Deck 5: Vision

Question 1

 According to the law of specific nerve energies, the brain tells the difference between one sensory modality and another by ____.

A) which neurotransmitter is released
B) which neurons are active
C) the velocity of the action potentials
D) the amplitude of the action potentials

Answer 1

which neurons are active

Question 2

 The ventral stream of visual processing is important for identifying movement.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

 According to the trichromatic theory, we can perceive only three colors.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

 Professor Utz is giving a talk about how the eye processes light. He tells the class that once the bipolar cells receive input from ______, they send the message on to ______.

A) photoreceptors; horizontal cells
B) amacrine cells; horizontal cells
C) photoreceptors; ganglion cells
D) amacrine cells; photoreceptors

Question 5

 The coding of visual information in your brain results in an exact duplicate of the object's shape on the surface of the cortex.

Question 6

 Johannes Müller held that whatever excites a particular nerve establishes a special kind of energy unique to that nerve.

Question 7

 Light has entered Joelle's eyes. After being detected by the photoreceptors, the information will be passed on to _____ cells.

A) retina cells
B) bipolar cells
C) ganglion cells
D) spiny cells

Question 8

 Amacrine cells refine the input to ganglion cells, enabling them to respond specifically to shapes, movement, or other visual features.

Question 9

 A complex cell responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation.

Question 10

 Photopigments are stable in the dark.

Question 11

 To see something with her best vision, Lore turned to look directly at it. This was so she could use her foveal vision.

Question 12

 Youlanda has to wear glasses because her cornea doesn't adjust properly to focus the light onto the retina.

Question 13

 Professor Walker is lecturing about the law of specific nerve energies. She would not tell the class that _____.

A) neurons in the ear send impulses that are interpreted as sound.
B) neurons in the eye detect light energy.
C) chemicals are the specific energy detected by receptors in the nose and tongue.
D) although found in different places, the same kind of receptors on neurons are able to detect light and sound.

Question 14

 The opponent-process theory explains why Dania's dress still looks blue even after she dims the lights.

Question 15

 Cecelia doesn't fall going down stairs because she can clearly see the edge of each step as a result of lateral inhibition.

Question 16

 Ivan has an impaired ability to recognize faces. His doctor diagnosed him with damage to the MT.

Question 17

 Simple cells are found exclusively in the primary visual cortex.

Question 18

 Parvocellular cells respond strongly to moving stimuli and large overall patterns.

Question 19

 Light enters the eye through an opening in the center of the iris called the ____.

A) retina
B) cornea
C) pupil
D) macula

Question 20

 An object's location, color, and movement are all processed in the same part of the visual cortex.

Question 21

 If you want to see something in fine detail, you should focus the light on which part of your retina?

A) The optic nerve
B) The fovea
C) An area containing mostly rods
D) The cornea

Question 22

 The optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell?

A) Rods and cones
B) Bipolar cells
C) Horizontal cells
D) Ganglion cells

Question 23

 The retinas of predatory birds such as hawks ____.

A) have no discernible fovea
B) have a greater density of receptors than do humans on the top half of the retina
C) have a greater density of receptors than do humans on the bottom half of the retina
D) are virtually indistinguishable from the retinas of humans

Question 24

 ____ modify the ____ sensitivity to different wavelengths of light.

A) Retinol; photopigments
B) Opsins; retinol
C) Photopigments; opsins
D) Opsins; photopigments

Question 25

 In order to be able to see things in her periphery, Pauline's _____ need to be activated.

A) short-wavelength cones
B) rods
C) lens
D) long-wavelength cones

Question 26

 Chemicals that release energy when struck by light are called ____.

A) photo-optics
B) photopigments
C) opsins
D) kestrels

Question 27

 Professor Hancock is giving a lecture about peripheral vision. Which is the most likely to say?

A) It is very sensitive to detail.
B) It is easier to recognize single objects in the periphery that are not surrounded by other objects.
C) It is not very sensitive to light.
D) It is most sensitive to color, which helps to differentiate multiple objects clearly.

Question 28

 Meagan is studying for a quiz on the rods and cones. She writes in her notes that _____ are more ______.

A) cones; sensitive to detail
B) rods; sensitive to bright light
C) cones; sensitive to movement
D) rods; sensitive to colors

Question 29

 Why does the fovea provide the clearest, most detailed visual information?

A) It is closest to the pupil.
B) It surrounds the optic nerve.
C) It has tightly packed receptors.
D) It contains many blood vessels for supplying energy.

Question 30

 JC is looking at something located to his right (meaning it is within his right visual field). Where would that light hit his retina?

A) On the right half.
B) On the left half.
C) It depends on the brightness of the light.
D) It depends on the color of the light.

Question 31

 ____ are chemicals that release energy when struck by light.

A) Phototransmitters
B) Photosins
C) Photopigments
D) Photoions

Question 32

 Light energy converts 11-cis-retinal to ____.

A) opsins
B) unstable proteins
C) all-trans-retinal
D) sodium

Question 33

 Night-active species are more likely than day-active species to have ____.

A) better peripheral vision
B) larger blind spots
C) a greater rod to cone ratio
D) a greater cone to rod ratio

Question 34

 Various types of ____ cells refine the input to ganglion cells, enabling them to respond specifically to shapes, movement, or other visual features.

A) Receptors
B) geniculate cells
C) amacrine cells
D) optic nerves

Question 35

 In what order does visual information pass through the retina?

A) Receptor cells, ganglion cells, bipolar cells
B) Ganglion cells, bipolar cells, receptor cells
C) Receptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
D) Bipolar cells, receptor cells, ganglion cells

Question 36

 Corrie is studying for a quiz on the rods and cones. She writes in her notes that _____ are more ______.

A) cones; responsive to movement
B) rods; sensitive to dim light
C) cones; likely to be bleached by sunlight
D) rods; useful for seeing fine details

Question 37

 In the back of each of Teresita's eyes, the axons of her ganglion cells all leave in one large bundle called the ______. As a result, this causes her to experience a _____.

A) optic nerve; saccade
B) optic nerve; blind spot
C) fovea; saccade
D) optic chiasm; blind spot

Question 38

 In vertebrate retinas, receptors send their messages ____.

A) straight to the brain
B) immediately to ganglion cells within the retina
C) to bipolar cells within the retina
D) to the periphery of the retina first, ganglion cells next, and bipolar cells last

Question 39

 Professor Woodby is lecturing about the fovea. Which is she most likely to say?

A) It has the greatest perception of detail.
B) It surrounds the point of exit of the optic nerve.
C) It falls in the shadow cast by the pupil.
D) It has more rods than cones.

Question 40

 Rods are to ____ as cones are to ____.

A) the periphery; the fovea
B) red; blue
C) vertebrates; invertebrates
D) reading text; reading road signs

Question 41

 Which theory of color vision is best able to explain negative color afterimages?

A) Retinex theory
B) Opponent-process theory
C) Trichromatic theory
D) Kodak theory

Question 42

 Which receptors are responsible for the perception of color?

A) Cones only
B) Rods only
C) Both rods and cones
D) Horizontal and amacrine cells

Question 43

 According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, the most important factor in determining the color we see is the ____.

A) velocity of the action potential
B) absolute activity of a single cone
C) difference between cone and rod activity
D) relative activity of short, medium, and long wavelengths

Question 44

 The optic nerve sends most of its information to the _____ of the _____.

A) V1; occipital lobe
B) V1; thalamus
C) lateral geniculate nucleus; thalamus
D) medial geniculate nucleus; occipital lobe

Question 45

 The fact that all colors on older televisions were created by combining only three different colors of light supports the ____ theory of color vision.

A) CRT
B) opponent process
C) retinex
D) trichromatic

Question 46

 Why do humans perceive faint light better in the periphery of the eye?

A) Receptors in the periphery are closer to the pupil.
B) The fovea is closer to the retina's blind spot than peripheral receptors.
C) More receptors in the periphery than in the fovea funnel input to each ganglion cell.
D) Ganglion cells in the periphery transmit their information to a larger brain area.

Question 47

 Lynn was developing film in a room with red light. When she came out of the room, everything looked a little green for a while. Which theory explains why this is happening to her?

A) Young-Helmholtz theory
B) Trichromatic theory
C) Opponent-process theory
D) Color-constancy theory

Question 48

 Which theory can best explain why people that are wearing yellow-colored glasses can still identify the color of a green apple?

A) Trichromatic theory
B) Retinex theory
C) Opponent-process theory
D) Kodak theory

Question 49

 According to the retinex theory, we perceive color by ____.

A) the relative activity of three kinds of cones
B) contrasting the activity in one area of the visual field with that of the others
C) a red versus green system and a yellow vs. blue system
D) detecting the velocity of action potentials from the eye

Question 50

 Clement has the most common form of color vision deficiency and has trouble distinguishing ____ from _____.

A) blue; yellow
B) green; blue
C) red; green
D) red; blue

Question 51

 Melba is one of the unique individuals that has 4 kinds of cones. What is not true about Melba?

A) She must be female because having four kinds of cones requires two X chromosomes.
B) She has two forms of the short-wavelength cone.
C) She has two forms of the long-wavelength cone.
D) She is better at making distinctions between one color and another compared to someone with three cones.

Question 52

 The optic nerves from the right and left eye initially meet at the ____.

A) optic chiasm
B) lateral geniculate nucleus
C) hypothalamus
D) cerebral cortex

Question 53

 In foveal vision, ____.

A) each ganglion cell excited by many receptors
B) ganglion cells respond poorly to color vision
C) ganglion cells respond well to dim light
D) each ganglion cell is excited by a single cone

Question 54

 Color and brightness constancy are best explained by the ____ theory of color vision.

A) trichromatic
B) opponent-process
C) retinex
D) constancy

Question 55

 The most common form of color vision deficiency is due to ____.

A) poor eyesight
B) malformation of area V4 in the brain
C) complete absence of one of the types of cones
D) long- and medium-wavelength cones making the same photopigment

Question 56

 ____ cells axons make up the optic nerve.

A) Horizontal
B) Amacrine
C) Bipolar
D) Ganglion

Question 57

 Color constancy is the ability to ____.

A) perceive all wavelengths as the same color
B) see color, even in very faint light
C) differentiate among many colors and hues
D) recognize the color of an object despite changes in lighting

Question 58

 According to the trichromatic theory of color vision ____.

A) there are only three rods and three cones in each eye
B) there are only three colors of light in the world
C) rods are important for perception of light colors
D) our perception of color depends on the relative activity of three types of cones

Question 59

 According to the Young-Helmholtz theory, what is the basis for color vision?

A) A different receptor for each color
B) Three kinds of cones
C) A single receptor that produces different responses for each color
D) The combined influences of rods and cones

Question 60

 At the level of rods and cones, the ____ theory seems to fit best, while at the level of the bipolar cells, the ____ theory seems to fit best.

A) opponent process; volley
B) volley; trichromatic
C) opponent process; trichromatic
D) trichromatic; opponent process

Question 61

 What is responsible for sharpening contrast at visual borders?

A) Receptive fields
B) Lateral inhibition
C) Retinal disparity
D) The direction in which the light shines

Question 62

 The receptive field of a receptor is the ____.

A) point at which the optic nerve exits the retina
B) axon hillock
C) point in space from which light strikes the receptor
D) point where light shines on, and excites, the visual cortex

Question 63

 Laurence is able to drive his car within a lane since he can clearly see the lines and edge of the road. His nervous system enhances his ability to see edges by ______.

A) an illusion created in the retina called lateral inhibition
B) activation of V1 by the cones
C) activating his rods and cones simultaneously
D) enhancing his ability to see red versus green

Question 64

 As a human, Lino is really good at detecting motion. This is because of his _____.

A) magnocellular neurons in the periphery
B) parvocellular neurons tightly packed in the periphery
C) no cones in the periphery
D) the strength of the eye muscles

Question 65

 Branches of the optic nerve go directly to what areas of the brain?

A) lateral geniculate and cerebral cortex
B) superior colliculus and cerebral cortex
C) lateral geniculate and superior colliculus
D) prefrontal cortex and occipital lobe

Question 66

 The primary visual cortex sends its information ____.

A) to the lateral geniculate nucleus
B) to area V1
C) to area V2
D) back to the retina

Question 67

 Parker consciously experiences "seeing" something when the information reaches _____.

A) the LGN
B) the retina
C) V2
D) V1

Question 68

 The primary visual cortex is also known as the ____.

A) lateral geniculate nucleus
B) striate cortex
C) area V2
D) parvocellular area

Question 69

 Cutting the left optic nerve in front of the optic chiasm would result in blindness in the ____.

A) right eye
B) left eye
C) peripheral vision of both eyes
D) left visual field

Question 70

 The lateral geniculate nucleus is part of the ____.

A) cerebral cortex
B) superior colliculus
C) inferior colliculus
D) thalamus

Question 71

 Parvocellular neurons most likely receive input from ____.

A) magnocellular neurons
B) rods
C) bipolar cells that receive input from cones
D) the periphery of the retina

Question 72

 Daryl is studying for a quiz on the visual system. He records in his notes that axons from the _____ project to the ____ of the cerebral cortex.

A) LGN; occipital lobe
B) V1; occipital
C) V1; parietal
D) LGN; parietal

Question 73

 Horizontal cells receive their input from ____, and they send output to ____.

A) rods and cones; ganglion cells
B) rods and cones; bipolar cells
C) bipolar cells; ganglion cells
D) cones; rods

Question 74

 Visual information from the lateral geniculate area goes to the ____.

A) retina
B) primary visual cortex
C) thalamus
D) hypothalamus

Question 75

 Noella is a makeup artist and is very good at using makeup to create fine details to create a visual effect (ex. making a person look older). As she works, her ______ cells help her to see the details.

A) parvocellular
B) magnocellular
C) koniocellular
D) kodacellular

Question 76

 In the vertebrate retina, which cells are responsible for lateral inhibition?

A) Horizontal cells
B) Ganglion cells
C) Bipolar cells
D) Glial cells

Question 77

 In the visual system, the ____ and ____ constantly feed information back and forth.

A) thalamus; cortex
B) thalamus; inferior geniculate
C) inferior colliculus; thalamus
D) thalamus; lateral colliculus

Question 78

 Suppose someone has a genetic defect that prevents the formation of horizontal cells in the retina. Which visual phenomenon is most likely to be impaired?

A) Lateral inhibition
B) Movement perception
C) Dark adaptation
D) Size constancy

Question 79

 The ____ of any neuron in the visual system is the area of the visual field that excites or inhibits it.

A) stimulus field
B) convergence field
C) receptive field
D) bipolar field

Question 80

 The point in space from which light strikes the receptor is called the ____.

A) stimulus field
B) convergence field
C) receptive field
D) bipolar area