inhibit its normal response is a(an)

A)agonist.
B)amino acid derivative.
C)antagonist.
D)hormone.
E)steroid.