Deck 29: Body Fluids

Question 1

The major cation and anion in extracellular fluids are ________ and ________,respectively.

A)potassium;chloride
B)potassium;hydrogen phosphate
C)sodium;bicarbonate
D)sodium;chloride
E)sodium;hydrogen phosphate

Answer 1

sodium;chloride

Question 2

How would urinary output be affected if the antidiuretic hormone was underexcreted?

A)increased output
B)decreased output
C)greatly increase output
D)no affect on output

Answer 2

greatly increase output

Question 3

The hormone that regulates the level of water in the urine (also known as the antidiuretic hormone)is

A)aldosterone.
B)vasopressin.
C)insulin.
D)progesterone.
E)glucogon.

Answer 3

vasopressin.

Question 4

Whole blood is composed of each of the following components except

A)plasma.
B)lymph.
C)erythrocytes.
D)platelets.
E)white blood cells

Question 5

How would urinary output be affected if the antidiuretic hormone was overexcreted?

A)increased output
B)decreased output
C)greatly decrease output
D)no affect on output

Question 6

The major cation and anion inside cells are ________ and ________,respectively.

A)potassium;chloride
B)potassium;hydrogen phosphate
C)sodium;bicarbonate
D)sodium;chloride
E)sodium;hydrogen phosphate

Question 7

The balance between water and electrolytes in the body is maintained by the

A)bladder.
B)kidneys.
C)liver.
D)lungs.
E)skin.

Question 8

The human body contains approximately 64% ________ fluid.

A)extracellular
B)intracellular
C)blood plasma
D)none of the above

Question 9

The minor,but important,fluid that lubricates joints is

A)plasma.
B)lymph.
C)cerebrospinal fluid.
D)urine.
E)synovial fluid.

Question 10

Which of the following fluids contains the most proteins?

A)plasma
B)interstitial
C)intracellular
D)extracellular
E)They are equally distributed among all fluids.

Question 11

Different concentrations of potassium ion between intracellular and interstitial fluid are maintained by

A)osmosis.
B)simple diffusion.
C)facilitated diffusion.
D)active transport.
E)none of the above

Question 12

The composition of blood plasma and interstitial fluid are almost identical,except that interstitial fluid contains ________ than blood plasma.

A)more water
B)less water
C)more proteins
D)fewer proteins
E)more phosphate

Question 13

The process of maintaining proper nutrient balance and temperature is called

A)homeostasis.
B)osteoporosis.
C)metabolism.
D)heterolysis.
E)oligomerization.

Question 14

Which ion is not a major constituent of body fluids?

A)Na⁺
B)Fe²⁺
C)K⁺
D)C1^-
E)HPO₄^2-

Question 15

Which bodily fluid has the highest concentration of potassium ion?

A)intracellular fluid
B)extracellular fluid
C)blood plasma
D)blood serum
E)none of the above

Question 16

Most of the water in the human body is found

A)in blood plasma.
B)inside cells.
C)as interstitial fluids.
D)in miscellaneous fluids,such as cerebrospinal fluid and lymph.
E)none of the above

Question 17

Other than water,the major component of plasma is

A)blood cells.
B)electrolytes.
C)nutrients.
D)proteins.
E)waste.

Question 18

The osmolarities of blood plasma,intracellular fluid,and interstitial fluid are ________ because ________.

A)the same;their compositions are identical
B)the same;they contain the same total number but different kinds of dissolved particles
C)different;they contain the same kinds and proportions of dissolved particles but different total numbers of particles
D)different;osmosis cannot occur fast enough to balance the differences
E)different;each fluid contains different numbers of each kind of solute particles

Question 19

Each of the following characteristics of molecules allows them to dissolve in water except being

A)a gas.
B)a charged particle.
C)a large complex molecule with ionic or polar groups on the surface.
D)hydrophobic on the surface.
E)a small polar covalent molecule.

Question 20

The body fluids that are found outside of cells are known as

A)extracellular fluids.
B)intracellular fluids.
C)plasma.
D)serum.
E)cytosol.

Question 21

Which of the following components of blood are involved in defense?

A)leukocytes
B)immunoglobins
C)phagocytes
D)all of these
E)none of these

Question 22

All of the following are small molecules commonly found dissolved in blood except

A)oxygen.
B)nitrogen.
C)carbon dioxide.
D)glucose.
E)amino acids.

Question 23

All of the chemicals listed are associated with blood clotting except

A)vitamin K.
B)calcium ion.
C)collagen.
D)fibrinogen.
E)hemoglobin.

Question 24

The major function of platelets in the blood is to

A)help stop bleeding.
B)transport CO₂ to the lungs.
C)transport O₂ to the tissues.
D)maintain body pH.
E)prevent infection.

Question 25

The fluid portion of plasma that is left after blood has clotted is

A)blood cells.
B)blood serum.
C)erythrocytes.
D)leokocytes.

Question 26

Which of the following components of blood are involved in transport of various substances thorough out the body?

A)albumins
B)erythrocytes
C)fibrinogen
D)albumins and erythocytes
E)All of these.

Question 27

Blood clotting is a specific example of the blood's general function of

A)defense.
B)transport.
C)regulation.
D)energy production.
E)none of the above

Question 28

The non-specific localized response to an antigen is the

A)inflammatory response.
B)cell- and antibody-mediated response.
C)cell-mediated response only.
D)antibody-mediated response only.
E)none of the above

Question 29

The first two steps in the process of hemostasis are ________ and ________.

A)release of thrombin;formation of fibrin clot
B)constriction of blood vessels;formation of a plug of platelets
C)release of thrombin;constriction of blood vessels
D)formation of fibrin clot;formation of a plug of platelets
E)release of zymogens;inflammation

Question 30

Two components of blood that carry out the transport function are ________ and ________.

A)immunoglobulins;platelets
B)albumins;fibrinogen
C)albumins;red blood cells
D)white blood cells;albumins
E)platelets;red blood cells

Question 31

The amino acid that is the precursor to the substance associated with the inflammatory response is

A)antihistamine.
B)histamine.
C)histidine.
D)proline.
E)phenylalanine.

Question 32

Comment on the tertiary structure of the defensive proteins immunoglobulins and fibrin.Explain how the structure of each protein contributes to its function.

Question 33

Two components of blood that carry out the protection function are ________ and ________.

A)immunoglobulins;platelets
B)albumins;fibrinogen
C)albumins;red blood cells
D)white blood cells;albumins
E)platelets;red blood cells

Question 34

Chemically,antibodies can be classified as

A)amino acids.
B)anions.
C)cations.
D)immunoglobulins.
E)nonpolar covalent molecules.

Question 35

B cells are associated with the

A)inflammatory response.
B)cell-mediated immune response.
C)antibody-mediated immune response.
D)clotting of blood.
E)production of histamine.

Question 36

The function of memory T cells is to

A)destroy killer T cells after they have performed their function.
B)produce helper T cells when an antigen appears.
C)destroy killer and helper T cells after they have performed their functions.
D)produce killer T cells when a previously encountered antigen appears again.
E)produce phagocytes to assist in the functions of T cells.

Question 37

The body fluid responsible for the proper functioning of the immune system is

A)plasma.
B)lymph.
C)cerebrospinal fluid.
D)urine.
E)synovial fluid.

Question 38

All of the following are functions of blood except

A)defense from foreign organisms.
B)transport of waste products.
C)regulation of body temperature.
D)production of energy for anabolic processes.
E)regulation of acid-base balance in the body.

Question 39

An antigen at the site of inflammation will probably be attacked and destroyed by

A)erythrocytes.
B)lymphocytes.
C)phagocytes.
D)helper T cells.
E)memory T cells.

Question 40

Distinguish between inflammatory and immune responses to antigens.

Question 41

The functional units in the kidney are the numerous

A)hemoglobin molecules.
B)tubules.
C)glomeruli.
D)nephrons.
E)neurons.

Question 42

In which part of the kidney is most of the water reabsorbed from the urine?

A)glomerulus
B)Henle's loop
C)kidney tubule
D)Bowman's capsule
E)nephrons

Question 43

Hemoglobin is capable of carrying ________ oxygen molecules.

A)4
B)1
C)2
D)3
E)5

Question 44

An increase in blood pH due to increased loss of CO₂ through hyperventilation is called

A)respiratory acidosis.
B)respiratory alkalosis.
C)metabolic acidosis.
D)metabolic alkalosis.
E)diabetic ketosis.

Question 45

Hemoglobin contains how many heme groups for each molecule?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 46

The protein in red blood cells that is most important to their major function is

A)fibrin.
B)fibrinogen.
C)hemoglobin.
D)heme.
E)immunoglobulin.

Question 47

The type of imbalance that is caused by a loss of carbon dioxide from hyperventilation is

A)metabolic acidosis.
B)respiratory alkalosis.
C)respiratory acidosis.
D)metabolic alkalosis.
E)none of the above

Question 48

The major function of red blood cells is

A)glycolysis.
B)glycogenesis.
C)transport of waste products to the kidneys.
D)transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
E)transport of glucose.

Question 49

The inorganic component of hemoglobin that is critical to its function is

A)Fe²⁺.
B)Fe³⁺.
C)Na⁺.
D)K⁺.
E)H₂O.

Question 50

Which is the correct order for the steps in the process of blood clotting?
I.release of thrombin
II.activation of zymogens
III.formation of fibrin clot
IV.constriction of blood vessels
V.interaction of blood with collagen or tissue factor

A)IV,II,III,I,V
B)V,IV,III,II,I
C)V,IV,II,III,I
D)IV,V,II,I,III
E)III,I,V,IV,II

Question 51

The type of imbalance that is caused by an increase in carbon dioxide concentration due to hypoventilation is

A)metabolic acidosis.
B)respiratory alkalosis.
C)respiratory acidosis.
D)metabolic alkalosis.
E)none of the above

Question 52

Fibrinogen can be classified as a(an)________ because it circulates in the bloodstream in an inactive form until it is converted to its active form when needed.

A)amino acid
B)coenzyme
C)enzyme
D)lipid
E)zymogen

Question 53

All of the following are functions of the kidneys except

A)filtration.
B)reabsorption.
C)detoxification.
D)secretion.
E)control of concentrations of electrolytes.

Question 54

Carbon dioxide transport is an important aspect of maintaining proper pH in blood because

A)carbon dioxide is basic when dissolved in water.
B)a high pH causes more carbon dioxide to dissolve in blood.
C)the multiple equilibria between CO₂ and bicarbonate ion involve hydrogen ions.
D)carbon dioxide can affect the acidity of hemoglobin molecules.
E)none of the above

Question 55

Which of the following buffer systems is associated with the respiratory system?

A)phosphate
B)bicarbonate
C)protein
D)amino acids

Question 56

What pH value is associated with the onset of respiratory alkalosis?

A)7.8
B)7.4
C)7.2
D)7.0
E)6.8

Question 57

Carbon dioxide is transported to the lungs in all of the following forms except

A)H₂CO₃.
B)HCO₃^-.
C)CO₂ (aq).
D)bonded to Hb.
E)none of the above

Question 58

The type of imbalance that is caused by elevated plasma bicarbonate concentration is

A)metabolic acidosis.
B)respiratory alkalosis.
C)respiratory acidosis.
D)metabolic alkalosis.
E)none of the above

Question 59

Most of the carbon dioxide carried in the blood from the tissues to the lungs is in what form?

A)carbonic acid,H₂CO₃
B)CO₂ dissolved in the blood
C)CO₂ bound to the N-terminal end of hemoglobin chains
D)CO₂ bound to the C-terminal end of the hemoglobin chains
E)as the bicarbonate ion dissolved in the blood

Question 60

A deficiency in which of the following has been found to cause excessive bleeding?

A)fibrin
B)thrombin
C)vitamin K
D)vitamin E
E)platelets

Question 61

The hormone that helps to regulate the level of sodium ions in the blood is

A)aldosterone.
B)vasopressin.
C)insulin.
D)progesterone.

Question 62

An excessive amount of hydrogen ion present in the kidneys could lower the pH causing the urine to become to acidic.These hydrogen ions are removed by reaction with either ________ or ________.

A)CO₂;H₂O
B)NH₄⁺;H₃PO₄
C)NH₃;HPO₄^2-
D)urea;water
E)NH₃;CO₂

Question 63

Match the following.
acidosis

A)any substance that is foreign to the body and therefore causes an immune response
B)a protein molecule that identifies foreign substances and mediates certain immune responses
C)an abnormal condition in which the acidity of the blood is lower than normal and the pH is higher
D)fluid outside of cells,such as blood plasma or interstitial fluid
E)fluid inside cells
F)an abnormal condition in which the acidity of the blood is higher than normal and the pH is lower

Question 64

All of the following can be found in a normal urine sample except

A)potassium ions.
B)sodium ions.
C)urea.
D)red blood cells.
E)creatinine.

Question 65

Match the following.
extracellular fluid

A)any substance that is foreign to the body and therefore causes an immune response
B)a protein molecule that identifies foreign substances and mediates certain immune responses
C)an abnormal condition in which the acidity of the blood is lower than normal and the pH is higher
D)fluid outside of cells,such as blood plasma or interstitial fluid
E)fluid inside cells
F)an abnormal condition in which the acidity of the blood is higher than normal and the pH is lower

Question 66

Match the following.
intracellular fluid

A)any substance that is foreign to the body and therefore causes an immune response
B)a protein molecule that identifies foreign substances and mediates certain immune responses
C)an abnormal condition in which the acidity of the blood is lower than normal and the pH is higher
D)fluid outside of cells,such as blood plasma or interstitial fluid
E)fluid inside cells
F)an abnormal condition in which the acidity of the blood is higher than normal and the pH is lower

Question 67

Match the following.
alkalosis

A)any substance that is foreign to the body and therefore causes an immune response
B)a protein molecule that identifies foreign substances and mediates certain immune responses
C)an abnormal condition in which the acidity of the blood is lower than normal and the pH is higher
D)fluid outside of cells,such as blood plasma or interstitial fluid
E)fluid inside cells
F)an abnormal condition in which the acidity of the blood is higher than normal and the pH is lower

Question 68

Match the following.
antibody

A)any substance that is foreign to the body and therefore causes an immune response
B)a protein molecule that identifies foreign substances and mediates certain immune responses
C)an abnormal condition in which the acidity of the blood is lower than normal and the pH is higher
D)fluid outside of cells,such as blood plasma or interstitial fluid
E)fluid inside cells
F)an abnormal condition in which the acidity of the blood is higher than normal and the pH is lower

Question 69

Excess hydrogen ions are eliminated from the body in the urine as

A)CO₂ and H₂O.
B)NH₄⁺ and H₂PO₄^-.
C)NH₃ and HPO₄^2-.
D)urea and water.
E)NH₃ and CO_2.

Question 70

The fluid that enters the nephrons from the glomerulus is called the

A)glomerular filtrate.
B)blood plasma.
C)secretion.
D)electrolytes.
E)interstitial fluid.

Question 71

Which of the following is considered to be a normal constituent of urine?

A)protein
B)ketone bodies
C)amino acids
D)hemoglobin

Question 72

Match the following.
antigen

A)any substance that is foreign to the body and therefore causes an immune response
B)a protein molecule that identifies foreign substances and mediates certain immune responses
C)an abnormal condition in which the acidity of the blood is lower than normal and the pH is higher
D)fluid outside of cells,such as blood plasma or interstitial fluid
E)fluid inside cells
F)an abnormal condition in which the acidity of the blood is higher than normal and the pH is lower

Question 73

In which part of the kidney does the blood enter it?

A)glomerulus
B)Henle's loop
C)kidney tubule
D)Bowman's capsule
E)nephrons