Deck 21: Reproductive System

Question 1

A functional advantage of having human testes in the scrotum rather than in the abdomen is

A) lack of room in the abdomen.
B) a shorter sperm duct.
C) a more direct blood supply.
D) lower temperature.
E) greater protection to the testes.

Answer 1

D
Explanation: Since the scrotum extends outside the body it provides lower temperatures than the abodmen allowing sperm to be produced at a lower temperature. This is a functional advantage, because sperm produced at higher temperatures are not viable and there is a reduction in the production of sperm.

Question 2

Which part of the sperm contains energy-producing mitochondria?

A) head
B) mid-piece
C) tail
D) acrosome
E) zona pellucida

Answer 2

B
Explanation: The head of the sperm is enclosed by an acrosome and contains DNA while the tail is a flagella that is driven by energy contained in the seminal fluid which is converted into ATP by the mitochondria contained in the mid-piece. The zona pellucida is part of the mature egg.

Question 3

The energy source for sperm to swim comes from

A) stored fat molecules in the acrosome.
B) stored sugar molecules in the sperm head.
C) fructose sugar in the surrounding seminal fluids added by the seminal vesicles.
D) protein breakdown by mitochondria in the mid-piece of the sperm.
E) dissolved lipids in the seminal fluids added by the prostate gland.

Answer 3

C
Explanation: The energy source for sperm is fructose sugar that is available to the sperm from the surrounding seminal fluid. Proteins and lipids (fats) are not used by the mitochondria of the sperm as an energy source.

Question 4

Seminal fluid contains _____,chemicals that cause the uterus to contract.

A) androgens
B) progesterones
C) fructose
D) prostaglandins
E) estrogens

Question 5

ICSH stimulates the ______ of the testis to produce ______.

A) seminiferous tubules; sperm
B) seminiferous tubules; testosterone
C) interstitial cells; sperm
D) interstitial cells; testosterone
E) interstitial cells; estrogen

Question 6

Which of the following is responsible for controlling the production of male sex hormones?

A) testosterone
B) progesterone
C) GnRH
D) FSH
E) ICSH

Question 7

Sperm mature within the

A) prostate gland.
B) vas deferens.
C) seminal vesicles.
D) ejaculatory duct.
E) epididymis.

Question 8

In the human male,the tube used to carry both sperm and urine is the

A) ureter.
B) seminiferous tubule.
C) vas deferens.
D) urethra.
E) fallopian tube.

Question 9

In the human male,sperm cells are produced in the

A) interstitial tissue.
B) urethra.
C) seminiferous tubules.
D) vas deferens.
E) seminal vesicles.

Question 10

The male sex hormones are secreted by which of the following?

A) spermatids
B) interstitial cells
C) vas deferens
D) prostate
E) seminiferous tubules

Question 11

The time interval following ejaculation during which stimulation does not cause erection is called

A) luteal phase.
B) proliferative phase.
C) secretory phase.
D) spermatogenesis.
E) refractory period.

Question 12

Trace the correct path of the sperm during ejaculation.

A) urethra $\rarr$ vas deferens $\rarr$ seminal vesicles $\rarr$ testes
B) testes $\rarr$ urethra $\rarr$ vas deferens $\rarr$ penis
C) seminiferous tubules $\rarr$ epididymis $\rarr$ vas deferens $\rarr$ urethra
D) seminiferous tubules $\rarr$ vas deferens $\rarr$ epididymis $\rarr$ urethra
E) vas deferens $\rarr$ seminiferous tubules $\rarr$ epididymis $\rarr$ urethra

Question 13

The male reproductive system includes all EXCEPT which of the following?

A) testes
B) epididymis
C) penis
D) prostate
E) fimbriae

Question 14

Ultimate control of testes development is by the _____ which secretes _____.

A) anterior pituitary; GnRH
B) anterior pituitary; testosterone
C) anterior pituitary; ICSH
D) hypothalamus; GnRH
E) hypothalamus; testosterone

Question 15

What is the function of the Sertoli cells in the male reproductive tract?

A) produce an alkaline fluid added to the semen.
B) produce sperm cells through meiosis.
C) activate the sperm cells so they can swim rapidly.
D) support and regulate the spermatogenic cells.
E) produce a fluid added to the semen just before ejaculation.

Question 16

Semen production does NOT involve the

A) testes.
B) prostate gland.
C) seminal vesicles.
D) bulbourethral glands.
E) Graafian follicle.

Question 17

If we cut a cross section through the testes,we would see

A) individual sperm follicles with all future immature sperm present.
B) large chambers lined with developing sperm.
C) small tubules lined with developing sperm.
D) flat layers of tissue like pages, lined with developing sperm.
E) fluid-filled structures in which are developing sperm.

Question 18

The role of the acrosome during the fertilization process is to

A) contain enzymes that help a sperm head digest its way into an egg.
B) increase the sperm's motility.
C) direct the sperm to the egg.
D) transport the chromosomes into the egg.
E) store energy for swimming to the egg.

Question 19

Why do testes shrink when male athletes take synthetic steroid testosterone hormones?

A) Testosterone itself has the direct effect of shrinking the testes.
B) Synthetic chemicals are not the same in action as natural chemicals.
C) The guilt reaction in the brain causes a reverse hormonal action.
D) The pituitary detects high levels of testosterone in the bloodstream and reduces FSH and LH.
E) Scientists have no explanation for this phenomenon that is opposite of expected.

Question 20

Which association concerning structures in the human male is incorrect?

A) testes-produce sperm
B) vas deferens-carries urine
C) prostate gland-seminal fluid
D) urethra-conducts sperm
E) seminal vesicle-seminal fluid

Question 21

In the human female,estrogen and progesterone exert feedback control over the

A) pituitary.
B) ovary.
C) uterus.
D) testes.
E) prostate gland.

Question 22

The order of the structures in the vulva,from the frontal mons pubis to the anus,is

A) glans clitoris $\rarr$ vagina $\rarr$ urethra.
B) glans clitoris $\rarr$ urethra $\rarr$ vagina.
C) urethra $\rarr$ glans clitoris $\rarr$ vagina.
D) vagina $\rarr$ urethra $\rarr$ glans clitoris.
E) vagina $\rarr$ glans clitoris $\rarr$ urethra.

Question 23

LH is an abbreviation for luteinizing hormone,which is present in both males and females.In the male,LH

A) has no known physiological function.
B) exists in rudimentary levels since LH is made by the anterior pituitary.
C) is exactly the opposite chemical from male hormones, in an antibody-antigen fashion.
D) is sometimes called ICSH and controls production of testosterone.
E) causes the development of spermatids.

Question 24

LH stimulates the

A) seminiferous tubules of the testis.
B) pituitary to produce ACTH.
C) follicle to produce estrogen.
D) corpus luteum to produce progesterone.
E) interstitial cells to produce estrogen.

Question 25

How does orgasm in the human male differ from orgasm in the female?

A) The female refractory period is longer than the male refractory period.
B) Blood vessel dilation and tissue congestion only occurs in the male.
C) The intensity of pleasure is far greater for the male.
D) The female can experience multiple orgasms during one sexual experience.
E) All of the choices are accurate distinctions.

Question 26

The glans clitoris in the female is homologous to the ____ in the male.

A) testes
B) vas deferens
C) penis
D) scrotum
E) prostate gland

Question 27

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

A) The follicles in the ovary produce estrogen.
B) The corpus luteum produces progesterone.
C) The placenta can produce both estrogen and progesterone.
D) LH stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum.
E) A surge of FSH is believed to promote ovulation.

Question 28

The structure from which an egg is released during ovulation is called a(n)

A) ovarian cyst.
B) primary follicle.
C) corpus luteum.
D) secondary follicle.
E) vesicular (Graafian) follicle.

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT true about estrogen?

A) Estrogen causes the endometrium to thicken.
B) Estrogen causes the endometrium to become vascular and glandular.
C) Estrogen causes a positive feedback on the hypothalamus to secrete GnRH.
D) Estrogen causes a surge in LH production.
E) Estrogen stimulates the release of FSH.

Question 30

Which of the following hormones is best associated with maturation of the egg?

A) follicle stimulating hormone
B) luteinizing hormone
C) testosterone
D) human chorionic gonadotropin hormone
E) progesterone

Question 31

In the human female,the uterine cycle is on the average

A) 20 days.
B) 24 days.
C) 28 days.
D) 32 days.
E) 36 days.

Question 32

Another name for the oviduct is the

A) uterus.
B) urethra.
C) cervix.
D) fallopian tube.
E) ureter.

Question 33

Secondary sexual characteristics in the male are directly maintained by the hormone

A) testosterone.
B) estrogen.
C) FSH.
D) LH.
E) progesterone.

Question 34

The egg is propelled down the oviduct by

A) cilia on the layer of nurse cells surrounding the egg.
B) simply drifting on the prevailing current of body fluids.
C) oviduct cilia and tubular muscle contractions.
D) suction from the uterine contractions.
E) flagella present on the egg.

Question 35

After ovulation,the ruptured follicle

A) disappears and all of its cells disintegrate.
B) passes on as waste material down the oviduct with the egg.
C) mends itself and begins the maturation of another egg.
D) becomes a part of the epithelial covering of the ovary.
E) differentiates into the corpus luteum.

Question 36

Which structure in humans produces FSH?

A) hypothalamus
B) ovary
C) uterus
D) pituitary
E) interstitial cells

Question 37

Castrating pre-pubescent bulls causes them to grow in female proportions because

A) castration damages the brain which then switches its hormonal control from the pituitary to produce more estrogens.
B) small levels of estrogens are produced by the adrenal glands and fat tissue; with the lack of testosterone a body develops along female patterns.
C) castration allows ovaries to develop and secrete estrogens.
D) the presence of live sperm is necessary for the growth of horns, shoulder muscles, and other bull features.
E) the resulting lack of gonadal hormone causes the adrenal cortex to overproduce sex hormones.

Question 38

During a 28 day uterine cycle,ovulation usually occurs on the

A) 5th day.
B) 9th day.
C) 14th day.
D) 20th day.
E) 25th day.

Question 39

Which one of these is NOT part of the human female external genitalia?

A) mons pubis
B) glans clitoris
C) labia minora
D) labia majora
E) uterus

Question 40

Fertilization in humans normally occurs in the

A) uterus.
B) vagina.
C) abdominal cavity.
D) ovarian follicle.
E) oviducts.

Question 41

Days 6-13 of a 28 day uterine cycle is called the

A) menstrual period.
B) proliferative phase.
C) ovulation period.
D) secretory phase.
E) fertilization period.

Question 42

Which is a correct comparison of the role(s)of hormones in male and female cycles and sexual development?

A) The same hormones are used by both systems; the names are simply different.
B) The hypothalamus-pituitary uses a completely separate set of hormones to communicate with ovaries in contrast to testes.
C) In males, the hypothalamus-pituitary and testes communicate; in females the uterus is an additional actor along with the ovaries and the hypothalamus-pituitary.
D) In both males and females, there is a monthly cycle of changing hormone levels although in males, this only results in sperm production.
E) The hypothalamus controls the male sexual development and keeps sperm production level; the pituitary constantly cycles the female production of eggs.

Question 43

Although estrogen is primarily produced by ovaries,it is also produced by the adrenal glands and in fat tissue.Young female athletes who train strenuously often find that their menstrual cycle shuts down.What would be a reasonable direct cause of this shutdown?

A) The increased need for ATP for the muscle cells deprives ATP for ovaries.
B) The increased use of ATP for muscles deprives ATP needed by the brain where the hypothalamus and pituitary control the menstrual cycle.
C) The cycle requires minimal threshold of estrogen and although the ovaries produce their regular levels, the loss of body fat would lower the estrogen level to below the threshold, thus shutting down the menstrual cycle.
D) Physical trauma to the ovaries themselves would shut down their estrogen production.
E) Less food would result in less hormone production.

Question 44

What two hormones influence the development of the secondary sexual characteristics of the female?

A) testosterone and estrogen
B) progesterone and estrogen
C) androgen and estrogen
D) testosterone and progesterone
E) FSH and cortisol

Question 45

Female birth control pills act by inhibiting the production of

A) ACTH and LH.
B) TSH and FSH.
C) ACTH and LTH.
D) FSH and LH.
E) estrogen and progesterone.

Question 46

Symptoms of menopause include

A) end of uterine cycles but not ovarian cycles.
B) absence of the hot flashes, dizziness, insomnia, and depression so common during regular menstrual cycles.
C) decreased sex drive probably due to androgen production by the adrenal cortex.
D) cessation of menstruation.
E) increased fat deposition and breast development.

Question 47

Of the following,which is the most effective method of birth control?

A) male condom
B) abstinence
C) female condom
D) diaphragm
E) IUD

Question 48

Pregnancy occurs when

A) the sperm and the egg combine.
B) the fertilized egg implants in the ovary.
C) the developing embryo implants itself in the endometrium.
D) sperm are in the vagina.
E) sperm are in the uterus.

Question 49

Menstruation begins because

A) the pituitary triggers it.
B) LH activity is at its peak.
C) estrogen activity is at a peak.
D) progesterone production is highest.
E) progesterone and estrogen levels are both declining.

Question 50

Trace the path of the sperm through the female reproductive tract.

A) vagina $\rarr$ uterus $\rarr$ oviduct $\rarr$ cervix
B) urethra $\rarr$ vagina $\rarr$ oviduct $\rarr$ cervix
C) vagina $\rarr$ cervix $\rarr$ uterus $\rarr$ oviduct
D) urethra $\rarr$ uterus $\rarr$ cervix $\rarr$ fallopian tube
E) cervix $\rarr$ fallopian tube $\rarr$ vagina $\rarr$ uterus

Question 51

Pregnancy tests detect the presence of ______ in the urine.

A) hCG
B) progesterone
C) estrogen
D) FSH
E) LH

Question 52

The lining of the uterus that is discharged during the menstrual phase is the

A) endocardium.
B) oviduct.
C) endometrium.
D) hymen.
E) myocardium.

Question 53

The organ that exchanges molecules between fetal and maternal blood is the

A) vagina.
B) oviduct.
C) uterus.
D) placenta.
E) mammary gland.

Question 54

Which is NOT a physical barrier method of birth control?

A) condom
B) cervical cap
C) diaphragm
D) contraceptive implant
E) IUD

Question 55

Normal human sperm and eggs are similar in which one of the following respects?

A) They have the same number of chromosomes in their nucleus.
B) Their locomotion is achieved with equal facility.
C) They have the same relative amount of cytoplasm surrounding their nuclei.
D) Approximately the same number of gametes are produced from both gonads.
E) Both use meiosis to produce four sperm or four eggs from the parent cell.

Question 56

In the human female,the luteal phase is part of the

A) ovarian cycle.
B) uterine cycle.
C) sexual cycle.
D) pituitary cycle.
E) testicular cycle.

Question 57

Although estrogen is primarily produced by ovaries,it is also produced by the adrenal glands and in fat tissue.Loss of the normal amount of fat lowers the level of estrogen so that the menstrual cycle and ovulation stops.Female Olympic athletes who train severely often shut off their cycles.What would be a reasonable evolutionary cause of this shutdown?

A) This mechanism shifts use of energy from reproduction to life activities for staying alive.
B) Since an unborn infant gets priority on blood nutrient pools, pregnancy during famine will likely be fatal for both mother and offspring; this mechanism reduces this risk and increases survival.
C) The adrenal glands have evolved to produce fight-or-flight responses and natural selection has shifted them to this function and away from estrogen.
D) Less food would result in less hormone production.
E) Evolution always selects for simpler systems.

Question 58

Which of these descriptions could be associated with the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?

A) low FSH $\rarr$ high estrogen $\rarr$ developing follicle $\rarr$ increase in uterine lining
B) high LH $\rarr$ high estrogen $\rarr$ developing follicle $\rarr$ uterine lining breakdown
C) decrease in LH $\rarr$ increase in progesterone $\rarr$ corpus luteum present $\rarr$ secretory uterine lining
D) decrease in LH $\rarr$ decrease in progesterone $\rarr$ corpus luteum present $\rarr$ secretory uterine lining
E) increase in LH $\rarr$ increase in progesterone $\rarr$ corpus luteum present $\rarr$ endometrium released

Question 59

Menopause refers to

A) the menstrual phase.
B) premenstrual phase.
C) a time when men pause.
D) cessation of menstruation.
E) onset of menstruation.

Question 60

The uterine cycle at day 12 would primarily be under the influence of

A) estrogen.
B) progesterone.
C) epinephrine.
D) thyroxin.
E) testosterone.

Question 61

Which of the following is not a factor that may contribute to infertility?

A) low sperm count
B) body weight of the female
C) endometriosis
D) environmental factors
E) release of fibrinolsin

Question 62

The cure for herpes is

A) vaccination.
B) changing the diet.
C) antibiotic treatment.
D) antiviral drugs.
E) no cure exists for herpes infection.

Question 63

A sophisticated procedure where one sperm is injected into an egg is used in cases where a man has severe infertility problems and is called

A) artificial insemination.
B) vasectomy.
C) cloning.
D) surrogate mothering.
E) intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

Question 64

Blindness in newborn infants occurs when the mother

A) is overweight.
B) has gonorrhea or chlamydia.
C) has a yeast infection.
D) has syphilis.
E) uses birth control pills without a prescription.

Question 65

Luteinizing hormone will stimulate the initial production of the first haploid cells during spermatogenesis.Which of the following are the first haploid cells produced?

A) primary spermatocytes
B) spermatogonium
C) spermatids
D) sertoli cells
E) follicles

Question 66

The cure for gonorrhea is

A) vaccination.
B) changing the diet.
C) antibiotic treatment.
D) antiviral drugs.
E) no cure exists for gonorrhea.

Question 67

A Pap smear is used to detect

A) cervical cancer.
B) ovarian cancer.
C) infertility problems.
D) sperm count.
E) AIDS.

Question 68

Which of the following is true regarding Preven?

A) kills sperm as they enter the female reproductive tract
B) is a synthetic progesterone pill that disrupts the uterine cycle
C) is another name for mifepristone or RU-486
D) destroys the embryo which in turn causes a spontaneous miscarriage
E) is a synthetic progesterone that is injected

Question 69

If a person had recently undergone major doses of antibiotics accompanying surgery,which STD(s)would likely be collaterally treated?

A) AIDS
B) syphilis
C) genital warts
D) HBV
E) HIV

Question 70

A liver-damaging disease that is more likely to be contracted from sexual contact than HIV is

A) AIDS.
B) HBV.
C) chlamydia.
D) herpes.
E) gonorrhea.

Question 71

Which of the following STDs is not the result of a virus?

A) AIDS
B) herpes
C) chlamydia
D) genital warts
E) Hepatitis B

Question 72

HAART would most likely be used to treat which of the following?

A) herpes
B) syphilis
C) HIV infection
D) hepatitis
E) none of these

Question 73

The cure for HIV is

A) vaccination.
B) changing the diet.
C) antibiotic treatment.
D) antiviral drugs.
E) there is no cure for HIV.

Question 74

A more precise term for impotency is

A) sterility.
B) frigidity.
C) sexual psychosis.
D) refractory period.
E) erectile dysfunction.

Question 75

A mutation,involving luteinizing hormone,that causes a change in the enzymes contained in the acrosome would affect

A) the production of sperm
B) the ability of the sperm to travel to the uterus
C) the ability of the sperm to fertilize the egg
D) the implantation of the egg
E) none of these

Question 76

Syphilis is caused by

A) Candida albicans.
B) Trichomonas vaginalis.
C) a virus.
D) Treponema pallidum.
E) genital warts.

Question 77

The impotency drug Viagra acts by

A) increasing whole body blood pressure.
B) stimulating erotic mental images.
C) increasing blood flow to the penis.
D) decreasing blood flow to the penis.
E) reducing the amount of seminal fluid.

Question 78

A male accessory organ that often becomes enlarged in older men is the

A) testis.
B) prostate gland.
C) epididymis.
D) bulbourethral gland.
E) vas deferens.

Question 79

Opportunistic infections resulting from AIDS do NOT include

A) bacterial pneumonia.
B) mycobacterial infections.
C) toxoplasmosis.
D) Kaposi's sarcoma.
E) strokes.

Question 80

HIV attacks

A) helper T lymphocytes.
B) Sertoli cells.
C) B lymphocytes.
D) interstitial cells.
E) follicle cells.