Deck 10: Nuclear Chemistry

Question 1

A $\beta$ particle corresponds to

A) ${ } _ { - 1 } ^ { 0 } \mathrm {e } .$
B) ${ } _ { 1 } ^ { 0 } \mathrm { H } ^ { + }$
C) ${ } _ { 1 } ^ { 0 } \mathrm { e }$
D) ${ } _ { 0 } ^ { 1 } \mathrm { n }$
E) ${ } _ { 2 } ^ { 4 } \mathrm { He } ^ { 2 + }$

Answer 1

${ } _ { - 1 } ^ { 0 } \mathrm {e } .$

Question 2

When ¹³¹I emits a $\beta$ particle, what nuclide is produced?

A) ¹³⁰I
B) ¹²⁷Sb
C) ¹³¹Xe
D) ¹³¹Te
E) ¹³⁰Te

Answer 2

¹³¹Xe

Question 3

The nuclear equation for the disintegration of U-238 produces Th-234 .What other nuclide is produced?

A) ⁴He
B) neutron
C) positron
D) ³He
E) $\beta$

Answer 3

⁴He

Question 4

Bombarding ⁵⁴Fe with a neutron results in emission of a proton and formation of

A) ⁵⁵Fe.
B) ⁵⁴Cr.
C) ⁵⁴Co.
D) ⁵⁴Mn.
E) ⁴⁹Ti.

Question 5

When an $\alpha$ particle is emitted, the atomic number

A) increases by 4.
B) decreases by 1.
C) decreases by 2.
D) decreases by 4.
E) increases by 2.

Question 6

A nuclide undergoes $\alpha$ decay and forms ²³¹Th .What is the nuclide?

A) ²³⁵Pu
B) ²³⁵U
C) ²³⁵Th
D) ²³⁷U
E) ²³¹Pa

Question 7

What nuclide is formed when ²³⁴Th undergoes $\beta$ decay?

A) ²³²Pu
B) ²³⁴Pa
C) ²³⁴U
D) ²³³Th
E) ²³⁰Rn

Question 8

What nuclide undergoes $\alpha$ decay to produce the daughter nuclide polonium-218 (Z = 84)?

A) radon-222
B) radium-226
C) polonium-222
D) polonium-214
E) radon-226

Question 9

A nuclide undergoes proton emission to form ⁵²Fe .What is the nuclide?

A) ⁵²Mn
B) ⁵³Fe
C) ⁵⁶Ni
D) ⁵²Co
E) ⁵³Co

Question 10

How many nucleons does an $\alpha$ particle contain?

A) 4
B) 0
C) 2
D) 8
E) 6

Question 11

If U-238 undergoes $\alpha$ emission, what other nuclide is produced?

A) Np-236
B) Ac-236
C) Th-234
D) U-234
E) Pa-234

Question 12

When a positron encounters an electron,both are annihilated and converted to energy.

Question 13

How many nucleons does boron-11 contain?

A) 6
B) 10
C) 5
D) 11
E) 16

Question 14

A nuclide undergoes positron emission to form ²²Ne .What is the nuclide?

A) ²³Mg
B) ¹⁸O
C) ²²Na
D) ²²F
E) ²³Na

Question 15

The nuclear equation for the disintegration of In-116 produces Sn-116 and

A) a positron.
B) helium-4.
C) a neutron.
D) gamma rays.
E) an electron.

Question 16

Heavy elements are more likely to give off $\beta$ radiation.

Question 17

Heavy elements are more likely to give off $\alpha$ radiation.

Question 18

An $\alpha$ particle corresponds to

A) ${ } _ { 2 } ^ { 4 } \mathrm { He }$
B) ${ } _ { 1 } ^ { 1 } \mathrm { H } ^ { + } \text {. }$
C) ${ } _ { 1 } ^ { 0 } \mathrm { e }$
D) ${ } _ { - 1 } ^ { 0 } \mathrm { e } .$
E) ${ } _ { 2 } ^ { 4 } \mathrm { He } ^ { 2 + }$

Question 19

What nuclide is formed when ⁹⁰Sr undergoes $\beta$ decay?

A) ⁸⁶Kr
B) ⁹⁰Y
C) ⁹⁴Zr
D) ⁸⁹Sr
E) ⁹⁰Rb

Question 20

When an $\alpha$ particle is emitted, the mass number

A) decreases by 4.
B) increases by 2.
C) decreases by 2.
D) decreases by 1.
E) increases by 4.

Question 21

Which of the following is most likely to undergo $\beta$ decay?

A) ²²²Rn
B) ¹¹Li
C) ²³⁵U
D) ¹¹⁴Cs
E) ²²⁶Ra

Question 22

All of the following are stable except

A) ¹⁵O.
B) ²⁰Ne.
C) ¹⁴N.
D) ¹²C.
E) ¹⁶O.

Question 23

Boron neutron capture therapy is used to destroy tumors.In this reaction,¹⁰B absorbs a slow neutron to produce ¹¹B^*,which produces ⁷Li and __________ plus high-energy photons.

Question 24

Which of the following nuclei is stable?

A) ¹²⁰Sn
B) ²¹³Fr
C) ³⁸Cl
D) ²⁴Na
E) ¹⁵O

Question 25

What is the element produced when ⁸³Sr undergoes positron emission?

A) Kr
B) Br
C) Rb
D) Zr
E) Y

Question 26

Elements with an odd number of protons and neutrons

A) are usually stable.
B) are usually unstable.
C) never undergo $\alpha$ emission.
D) always have a proton-to-neutron ratio of about 1.
E) have a magic number of protons or neutrons.

Question 27

All the following are predicted to be unstable except

A) Ca-40
B) N-16
C) Na-24
D) O-15

Question 28

What type of particle is emitted in the transformation
²⁰¹Pt $\rarr$ ²⁰¹Au

A) $\gamma$ particle
B) positron
C) No particle is emitted because electron capture occurs.
D) $\beta$ particle
E) $\alpha$ particle

Question 29

What is the identity of the product,P,in the reaction⁵⁸Fe + 2 ${ } _ { 0 } ^ { 1 } \mathrm { n }$ $\rightarrow$ P + ${ } _ { - 1 } ^ { 0 } \mathrm { e }$

Question 30

If a nuclide lies above the band of stability, it should decay by

A) Such nuclides do not decay.
B) $\beta$ -particle emission.
C) positron emission.
D) neutron emission.
E) $\alpha$ -particle emission.

Question 31

Which of the following is most penetrating?

A) $\alpha$
B) $\beta$
C) $\beta$ ⁺
D) p
E) n

Question 32

Which of the following is expected to be stable?

A) ²⁰⁸Pb
B) ⁷Be
C) ¹²²Sb
D) ⁸⁷Kr
E) ²⁴Na

Question 33

Boron neutron capture therapy is used to destroy tumors.In this reaction,¹⁰B absorbs a slow neutron to produce ¹¹B^*,which produces $\alpha$ particles and __________ plus high-energy photons.

Question 34

Nuclides that lie below the band of stability decay by positron emission,electron capture,or proton emission.

Question 35

Which of the following is most likely to undergo $\alpha$ decay?

A) ²⁴Na
B) ⁴⁷K
C) ¹⁴C
D) ²³²Th
E) ³H

Question 36

What is the element produced when ⁴⁴Ti undergoes electron capture?

A) Ar
B) K
C) Sc
D) V
E) Ca

Question 37

What type of particle is captured and what type is emitted in the nucleosynthesis
Fe $\rarr$ ⁵⁴Mn

A) neutron capture and proton emission
B) neutron capture and $\beta$ particle emission
C) only neutron capture occurs
D) neutron capture and positron emission occurs
E) electron capture and $\beta$ particle emission occurs

Question 38

What process occurs when ²²²Rn forms the daughter nuclide ²¹⁸Po?

A) Electron capture
B) $\beta$ emission
C) Positron emission
D) Neutron emission
E) $\alpha$ emission

Question 39

Technetium-99m,a "metastable" nuclide of Tc is produced by the reaction_____ $\rightarrow$ ^99mTc + $\beta$
What is the starting nuclide?

Question 40

What nuclide is formed when ²¹¹Po undergoes $\alpha$ decay?

A) ²⁰⁷Pb
B) ²⁰⁶Ra
C) ²⁰⁶Pb
D) ²⁰⁸Rn

Question 41

What is the time needed for the activity of a radium-226 source to change from 1.5 Ci to 0.50 Ci? (The half-life of radium-226 is 1.60 * 10³ y.)

A) 5.33 * 10² y
B) 1.60 * 10³ y
C) 1.10 * 10³ y
D) 9.36 * 10² y
E) 2.54 * 10³ y

Question 42

Calculate the time required for the activity of a 9.0-mCi sodium-25 source to decay to 7.0-mCi (the half-life of sodium-25 is 60.0 s).

A) 22 s
B) 44 s
C) 0.029 s
D) 19 s
E) 9.4 s

Question 43

Calculate the time required for the activity of a 9.0-mCi cobalt-60 source to decay to 8.5-mCi .The half-life of cobalt-60 is 5.26 years.

A) 4.6 months
B) 2.3 months
C) 5.2 months
D) 10 months
E) 0.090 months

Question 44

A sample of a dish from an archaeological dig gave 18 500 disintegrations per gram of carbon per day .A 1.00-g sample of carbon from a modern source gave 22 080 disintegrations per day.If the decay constant of carbon-14 is 1.2 * 10^-4 y^-1,What is the age of the dish?

A) 1500 y
B) 8300 y
C) 68 000 y
D) 640 y
E) 30 000 y

Question 45

Measurement by carbon-14 dating assumes that the proportion of C-14 in the atmosphere now and when the sample was alive is the same.

Question 46

The decay constant for strontium-90 is 0.0247 y^-1 .How many grams of strontium-90 remain if 10.0 g decay for exactly 60 years?

A) 0.23 g
B) 0.33 g
C) 1.48 g
D) 2.27 g
E) 7.71 g

Question 47

The binding energy of a nucleus is

A) the energy evolved when a nucleus breaks up into fundamental particles.
B) the energy released when protons and neutrons come together to form a nucleus.
C) related to the number of electrons in a nucleus.
D) the energy required to eject one neutron from the nucleus.
E) related to the mass lost in a chemical reaction.

Question 48

A 9.9-g sample of iodine-131 is stored for exactly 3 weeks .If the decay constant is 0.0861 day^-1,What mass of the isotope remains?

A) 0.15 g
B) 7.6 g
C) 1.6 g
D) 2.6 g
E) 5.5 g

Question 49

The outcomes of positron emission and electron capture are the same: the atomic number is reduced by 1.

Question 50

Cobalt-60, used in the radiation treatment of cancer,Is produced by absorption of 2 neutrons and emission of a $\beta$ particle.What is the starting nuclide?

A) ⁵⁸Mn
B) ⁵⁸Ni
C) ⁵⁸Fe
D) ⁵⁹Co
E) ⁵⁹Fe

Question 51

Calculate the nuclear binding energy of 1 mol lithium-7.

A) 6.31 *10^-12 kJ
B) 1.14 * 10¹⁵ kJ
C) 6.31 * 10^-15 kJ
D) 1.14 * 10¹⁸ kJ
E) 3.80 * 10⁹ kJ

Question 52

The nuclear binding energy for calcium-40 is the energy released when

A) calcium-39 and 1 neutron form calcium-40.
B) 20 protons and 20 neutrons form calcium-40.
C) 20 protons and 20 electrons form calcium-20.
D) 40 neutrons form calcium-40.
E) 40 protons form calcium-40.

Question 53

Radioactive decay is a

A) first-order process.
B) second-order process.
C) nonspontaneous process.
D) temperature-dependent process.
E) zero-order process.

Question 54

In the ²³⁸U decay series, there are 8 $\alpha$ particles and 6 $\beta$ particles lost starting with $\alpha$ emission from ²³⁸U.What is the final product?

A) ²⁰⁷Pb
B) ²¹⁰Po
C) ²¹⁰Bi
D) ²⁰⁸Pb
E) ²⁰⁶Pb

Question 55

Use the law of radioactive decay to determine the activity of a 2.0- $\mu$ g sample of Tc-99, t_½ = 2.2 * 10⁵ y.

A) 1.0 Ci
B) 1.0 * 10^-6 Ci
C) 1.5 Ci
D) 3.3 *10^-8 Ci
E) 3.3 * 10^-2 Ci

Question 56

The nuclear binding energy for lithium-7 is the energy released in the nuclear reaction

A) 3¹H + 7n $\rarr$ ⁷Li.
B) ⁶Li + n $\rarr$ ⁷Li.
C) 3¹H + 4 $\beta$ $\rarr$ ⁷Li.
D) 3¹H + 4n $\rarr$ ⁷Li.
E) 7¹H $\rarr$ ⁷Li.

Question 57

When ²¹⁴Pb decays as part of the ²³⁸U decay series, there are 2 $\alpha$ particles and 4 $\beta$ particles lost starting with $\beta$ emission from ²¹⁴Pb.What is the final product?

A) ²⁰⁷Pb
B) ²⁰⁶Pb
C) ²¹⁰Bi
D) ²¹⁰Po
E) ²¹⁰Pb

Question 58

The nuclear binding energy for iron-56 is the energy released in the nuclear reaction

A) 26¹H + 30 $\beta$ $\rarr$ ⁵⁶Fe
B) 56¹H $\rarr$ ⁵⁶Fe
C) ⁵⁵Fe + n $\rarr$ ⁵⁶Fe
D) 26¹H + 56n $\rarr$ ⁵⁶Fe
E) 26¹H + 30n $\rarr$ ⁵⁶Fe

Question 59

The half-life of plutonium-239 is 24 100 years .Calculate the percent of a plutonium sample left after 100 years.

A) 99.7%
B) 4.15%
C) 90.0%
D) 50.0%
E) 96.4%

Question 60

The half-life of strontium-90 is 28.1 years .Calculate the percent of a strontium sample left after 100 years.

A) 76%
B) 0.34%
C) 63%
D) 82%
E) 8.5%

Question 61

Nuclides that lie below the band of stability are proton rich and can form more stable nuclei by _______________,___________________,and __________________.

Question 62

What type of reaction is it when a neutron becomes a proton,and the result is a nucleus that changes from Z to Z+1?

Question 63

Calculate the energy change when one ²³⁵U nucleus undergoes the fission reaction
²³⁵U + n $\rightarrow$ ¹⁴²Ba + ⁹²Kr + 2n
The masses needed are ²³⁵U,235.04 u; ¹⁴²Ba,141.92 u; ⁹²Kr,91.92 u; n,1.0087 u.

A) -3.2 * 10^-28 J
B) +1.8 * 10^-10 J
C) -1.7 * 10^-10 J
D) +2.9 * 10^-11 J
E) -2.8 * 10^-11 J

Question 64

In the following equations,fill in the missing species.
(a)
⁴¹Ca + ___ $\rightarrow$ ⁴¹K
(b)
¹⁵O $\rightarrow$ ¹⁵N + ___

Question 65

What type of particle is emitted in the reaction below? Give an example of this process.

Question 66

Calculate the energy change for the synthesis of 1 mol ⁶⁰Co
⁵⁸Fe + 2n $\rarr$ ⁶⁰Co + $\beta$

A) 2.53 * 10^-15 kJ
B) 1.52 * 10⁹ kJ
C) 2.53 * 10^-12 kJ
D) The calculation cannot be done without the mass of $\beta$ .
E) 8.43 * 10^-24 kJ

Question 67

Which of the following nuclei is likely to capture an electron? What is the daughter nuclide produced?

A) ⁹Li and ⁵He
B) ⁴¹Ca and ⁴¹K
C) ²⁴⁶Am and ²⁴⁶Pu
D) ⁸⁰Ge and ⁸⁰Ga
E) ²⁴Mg and ⁵He

Question 68

The equation
6D $\rarr$ 2⁴He + 2¹H + 2n
Represents

A) the binding energy of He.
B) fusion.
C) electron capture.
D) fission.
E) the decay of a proton.

Question 69

The curie is defined as the radioactive output of 1.00 g of radium-226.Calculate this value in disintegrations per second (the half-life of radium-226 is 1600 years).

Question 70

Which of the following nuclei is most likely to emit a positron?

A) ²⁴⁶Am
B) ⁵⁹Ni
C) ¹¹⁸Sn
D) ³³Cl
E) ²⁰Ne

Question 71

For the fusion of two deuterium atoms to produce helium-4,the difference in mass between products and reactants is -0.0256 u.What is E per mole of helium?

Question 72

Complete the nuclear reaction
⁹⁷Mo + ²H $\rarr$ _____ + 2n

Question 73

Why does the band of stability curve upward at high atomic number?

Question 74

An $\alpha$ particle is an example of a doubly magic nucleus.

Question 75

What nuclide is formed when ²⁴Na undergoes $\beta$ decay?

A) ²⁸S
B) ²⁴Ne
C) ²⁸P
D) ²⁴Mg

Question 76

In the following equations, fill in the missing species.
(a)
___ + ${ } _ { - 1 } ^ { 0 } \mathrm { e }$$\rightarrow$ ⁷Li
(b)
⁹Li $\rightarrow$ ___ + ${ } _ { - 1 } ^ { 0 } \mathrm { e }$

Question 77

A 1.00-g sample of carbon from a modern source gave 15.3 disintegrations per minute.A sample of carbon from a presumably old source gave 920 disintegrations per hour.What is the age of the "old" sample of carbon? The half-life of carbon-14 is 5.73 * 10³ yr.

Question 78

For the thermonuclear reaction
D + T $\rightarrow$ ⁴He + n
the difference in mass between products and reactants is -0.0189 u.What is $\Delta$ E per mole of helium?

Question 79

A sample of carbon from the Lascaux cave in France contained 12% of the original fraction carbon-14.Estimate the age of this sample (the half-life of carbon-14 is 5.73 * 10³ year).

Question 80

One becquerel is equal to _________________________ and one curie is equal to _________________________.