Deck 11: Nuclear Chemistry

Question 1

Which type of radiation is attracted toward a negative plate?

A)α
B)β
C)γ
D)α and β
E)none of these

Answer 1

α

Question 2

Which is the best description of gamma radiation?

A)charge +2;mass of 4 amu;high penetrating power
B)charge +2;mass of 4 amu;low penetrating power
C)charge -1;mass of 0 amu;medium penetrating power
D)charge -1;mass of 0 amu;high penetrating power
E)charge 0;mass of 0 amu;high penetrating power

Answer 2

charge 0;mass of 0 amu;high penetrating power

Question 3

The change of element into another by the process of nuclear decay is called

A)fission.
B)fusion.
C)transmutation.
D)translocation.
E)radiation.

Answer 3

transmutation.

Question 4

All of the statements about nuclear reactions are true except

A)nuclear reactions involve changes in the nucleus of an atom.
B)the rate of a nuclear reaction is increased by the addition of a catalyst.
C)a nuclear reaction is unaffected by the chemical state of the atoms involved.
D)nuclear reactions of the same element vary according to which isotope is involved.
E)energy changes in nuclear reactions are much greater than in ordinary chemical reactions.

Question 5

When an atom loses an alpha particle,

A)its atomic number decreases by 2 units and its mass number decreases by 4 units.
B)its atomic number increases by 1 unit but its mass number remains unchanged.
C)its mass number decreases by 1 unit but its atomic number remains unchanged.
D)neither its atomic number nor its mass number changes.
E)its atomic number increases by 2 units and its mass number increases by 4 units.

Question 6

Which is the best description of an alpha particle?

A)charge +2;mass of 4 amu;high penetrating power
B)charge +2;mass of 4 amu;low penetrating power
C)charge -1;mass of 0 amu;medium penetrating power
D)charge -1;mass of 0 amu;high penetrating power
E)charge 0;mass of 0 amu;high penetrating power

Question 7

Which of these can be considered as the combination of a proton and an electron?

A)alpha particle
B)neutron
C)beta particle
D)gamma ray
E)positron

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of a subatomic particle?

A)electron
B)proton
C)neutron
D)none of these
E)all of these

Question 9

The term nucleon refers to

A)electrons belonging to an atom that undergoes nuclear decay.
B)electrons that are emitted from a nucleus in a nuclear reaction.
C)the nucleus of a specific isotope.
D)both protons and neutrons.
E)none of these

Question 10

Which product is formed by beta emission from phosphorus-32? The atomic number of phosphorus is 15.

A) Al
B) Al
C) S
D) P
E) P

Question 11

The emission of a particle from an unstable nucleus is called

A)mutation.
B)nuclear decay.
C)fission.
D)fusion.
E)translocation.

Question 12

The rate of a nuclear reaction is affected by which of the following?

A)temperature
B)pressure
C)addition of a catalyst
D)none of these
E)all of these

Question 13

An unstable isotope generally has

A)low neutron to proton ratio.
B)high neutron to proton ratio.
C)equal number of protons and neutrons.
D)equal number of protons and electrons.
E)change in the charge of the nucleus.

Question 14

Which form of radiation is generally considered the most dangerous?

A)γ
B)β
C)α
D)positron
E)all of the above

Question 15

Radioactivity is generally associated with which part of the atom?

A)nucleus
B)electrons
C)protons
D)neutrons
E)the entire atom

Question 16

Which type of radiation is attracted toward a positive plate?

A)α
B)β
C)γ
D)α and β
E)none of these

Question 17

Which product is formed by alpha emission from polonium-208? The atomic number of polonium is 84.

A) At
B) Rn
C) Pb
D) Bi
E) Po

Question 18

Which product is formed by alpha emission from uranium-235? The atomic number of uranium is 92.

A) Th
B) Th
C) Np
D) U
E) U

Question 19

Which of the following is considered to be a radioactive isotope of hydrogen?

A).¹H
B).²H
C).³H
D)all of these are unstable
E)none of these are unstable

Question 20

Which is the best description of a beta particle?

A)charge +2;mass of 4 amu;high penetrating power
B)charge +2;mass of 4 amu;low penetrating power
C)charge -1;mass of 0 amu;medium penetrating power
D)charge -1;mass of 0 amu;high penetrating power
E)charge 0;mass of 0 amu;high penetrating power

Question 21

What other product is formed when one neutron interacts with uranium-235 to form bromine-87 and 3 neutrons?

A) La
B) La
C) La
D) Xe
E) Xe

Question 22

Which product is formed by alpha emission from gold-185? The atomic number of gold is 79.

A) Tl
B) Au
C) Ir
D) Ir
E) Hg

Question 23

What is the missing reactant in the reaction shown? Cl + ________ → P + He

A) He
B) H
C) H
D) N
E) Β

Question 24

Which reaction is an example of a gamma emission?

A) Cm →Pu +He
B) B +N →Li +He
C) U +N →Te +Zr + 2N
D) Ti →V +Β
E) Sc →Sc + energy

Question 25

Which nuclear reaction is an example of electron capture?

A) Pu +He →Cm
B) Na →Ne +Β
C) Cm →Pu +He
D) Ar +Β →Cl
E) Ni →Cu +Β

Question 26

Electron capture involves the conversion of a proton to a neutron by

A)emitting an electron.
B)seizing an inner shell electron.
C)seizing an outer shell electron.
D)obtaining a gamma particle.
E)obtaining an electron from a p orbital.

Question 27

Which nuclear reaction is an example of positron emission?

A) Pu +He →Cm
B) Na →Ne +Β
C) Cm →Pu +He
D) Ar +Β →Cl
E) Ni →Cu +Β

Question 28

What is the product when phosphorous-30 loses a positron?

A) S
B) S
C) P
D) P
E) Si

Question 29

How many neutrons will be produced in the reaction shown? Cm + C →No +________ N

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)cannot be determined

Question 30

Which product is formed by beta emission from arsenic-75? The atomic number of arsenic is 33.

A) Ga
B) Ge
C) Cu
D) Se
E) As

Question 31

Which product is formed by gamma emission from technetium-99? The atomic number of technetium is 43.

A) Nb
B) Nb
C) Ru
D) Tc
E) Tc

Question 32

Write a balanced nuclear equation for a)positron emission of a calcium-38 isotope;b)formation of copper-62 by electron capture.

Question 33

Which nuclear reaction is an example of alpha emission?

A) U →He + Th

B) Se →Β +Br

C) I →I + energy
D) U +N →Ba +Kr + 3N

E) N +He →O +H

Question 34

Which nuclear reaction is not balanced?

A) B +He →N +N
B) U +He →Am +N
C) Ar +H →K +N
D) N +He →O +H
E)none of the above

Question 35

What is the missing reactant in the reaction shown?
Al + ________ → P +N

A) He
B) H
C) H
D) N
E) Β

Question 36

What percentage of a radioactive sample remains after four half-lives have passed?

A)0%
B)6.25%
C)12.5%
D)25%
E)50%

Question 37

List and discuss two criteria used to choose appropriate radioisotopes for use as tracers in medical imaging procedures.

Question 38

Which nuclear reaction is an example of beta emission?

A) Pu +He →Cm
B) Na →Ne +Β
C) Cm →Pu +He
D) Ar +Β →Cl
E) Ni →Cu +Β

Question 39

Which product is formed by gamma emission from niobium-94? The atomic number of niobium is 41.

A) Y
B) Nb
C) Tc
D) Mo
E) Zr

Question 40

When a radioactive isotope decays into a nucleus which is also unstable and undergoes decay,and this process is repeated several times,the succession of reactions is called a

A)decay series.
B)fission reaction.
C)fusion reaction.
D)half-life.
E)none of these

Question 41

Discuss the harmful effects of ionizing radiation on the human body,including the factors affecting the degree of harm and the protective measures that can be used to minimize exposure.

Question 42

Which of the following is not an example of ionizing radiation?

A)X-rays
B)gamma rays
C)beta particles
D)alpha particles
E)infrared rays

Question 43

Ionizing radiation is dangerous to living things because

A)it causes nuclear reactions.
B)it causes thermal burns.
C)it alters the chemical structure of atoms or molecules.
D)it causes electrons to be captured by the nucleus.
E)its penetrating power varies with its source.

Question 44

If a technician is ordered to deliver 30.units of radiation to a patient,at what distance should the source be if it delivers 85 units for a distance of 3.5 m?

A)9.3 m
B)1.3 m
C)35 m
D)4.3 m
E)3.15 m

Question 45

If 75.0 mg of potassium-42 was administered to a patient at 10 AM on Monday,how many mg will remain at 10 AM on Thursday of that same week? The half life of K-42 is 12 hours.

A)37.5 mg
B)1.17 mg
C)18.8 mg
D)9.38 mg

Question 46

Approximately how old is a fossil that has a little more than 6% of its original radioactivity? The half-life of carbon-14 used in dating artifacts is 5700 years.

A)57,000 years
B)34,200 years
C)20,000 years
D)11,400 years
E)5700 years

Question 47

The half-life of sodium-24 is 15.0 hours.What percentage of a sample of sodium-24 remains after 75.0 hours?

A)0.00%
B)3.13%
C)6.25%
D)12.5%
E)25.0%

Question 48

Which of the following has the highest ionizing power?

A)alpha
B)gamma
C)beta
D)proton

Question 49

Which of the following isotopes can be used to monitor spleen function?

A).⁹⁹Tc
B).¹⁴C
C).³H
D).¹³¹I
E).⁶⁰Co

Question 50

In a radioactive decay series,a radioisotope decays into another radioisotope successively until a stable nucleus is produced. Th
begins a decay series that consists of six alpha decays and four beta decays.What is the final stable isotope produced in this series?

A)plutonium-256
B)thorium-232
C)radon-220
D)lead-208
E)uranium-238

Question 51

Radioisotopes which emit alpha rays make the best diagnostic tracers.

Question 52

If the half-life of vanadium-48 is 16 days,it is true that

A)vanadium-48 is a beta emitter.
B)the decay rate would be different if the chemical environment of vanadium-48 is changed.
C)after 32 days a sample of vanadium-48 would have completely decayed.
D)after 16 days 50% of a sample of vanadium-48 would have decayed.
E)vanadium-48 would decay faster in its first half-life than in later half-lives.

Question 53

Three applications of nuclear chemistry are medical imaging,energy production,and archaeological dating.Describe each of these applications and explain what properties of radioactive elements are used in each one.

Question 54

Which of the following isotopes can be used to monitor thyroid function?

A).¹³¹I
B).¹⁴C
C).³H
D).⁹⁹Tc
E).⁶⁰Co

Question 55

Approximately how old is a fossil that contains 3.13% of its original carbon-14? The half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years.

A)2870 years
B)5730 years
C)11,500 years
D)22,900 years
E)28,700 years

Question 56

Diagnostic tracers form hot spots when they are prevented from entering diseased tissue.

Question 57

The half-life of nickel-65 is 2.50 days.How much of a 100.-g sample remains after 7.50 days?

A)100.g
B)50.0 g
C)25.0 g
D)12.5 g
E)6.25 g

Question 58

You obtain a new sample of cobalt-60,half-life 5.25 years,with a mass of 400.mg.How much cobalt-60 remains after 15.75 years?

Question 59

Ionizing radiation is

A)radiation that only interacts with ions.
B)the same as a proton.
C)a neutron that has acquired a charge,thus forming an ion.
D)high-energy radiation that removes electrons from atoms or molecules.
E)given off by ions and reacts with nuclei.

Question 60

Which of the properties of radioisotopes make them useful as tracers in medical or agricultural applications?
I.Their chemical behavior is the same as nonradioactive isotopes.
II.They emit various types of radiation.
III.The nuclear reaction is unaffected by the chemical state of the isotope.

A)I only
B)I and II
C)I and III
D)none of these
E)all of these

Question 61

In nuclear fusion

A)an atomic nucleus splits into two fragments,each forming an atom of an element with a smaller atomic number than the original.
B)an atomic nucleus loses two or more alpha particles.
C)positrons and electrons combine to form gamma rays.
D)several small nuclei combine to form an atom of greater atomic number.

Question 62

Which reaction illustrates artificial transmutation by alpha bombardment?

A) U →He +Th
B) Se →Β +Br
C) I →I + energy
D) U +N →Ba +Kr + 3N
E) N +He →O +H

Question 63

A rem is

A)the amount of radiation that produces 2.1 × 10⁹ units of charge in one cubic centimeter of air.
B)a unit used to measure the amount of radiation absorbed per gram of tissue.
C)a unit that that measures both the energy and the penetrating power of different types of radiation.
D)the SI unit for radiation absorbed.
E)the amount of radioactive substance that undergoes 3.7 × 10¹⁰ disintegrations per second.

Question 64

The amount of a radioactive substance that undergoes 3.7 × 10¹⁰ disintegrations per second is known as a

A)curie.
B)roentgen.
C)rem.
D)rad.
E)sievert.

Question 65

The fusion reaction that supplies the energy of the sun is

A) H +H→ He +N.
B) U +N →Ba +Kr + 3N.
C) N +N →C +H.
D) C →N +Β.

Question 66

The SI unit for the energy absorbed is

A)becquerel.
B)gray.
C)rad.
D)sivert.
E)rem.

Question 67

The fission of an atom of uranium (or an atom of greater atomic number)can be induced by bombarding it with

A)neutrons.
B)protons.
C)electrons.
D)positrons.
E)gamma rays.

Question 68

The major source of radiation exposure for the general population is

A)medical sources.
B)nuclear power plants.
C)industrial activities.
D)radon in homes.
E)space.

Question 69

Which reaction is an example of a chain reaction?

A) U →He +Th
B) Se →Β +Br
C) I →I + energy
D) U +N →Ba +Kr + 3N
E) N +He →O +H

Question 70

A curie is

A)the amount of radiation that produces 2.1 × 10⁹ units of charge in one cubic centimeter of air.
B)a unit used to measure the amount of radiation absorbed per gram of tissue.
C)a unit that allows both for the energy and the penetrating power of different types of radiation.
D)the SI unit for radiation absorbed.
E)the amount of radioactive substance that undergoes 3.7 × 10¹⁰ disintegrations per second.

Question 71

A roentgen is

A)the amount of radiation dosage that produces 2.1 × 10⁹ units of charge in one cubic centimeter of air.
B)a unit used to measure the amount of radiation absorbed per gram of tissue.
C)a unit that allows both for the energy and the penetrating power of different types of radiation.
D)the SI unit for radiation absorbed.
E)the amount of radioactive substance that undergoes 3.7 × 10¹⁰ disintegrations per second.

Question 72

Which reaction illustrates artificial transmutation by bombardment with a neutron?

A) Cm →Pu +He
B) Cm +He →Cf +N
C) N +N →C +H
D) Ti →V +Β
E) Sc →Sc + energy

Question 73

The most important unit for biological doses of radiation is the

A)rem.
B)rad.
C)curie.
D)bozon.
E)roentgen.

Question 74

A REM is a biological radiation measurement which is independent of the type of radiation.

Question 75

A gray is

A)the amount of radiation that produces 2.1 × 10⁹ units of charge in one cubic centimeter of air.
B)a unit used to measure the amount of radiation absorbed per gram of tissue.
C)a unit that measures both the energy and the penetrating power of different types of radiation.
D)the SI unit for radiation absorbed.
E)the amount of radioactive substance that undergoes 3.7 × 10¹⁰ disintegrations per second.

Question 76

A rad is

A)the amount of radiation that produces 2.1 × 10⁹ units of charge in one cubic centimeter of air.
B)a unit used to measure the amount of radiation absorbed per gram of tissue.
C)a unit that measures both for the energy and the penetrating power of different types of radiation.
D)the SI unit for radiation absorbed.
E)the amount of radioactive substance that undergoes 3.7 × 10¹⁰ disintegrations per second.

Question 77

The amount of radiation that produces 2.1 × 10⁹ units of charge in 1 cm³ of air is the

A)curie.
B)roentgen.
C)rem.
D)rad.
E)sievert.

Question 78

A unit used to measure the amount of radiation absorbed per gram of tissue is the

A)curie.
B)roentgen.
C)rem.
D)rad.
E)sievert.

Question 79

The unit of radiation exposure which allows for the energy and penetrating power of different types of radiation is the

A)curie.
B)roentgen.
C)rem.
D)rad.
E)sievert.

Question 80

When a nucleus is bombarded with particles and breaks into two similarly sized nuclei plus one or more small particles,the process is called

A)fission.
B)fusion.
C)spontaneous decay.
D)induced decay.
E)mutation.