Deck 28: Temperature and Body Fluid Regulation

Question 1

Most reptiles are almost completely ectothermic; they warm themselves by

A)eating food with high fat content.
B)generating excess ATP by shivering.
C)evaporation across the skin surface.
D)behavioral adaptations.
E)countercurrent heat exchange mechanisms.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Among vertebrates,__________ are examples of endotherms.

A)birds and amphibians
B)fishes and reptiles
C)birds and mammals
D)mammals and reptiles
E)reptiles and amphibians

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A countercurrent heat exchanger called the __________ allows bluefin tuna to keep swimming muscles several degrees warmer than tissues near the surface of the body.

A)glomerulus
B)Meissner network
C)rete mirabile
D)Pacinian corpuscle
E)portal system

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In addition to the usual problems of being ectothermic,amphibians have wet skins and suffer from __________ cooling.

A)condensation
B)countercurrent exchange
C)perspiration
D)sublimation
E)evaporative

Question 5

__________ allowed some animals to invade habitats denied to forms that could not regulate internal temperature.

A)Heterothermy
B)Endothermy
C)Ectothermy
D)Heterogeny
E)Homogeny

Question 6

The movement of air or a liquid over the surface of the body,resulting in heat loss or gain is called

A)evaporation.
B)conduction.
C)condensation.
D)convection.
E)sublimation.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of thermogenesis in birds and mammals?

A)ram ventilation
B)brown fat
C)involuntary shivering
D)ATPase pump enzymes
E)voluntary muscle contraction

Question 8

The generation of heat by shivering is called

A)muscular metabolism.
B)thyroxine heating.
C)ATP heat generation.
D)shivering thermogenesis.
E)heterochromic thermogenesis.

Question 9

Loss of heat from a surface water molecule that escapes in the form of a gas is

A)conduction.
B)convection.
C)sublimation.
D)condensation.
E)evaporation.

Question 10

Invertebrates that have low metabolic rates and no thermoregulatory mechanisms are known as

A)thermoconformers.
B)endotherms.
C)heterotherms.
D)atherms.
E)mesotherms.

Question 11

Which type of insect is capable of endothermy?

A)beetle
B)fly
C)grasshopper
D)honeybee
E)cockroach

Question 12

Animals that can maintain a constant body temperature are called

A)heterotherms.
B)homeotherms.
C)mesotherms.
D)ectotherms.
E)poikilotherms.

Question 13

Examples of animals that are typically ectothermic are the

A)marsupials.
B)penguins.
C)placental mammals.
D)song birds.
E)reptiles.

Question 14

The _______________ is an example of a mammal that is not an endotherm.

A)ground squirrel
B)California sea otter
C)snowshoe hare
D)naked mole rat
E)African elephant

Question 15

To successfully colonize varied environments on earth,animals evolved __________ for maintaining a constant internal environment,despite changes in the external environment.

A)homeostatic mechanisms
B)heterothermal mechanisms
C)isosmotic mechanisms
D)homologous mechanisms
E)analogous mechanisms

Question 16

The emission of electromagnetic waves produced by an animal's body or by the sun or another object is called

A)radiation.
B)convection.
C)conduction.
D)condensation.
E)sublimation.

Question 17

The direct transfer of heat between molecules of the environment and those of the body surface of an animal is

A)condensation.
B)sublimation.
C)conduction.
D)evaporation.
E)convection.

Question 18

Animals that derive most of their body heat from the environment rather than from their own metabolism are called

A)homeotherms.
B)endotherms.
C)mesotherms.
D)ectotherms.
E)thigmotherms.

Question 19

Which of the following systems is NOT usually involved in thermoregulation?

A)nervous
B)urinary
C)endocrine
D)respiratory
E)circulatory

Question 20

The brown color of brown fat comes from the large number of __________ with their iron-containing cytochromes.

A)endoplasmic reticula
B)microtubules
C)mitochondria
D)Golgi bodies
E)myosin filaments

Question 21

What is the major nitrogenous waste in desert mammals?

A)ammonia
B)uric acid
C)alkaloid
D)urea
E)nitrate

Question 22

The network of capillaries in a nephron that forms the filtrate is called the

A)cortex.
B)glomerulus.
C)medulla.
D)loop of the nephron.
E)collecting loop.

Question 23

In addition to ammonia,freshwater teleost fish kidneys excrete large amounts of

A)sodium.
B)guanine.
C)potassium.
D)uric acid.
E)water.

Question 24

During winter,certain endotherms (e.g.,woodchucks and chipmunks)go into __________ which involves slowing of metabolic,heart,and respiratory rates.

A)winter sleep
B)hibernation
C)daily torpor
D)aestivation
E)apnea

Question 25

__________ are energy-requiring devices that expel excess water from single cells exposed to hypotonic environments.

A)Pinocytic vesicles
B)Flame bulbs
C)Protonephridia
D)Contractile vacuoles
E)Glomeruli

Question 26

The paired,tubular excretory structures of annelids are called

A)renettes.
B)metanephridia.
C)kidneys.
D)green glands.
E)protonephridia.

Question 27

One of the reasons that amphibians are primarily limited to freshwater aquatic habitats is that their kidneys lack __________ to concentrate urine and conserve water.

A)nephrons
B)glomeruli
C)a cortex
D)a loop of the nephron
E)a medulla

Question 28

The excretory system of insects is composed of

A)coxal glands.
B)flame bulbs.
C)Malpighian tubules.
D)metanephridia.
E)protonephridia.

Question 29

Many mammals have __________ systems in both their respiratory systems and their kidneys to aid in water conservation.

A)nephron
B)alveolar
C)glomerular
D)counteracting osmolyte
E)countercurrent

Question 30

Sharks have __________ glands that secrete a highly concentrated salt solution.

A)coxal
B)green
C)uriniferous
D)rectal
E)nasal

Question 31

The primary filtration,secretion,and reabsorption units of the vertebrate kidney are called

A)nephrons.
B)villi.
C)retes.
D)medullas.
E)cortices.

Question 32

Many freshwater protozoa have a water excretion mechanism called a

A)hypoosmotic hydroexcretor.
B)Golgi complex.
C)contractile vacuole.
D)noncontractile vacuole.
E)membrane permeable vacuole.

Question 33

Freshwater fish pass a urine with a concentration that is ________________ relative to their blood.

A)hypoosmotic
B)isoosmotic
C)hyperosmotic
D)osmolyte
E)mesosmotic

Question 34

Flame cell systems function primarily in

A)eliminating excess water.
B)urine formation.
C)excretion of urea.
D)excretion of ammonia.
E)expulsion of feces.

Question 35

In amphibians,reptiles,birds,and mammals,thermoregulation is controlled by special cells in the __________ of the brain.

A)adenohypophysis
B)neurohypophysis
C)pons
D)cerebellum
E)hypothalamus

Question 36

Which of the following would NOT be a way for a freshwater teleost fish to maintain osmotic balance?

A)excrete ions through the gill epithelium
B)drink scanty amounts of water
C)produce large amounts of very dilute urine
D)have the body covered by a layer of mucus
E)absorb salts through the gill epithelium

Question 37

The __________ concentration of a marine vertebrate is about one-third less than that of the surrounding seawater.

A)isotonic
B)molar
C)glucose
D)osmotic
E)protein

Question 38

__________ are found in some crustaceans and serve to excrete metabolic waste and excess water.

A)Brown glands
B)Protonephridia
C)Green glands
D)Mesonephridia
E)Nephrons

Question 39

A physiological state that allows certain mammals to survive long periods of elevated temperature and diminished water supplies is

A)aestivation.
B)winter sleep.
C)summer sleep.
D)torpor.
E)hibernation.

Question 40

The renal pelvis of the mammalian kidney leads into a tube called the

A)loop of the nephron.
B)ureter.
C)loop of Henle (loop of the nephron).
D)collecting duct.
E)urethra.

Question 41

Excretion is best described as the elimination of __________ from an animal's body.

A)metabolic waste products
B)indigestible materials
C)digested food
D)unneeded food
E)excess water

Question 42

Which of these is NOT one of the key functions involved in osmoregulation in vertebrates?

A)filtration
B)reabsorption
C)detoxification
D)secretion
E)excretion

Question 43

In humans,the urine leaves the body through a single tube called the

A)ureter.
B)urinary vessel.
C)urethra.
D)urinal conduit.
E)excretory cannula.

Question 44

Sharks use the substances urea and __________ to raise the osmotic pressure of their blood.

A)trimethylamine oxide (TMO)
B)uric acid (UA)
C)potassium
D)sodium
E)guanine (G)

Question 45

The structure within the mammalian kidney that is primarily responsible for water reabsorption is the __________.

A)renal pelvis
B)glomerulus
C)loop
D)peritubular capillaries
E)renal artery