Deck 7: Movement

Question 1

 The eye muscles can be moved with greater precision than the biceps muscles because ____.

A) biceps have only slow-twitch muscles
B) biceps have only fast-twitch muscles
C) biceps are opposed by an antagonistic muscle; the eye muscles are not
D) eye muscles have a lower ratio of muscle fibers to axons

Answer 1

eye muscles have a lower ratio of muscle fibers to axons

Question 2

 A fixed sequence of movements is called a motor program.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

 In skeletal muscles, every axon releases dopamine.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

 Glenna wants to learn how to play the piano so she is watching her sister play. While she is watching, Glenna's mirror neurons would be active.

Question 5

 The prefrontal cortex plans movements according to their probable outcomes.

Question 6

 The doctor checked Daphne's eyes by shining a light into them to see if her pupils contracted. The doctor was testing her central pattern generators.

Question 7

 Hyman's heart is beating thanks to the work of smooth muscles.

Question 8

 In order to properly digest her food, Viola needs her ____ muscles to move the food through her digestive system.

A) smooth
B) striated
C) cardiac
D) antagonistic

Question 9

 Most types of movement can be clearly classified as voluntary or involuntary.

Question 10

 Giving pure dopamine to Parkinson's patients has generally been very successful.

Question 11

 The supplementary motor cortex is mainly active when preparing for an organized sequence of movements.

Question 12

 Nu has been riding her bike for several miles. At this point, she is probably relying more on her fast-twitch muscles.

Question 13

 People with severe spinal cord injury continue to produce normal activity in the motor cortex when they want to move.

Question 14

 What is the relationship between the motor neuron axons and muscle fibers?

A) Each axon innervates only one muscle fiber.
B) The more muscle fibers a single axon innervates, the more precise the movements.
C) The more axons, which innervate a single muscle fiber, the more precise the movements.
D) The fewer muscle fibers a single axon innervates, the more precise the movements.

Question 15

 What type of muscle is responsible for the movement of your body through the environment?

A) Smooth
B) Striated
C) Cardiac
D) Syncarpous

Question 16

 Activation of the Golgi tendon organs results in contraction of the muscle.

Question 17

 Annamae is studying for a quiz on movement. She writes in her notes that _____ muscle type is responsible for the activity of the ______.

A) striated; digestive system
B) cardiac; heart
C) smooth; heart
D) cardiac; digestive system

Question 18

 In Huntington's disease, earlier onset is associated with slower deterioration over time.

Question 19

 In order to move his hand, Eloy would need the medial corticospinal tract to be activated.

Question 20

 The motor cortex can become active when imagining movement.

Question 21

 Brian's body initiated the stretch reflex. Which is true?

A) Brian will now stretch his muscle as a result of the reflex.
B) The reflex was initiated because Brian stretched a muscle.
C) His muscles will now be inhibited.
D) He will now be able to stretch further.

Question 22

 Vigorous use of fast-twitch fibers results in fatigue because the process is ____.

A) aerobic
B) anaerobic
C) anabolic
D) abolic

Question 23

 A boxer's ability to sense the position of his arm and hand before planning a punch is dependent on the sense of ____.

A) proprioception
B) somatosensation
C) pain
D) vision

Question 24

 The role of the Golgi tendon organs is to ____.

A) prevent extreme muscle contractions
B) guard against fatigue of muscles
C) produce rapid repetitive movements such as finger tapping
D) regulate blood flow to the tendons and muscles

Question 25

 Peggy lifted a heavy box. As a result of the increased muscle tension, she will have activation of _____.

A) the Golgi tendon organ
B) smooth muscles
C) the stretch reflex
D) her ballistic muscles

Question 26

 A proprioceptor is sensitive to the ____.

A) degree of relaxation or contraction of smooth muscle tissue
B) position and movement of a part of the body
C) percentage of fibers that are contracting within a muscle bundle
D) degree of fatigue in a muscle

Question 27

 Moving a leg or arm back and forth requires opposing sets of muscles called ____.

A) Extensor muscles
B) Flexor muscles
C) Cardiac muscles
D) Antagonistic muscles

Question 28

 The eye muscles have a ratio of about ____ axon(s) per ____ muscle fiber(s).

A) two; three
B) one; three
C) three; two
D) three; one

Question 29

 A muscle spindle responds to the ____.

A) oxygen level in the muscle
B) acetylcholine concentration at the nerve-muscle junction
C) fatigue of the muscle
D) stretch of the muscle

Question 30

 Which muscles are especially important when running up a flight of stairs at full speed?

A) Fast-twitch muscles
B) Slow-twitch muscles
C) Smooth muscles
D) Intermediate muscles

Question 31

 The biceps muscles of the arm have a ratio of one to more than ____ fibers.

A) 10
B) 100
C) 1000
D) 50

Question 32

 A fish will adjust to lower water temperatures by ____.

A) activating more action potentials
B) increasing the amplitude of its action potentials
C) recruiting different muscle fibers
D) returning to its basal metabolic rate

Question 33

 Dr. Holzwarth is working in the lab and has been able to demonstrate that drugs that decrease acetylcholine activity will result in muscles becoming ______.

A) relaxed
B) contracted
C) fatigued
D) stretched

Question 34

 Angelina has been dancing all night. At this point, most of the ____ has been used by the muscles and she is now relying on ____.

A) glucose; fast-twitch fibers
B) glucose; slow-twitch fibers
C) fatty acids; fast-twitch fibers
D) fatty acids; slow-twitch fibers

Question 35

 A sudden stretch of a muscle excites a feedback system that opposes the stretch. This message starts in the ____.

A) dorsal root ganglion
B) cerebellum
C) Pacinian corpuscles
D) muscle spindles

Question 36

 If a new species were found with legs composed almost completely of fast-twitch muscles, what could we infer about its behavior?

A) It could chase prey over long distances.
B) It could chase prey only over short distances.
C) It probably travels constantly.
D) It probably moves slowly and grazes on vegetation.

Question 37

 Exercising at a high altitude where there is less oxygen is most likely to affect ____.

A) intermediate fibers
B) anaerobic contraction
C) fast-twitch fibers
D) slow-twitch fibers

Question 38

 What is the name given to the synapse where a motor neuron's axon meets a muscle fiber?

A) Neuromuscular junction
B) Polar junction
C) Muscle spindle
D) Neurofiber synapse

Question 39

 Which muscle is "antagonistic" to a flexor muscle in the right arm?

A) A flexor muscle in the right arm
B) An extensor muscle in the left arm
C) An extensor muscle in the right arm
D) Another flexor muscle in the right arm

Question 40

 In order to bend her arm, Chia needs her _____ muscles.

A) flexor
B) smooth
C) extensor
D) pink and white

Question 41

 Activity of a muscle spindle is to ____ as activity of the Golgi tendon organ is to ____.

A) contraction; inhibition of contraction
B) inhibition of contraction; contraction
C) inhibition of contraction; inhibition of contraction
D) contraction; contraction

Question 42

 Professor Sanborn is giving a lecture on movement. He tells that class that to make movements occur, the motor cortex _____.

A) has direct connections to the muscles
B) sends axons to the brainstem and spinal cord
C) controls isolated movement in a single muscle
D) relies on feedback from individual muscle fibers

Question 43

 A physician who asks you to cross your legs and then taps just below the knee is testing your ____ reflexes.

A) constriction
B) slow
C) stretch
D) fast

Question 44

 Delora has posterior parietal damage. As a result, she ____.

A) can see an object, but is unable to describe it
B) has good hand-eye coordination only if she closes one eye
C) has difficulty accurately locating and approaching a sound
D) will not step over an obstacle, although she can accurately describe it

Question 45

 The part of the cortex that is most active during preparations for a movement and less active during the movement itself is the ____.

A) premotor cortex
B) somatosensory cortex
C) inferior temporal cortex
D) tabes dorsalis

Question 46

 Which action is an example of a motor program in chickens with featherless wings?

A) Flapping wings if suddenly dropped
B) Learning to fly
C) Stretching its wings but not flapping them
D) Flapping its wings while eating

Question 47

 The prefrontal cortex ____.

A) is the main area for touch and other body information
B) keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world
C) is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself
D) responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement.

Question 48

 A motor program is a ____.

A) mechanism that guides movement on the basis of sensory feedback
B) mechanism that produces an alternation between two movements
C) plan for training a brain-damaged person to walk
D) movement that, once triggered, continues automatically until its completion

Question 49

 A ballistic movement ____.

A) is a rhythmic alternation between two movements
B) is guided by feedback during the course of the movement
C) proceeds automatically once it has been triggered
D) tends to overcorrect itself

Question 50

 The posterior parietal cortex ____.

A) is the main area for touch and other body information
B) keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world
C) is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself
D) responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement.

Question 51

 Muscle spindles respond to changes in muscle ____; Golgi tendon organs respond to changes in muscle ____.

A) tension; fatigue
B) fatigue; tension
C) stretch; tension
D) tension; stretch

Question 52

 People with posterior parietal damage ____.

A) cannot walk toward something they hear
B) have trouble converting vision into action
C) can walk toward something they see but cannot reach out to grasp it
D) cannot accurately describe what they see.

Question 53

 What experience is similar to losing proprioception?

A) Losing your sense of equilibrium
B) Walking on a leg that has "fallen asleep"
C) Having a phantom limb
D) Teeth chattering in the cold

Question 54

 The premotor cortex ____.

A) is the main area for touch and other body information
B) keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world
C) is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself
D) responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement

Question 55

 Which behavior is most likely to result from the activity of central pattern generators?

A) A bird flying from tree to tree
B) A child catching a baseball
C) A child playing the piano
D) An adult yawning

Question 56

 Damage to the prefrontal cortex is most likely to result in ____.

A) an inability to move
B) the loss of somatosensory experiences
C) poorly planned movements
D) no effect on movement

Question 57

 Which activity is an example of a motor program in a human?

A) Yawning
B) Making a list
C) Taking your first steps
D) Learning how to drive

Question 58

 When are the cells in the premotor cortex (in contrast to the primary motor cortex) most active?

A) In preparation for movements
B) During movements
C) At or after the end of movements
D) During inhibition of movements

Question 59

 After getting wet, Angelo's dog shook off the water. His dog's behavior depends on ____.

A) central pattern generator
B) stretch reflex
C) motor program reflex
D) a Golgi tendon organ

Question 60

 In contrast to people with posterior parietal damage, people with damage to certain parts of the occipital cortex outside the primary visual cortex ____.

A) cannot locate the source of sounds
B) lose their ability to see everything
C) can accurately describe what they see but cannot reach out to grasp it
D) cannot accurately describe what they see but can reach out to grasp it

Question 61

 Most of the axons of the medial tract go to which side of the body?

A) Contralateral
B) Ipsilateral
C) Bilateral
D) Dorsolateral

Question 62

 Watching another person shoot a basketball is most likely to activate ____ neurons in the brain of the person who is watching.

A) primary motor cortex
B) spinal cord
C) mirror
D) observational

Question 63

 Ever since she suffered damage to her _______, Melissa has found it hard to do things like writing and clapping her hands.

A) cerebellum
B) basal ganglia
C) mirror neurons
D) hippocampus

Question 64

 Lucina is painting with a small brush in each hand. To do this movement, she needs activation via the _____ tract.

A) Lateral
B) Ventral
C) Dorsal
D) Medial

Question 65

 The part of the cortex that responds mostly to the sensory signals that lead to a movement is the ____.

A) premotor cortex
B) prefrontal cortex
C) supplementary motor cortex
D) tabes dorsalis

Question 66

 Who is most likely to have trouble performing the antisaccade task.

A) Linwood who is 5 years old.
B) Evie who is 20 years old.
C) Lael who is 35 years old.
D) Devon who is 50 years old.

Question 67

 Damage to the ____ impairs the ability to organize smooth sequences of activities.

A) premotor cortex
B) prefrontal cortex
C) supplementary motor cortex
D) tabes dorsalis

Question 68

 The supplementary motor cortex becomes active ____.

A) during the second or two after a movement
B) during the second or two prior to a movement
C) only during a movement
D) only after a movement

Question 69

 In order to stand up and sit down, Mr. Parton needs activation of his ____ motor system.

A) dorsolateral tract
B) medial tract
C) supplementary
D) hippocampal

Question 70

 Professor Samaniego is giving a lecture on movement. She tells the class that recent studies about voluntary movements and conscious decisions have found that ____.

A) we are conscious of our decision before brain activity is generated for movement
B) voluntary movements are the result of free will
C) brain activity for the movement begins before we are conscious of our decision
D) we are unable to judge when we make conscious decisions

Question 71

 What is the relationship between the lateral tract and the medial tract?

A) Most movements are controlled by one or the other, but not both.
B) Most movements rely on both, which work in a cooperative fashion.
C) Most movements that are initiated by one are terminated by the other.
D) One is excitatory while the other is inhibitory.

Question 72

 Cells in the prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, and ____ prepare for a movement, sending messages to the primary motor cortex.

A) posterior parietal cortex
B) secondary motor cortex
C) somatosensory cortex
D) supplementary motor cortex

Question 73

 Just thinking about the intention to put your arm around your attractive date would activate which motor areas?

A) Posterior parietal lobe
B) Primary motor cortex
C) Premotor cortex
D) Supplementary motor cortex

Question 74

 People with damage to the parietal cortex appear to lack ____ related to voluntary movements.

A) feelings of intention
B) the ability to make conscious decisions
C) a sense of timing
D) muscle strength

Question 75

 The corticospinal tract extends from the _____ to the ____.

A) basal ganglia; spinal cord
B) spinal cord; cerebellum
C) cerebral cortex; cerebellum
D) cerebral cortex; spinal cord

Question 76

 Although he has had cerebellar damage, Tim still wants to compete in a sport. Which sport is most likely still able to do?

A) Basketball
B) Golf
C) Tennis
D) Weight lifting

Question 77

 The motor cortex produces a kind of activity called a(n) ____ before any voluntary movement.

A) readiness potential
B) action potential
C) evoked potential
D) motor potential

Question 78

 Speaking, piano playing, athletic skills, and other rapid movements would be most impaired by damage to which structure?

A) Reticular formation
B) Cerebellum
C) Ventromedial hypothalamus
D) Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 79

 The lateral tract cross over point is in the ____.

A) pyramids of the medulla
B) spinal cord
C) reticular formation
D) vestibular nucleus

Question 80

 Axons of the lateral corticospinal tract extend to what area?

A) Cerebellum
B) Cerebral cortex
C) Spinal cord
D) Thalamus