Question 1

Research data support a carcinogenic relationship in children resulting from exposure to which virus?&#10;A)Herpes simplex virus&#10;B)Influenza&#10;C)Varicella-zoster virus&#10;D)Epstein-Barr virus

Accepted Answer

The strongest association between viruses and the development of cancer in children has been the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and Hodgkin disease. No current research supports a link between the other viruses and childhood cancer.

Question 2

What do most childhood cancers arise from?&#10;A)Epithelium&#10;B)Mesodermal germ layer&#10;C)Embryologic ectodermal layer&#10;D)Viscera

Accepted Answer

Most childhood cancers originate from the mesodermal germ layer that gives rise to connective tissue, bone, cartilage, muscle, blood, blood vessels, gonads, kidney, and the lymphatic system. The epithelium, embryologic ectodermal layer, and the viscera are not common sites from which cancers originate.

Question 3

Which form of cancer is linked to congenital malformation syndromes?&#10;A)Wilms tumor&#10;B)Retinoblastoma&#10;C)Osteosarcoma&#10;D)Rhabdomyosarcoma

Accepted Answer

Wilms tumors are linked with other genetically linked childhood cancers. It is the only form among the available options that is associated with congenital malformation syndromes.

Question 4

Which intervention has the greatest effect on a child's mortality rate when diagnosed with cancer?&#10;A)Age at the time of diagnosis&#10;B)Participation in clinical trials&#10;C)Proximity to a major cancer treatment center&#10;D)Parental involvement in the treatment planning

Accepted Answer

Mortality rates have significantly declined in the past 40 years largely as a result of advances in treatment and participation in clinical trials. Although important, age, proximity to treatment centers, and parental involvement are not believed to have an effect on the decline of the mortality rate of childhood cancer.

Question 5

Currently, what percentage of children with cancer can be cured?&#10;A)40%&#10;B)50%&#10;C)60%&#10;D)85%

Accepted Answer

Currently, more than 85% of children diagnosed with cancer are cured.

Question 6

When are childhood cancers most often diagnosed?&#10;A)During infancy&#10;B)At peak times of physical growth&#10;C)After diagnosis of a chronic illness&#10;D)After an acute illness

Accepted Answer

Childhood cancers are most often diagnosed during peak times of physical growth. No current research supports the association between frequency of diagnosis and infancy, chronic illness, or acute illness.

Question 7

What congenital malformation is commonly linked to acute leukemia in children?&#10;A)Down syndrome&#10;B)Wilms tumor&#10;C)Retinoblastoma&#10;D)Neuroblastoma

Accepted Answer

Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) is the most common genetic defect linked to the development of acute leukemia. Children with Down syndrome have a 10- to 20-fold increased risk of developing acute lymphoblastic and myelogenous leukemia and a higher risk for developing acute megakaryocytic leukemia. No current research supports a link between Wilms tumor, retinoblastoma, or neuroblastoma and acute leukemia.

Question 8

Which statement is true concerning the difference between adult and childhood cancers? (Select all that apply.)&#10;A)Numerous differences exist between these two categories of cancer.&#10;B)Genetic risk factors and congenital conditions are more related in childhood cancers.&#10;C)Environmental risks are strongly associated with childhood cancers.&#10;D)Exposure to pesticides is a minor risk for the development of adult cancers.&#10;E)Maternal exposure to carcinogenic substances presents little risk to the fetus.

Accepted Answer

Overall, cancers in children are very different than adult cancers and are associated with far fewer genetic mutations. Research does not support the other options.

Question 9

Childhood exposure to which risk factors is known to increase the susceptibility for developing cancers? (Select all that apply.)&#10;A)Low birth weight&#10;B)Chemotherapy&#10;C)Ionizing radiation&#10;D)Cigarette smoke&#10;E)Epstein-Barr virus

Accepted Answer

Childhood exposure to ionizing radiation, drugs, or existing cancer-causing viruses has been associated with the risk of developing cancer. Low birth weight has no correlation to cancer.

Question 10

How should the healthcare professional reply when parents question why a computed tomographic (CT) scan of the head was not ordered for their 5-year-old child after a minor fall?&#10;A)Physicians are cautious about ordering CT scan on children younger than 10 years of age.&#10;B)CT scans are seldom conclusive when used to diagnosis head injuries in young children.&#10;C)The child's symptoms will determine whether a CT scan is necessary and worth the expense.&#10;D)Research suggests that repeated CT scans can increase the risk of developing brain cancer.

Accepted Answer

Findings from a recent study of 176,587 children suggest that those who have two or three CT scans of the head before the age of 22 years are three times more likely to develop brain cancer as those in the general population, and the risk of developing leukemia is three times as great in those who received 5 to 10 CT scans. The other options do not represent the logic behind not ordering a CT scan in relationship to minor head trauma.

Question 11

Which statement is likely true regarding children being treated for cancer with radiation therapy?&#10;A)They will most likely have a successful remission of tumor growth.&#10;B)They seldom require follow-up maintenance treatments.&#10;C)They are prone to experience severe developmental delays.&#10;D)They are at increased risk for developing childhood cancers.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which statement is likely true regarding children...

Question 12

Most childhood cancers originate from the mesodermal germ layer that ultimately produces which of these? (Select all that apply.)&#10;A)Connective tissue&#10;B)Digestive system&#10;C)Muscles&#10;D)Kidneys&#10;E)Blood

Accepted Answer

The answer of Most childhood cancers originate from the mesodermal...

Question 13

What does a child diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have an increased risk of developing?&#10;A)Non-Hodgkin lymphoma&#10;B)Retinoblastoma&#10;C)Epstein-Barr&#10;D)Leukemia

Accepted Answer

The answer of What does a child diagnosed with acquired...

Question 14

Which statements are true regarding cancers that develop in children? (Select all that apply.)&#10;A)Childhood cancers tend to be fast growing.&#10;B)Childhood cancers are diagnosed during growth spurts.&#10;C)Childhood cancer generally metastasizes by the time of diagnosis.&#10;D)Childhood cancer is typically at low risk for aggressive metastasis.&#10;E)Childhood cancers respond well to standardized treatment modalities.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which statements are true regarding cancers that...

Question 15

Prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) can result in which type of cancer?&#10;A)Breast cancer&#10;B)Leukemia&#10;C)Vaginal cancer&#10;D)Lymphoma

Accepted Answer

The answer of Prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) can result...

Question 16

The healthcare professional is preparing a discussion on cancer and its occurrence among high school students. Which cancers will the professional include in the discussion? (Select all that apply.)&#10;A)Colorectal&#10;B)Brain&#10;C)Thyroid&#10;D)Breast&#10;E)Lung

Accepted Answer

The answer of The healthcare professional is preparing a discussion...

Deck 14: Cancer in Children