Deck 8: Wakefulness and Sleep

Question 1

 Alternation between wakefulness and sleep depends completely on stimuli in the environment.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

 Professor Lamon tells his class that humans experience several different circadian rhythms which all last _____.

A) about 12 hours
B) about 24 hours
C) about one year
D) different times depending on a person's gender

Answer 2

about 24 hours

Question 3

 Temporary sleep deprivation causes the body to respond in a similar manner as it does to being ill.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

 What does "endogenous" mean?

A) Occurring at regular intervals
B) More likely to be learned
C) Sensitive to light/dark patterns
D) Generated from within

Question 5

 Jaleesa has been diagnosed with insomnia because she has sleep attacks while she is awake.

Question 6

 Orexin is not necessary for waking up, but it is for staying awake.

Question 7

 Biological clocks are very resistant to environmental influences.

Question 8

 Professor Everest tells his class that the most potent zeitgeber for humans is temperature.

Question 9

 The mean preferred time of going to sleep gets later and later until about age 20 and then starts a gradual reversal.

Question 10

 Professor Rhine tells her class that the pineal gland releases melatonin.

Question 11

 The activation-synthesis theory of dreams argues that dreams are the result of random brain activity.

Question 12

 Which of the following is most clearly under the control of a circadian rhythm in most animals?

A) Sleep
B) Storage of body fat
C) Migration
D) Mating

Question 13

 Bright light late in the afternoon shortens the circadian rhythm.

Question 14

 After removing all sensory input to the brain, an animal would continue to have periods of sleep and wakefulness.

Question 15

 Young children are more likely to be "morning people" than older adults.

Question 16

 Bettie tells her classmate that dreaming only occurs during REM sleep.

Question 17

 Rob's body temperature fluctuates throughout the day and is usually the lowest _____.

A) about an hour before he goes to sleep
B) in the morning
C) in the middle of the night
D) in the afternoon

Question 18

 Olinda is blind; therefore, she does not have circadian rhythms.

Question 19

 Suppose you fell into a cave and lost your watch. Without any time cues, your circadian rhythm would ____.

A) increase dramatically over time
B) cease to exist
C) decrease over time
D) remain relatively stable

Question 20

 The biological clock depends on part of the hypothalamus, called the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Question 21

 What happens after damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus itself?

A) Light no longer resets the biological clock, but the animal continues generating a 24-hour rhythm.
B) Animals' activity patterns become less consistent and no longer respond to light and dark cycles.
C) Animals lose their biological rhythms of temperature, but keep other circadian rhythms.
D) Animals begin to maintain a constant level of activity throughout the 24-hour day.

Question 22

 When studying disruptions to the biological clock in animals, what did Curt Richter find?

A) Blinding animals strongly disrupted their clock.
B) Rendering animals deaf strongly disrupted their clock.
C) Long periods of forced activity strongly disrupted the clock.
D) The biological clock is insensitive to most forms of interference.

Question 23

 After damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the body ____.

A) cannot generate biological rhythms
B) still has rhythms in synchrony with environmental patterns of light and dark
C) still has rhythms, but they are less consistent
D) still has rhythms, but they can only be reset by artificial light

Question 24

 Mammals have circadian rhythms ____.

A) only for their sleep/activity cycle
B) only for frequency of eating and drinking
C) for sleep and body temperature only
D) for a variety of activities, including sleep

Question 25

 Mia wants to take a trip, but she is worried about jet lag. What advice would you give her?

A) Traveling to the east is easier.
B) Traveling to the west is easier.
C) The direction of travel makes no difference so she should pick her favorite place.
D) The effect varies greatly from person to person so she should ask her doctor for advice.

Question 26

 A "zeitgeber" is a(n) ____.

A) biological clock
B) animal that does not have a biological clock
C) environmental cue that resets a biological clock
D) body activity that is controlled by a biological clock

Question 27

 Research on circadian rhythms has shown that one of the best ways to increase the alertness and efficiency of workers on night shifts is to ____.

A) expose them to bright lights while they work
B) keep the environmental temperature constant from night to day
C) have them eat a big meal before going to sleep
D) allow them to catnap

Question 28

 Professor Cheng tells her class that the SCN is found in the _____.

A) hypothalamus
B) thalamus
C) brain stem
D) pineal gland

Question 29

 What is the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in circadian rhythms?

A) Its neurons generate a 24-hour rhythm by themselves.
B) Its neurons can reset the biological clock, but they do not generate it.
C) It relays visual information to the biological clock.
D) It relays information from the biological clock to areas that control temperature and activity.

Question 30

 Which statement is true with regard to the duration of a self-generated sleep/activity cycle?

A) It is unreliable in most species, and dependably close to 24 hours only in primates.
B) It is longer if the organism is normally active in the dark.
C) It rarely varies from one individual to another, if at all.
D) It is highly consistent in a given individual in a given environment.

Question 31

 Les will be taking a trip, and he is worried about how to handle his jet lag. What advice would you give him?

A) He needs to take melatonin in the morning to wake up.
B) He needs to expose himself to hot temperatures when he arrives to reset his circadian rhythm.
C) He needs to sleep in a dark room.
D) He needs to avoid bright daylight.

Question 32

 Based on research, it has been determined that the human circadian rhythm appears to be ____.

A) shorter than 24 hours
B) exactly 24 hours
C) just over 24 hours
D) closer to 28 hours

Question 33

 Professor Morant tells her class that the most potent zeitgeber for land animals (including humans) is _____.

A) light
B) the tides
C) temperature
D) the seasons

Question 34

 Suppose you work on a submarine with only artificial light. You are required to follow a schedule of working for 12 hours and then sleeping for 6. What rhythm, if any, will your alertness and body temperature show?

A) They will follow a rhythm of 18 hours.
B) They will follow the usual rhythm of 24 hours.
C) They will follow a rhythm of 21 hours.
D) They will cease to show any consistent rhythm.

Question 35

 Social stimuli-that is, the effects of other people-are weak ____, unless they induce exercise or other vigorous activity.

A) effects
B) motivators
C) rhythms
D) zeitgebers

Question 36

 A disruption of circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones is known as ____.

A) circashift
B) phaselag
C) jetlag
D) zeitgeber

Question 37

 If suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are disconnected from the rest of the brain, they ____.

A) no longer produce any activity
B) continue to produce activity that follows a circadian rhythm
C) produce a 20-hour rhythm
D) produce spontaneous bursts of activity, but on no rhythmic pattern

Question 38

 Professor Schluter tells his class that the SCN produces circadian rhythms in a person's body by changing that person's _____.

A) visual acuity
B) communication between the brain stem and the spinal cord
C) production of proteins
D) blood pressure

Question 39

 An astronaut orbiting earth experiences 45-minute periods of daylight alternating with 45-minute periods of darkness. What is likely to happen?

A) The alternating patterns allow for normal rhythm development.
B) They are fully alert during wakeful periods.
C) They are able to sleep during rest periods.
D) They sleep poorly during rest periods.

Question 40

 A person's circadian activity cycle would most likely drift out of phase with the activity of other people if the person ____.

A) spends a period of time in the wilderness, away from clocks
B) habitually eats a big meal just before bedtime
C) spends a period of time in seclusion, away from sunlight
D) lives near the equator, where the seasons do not vary

Question 41

 Denisha is working in the lab and has isolated some cells from a rat brain. Since the cells seem to be producing a steady circadian rhythm, Denisha hypothesizes that these cells came from the rat's _____.

A) retina
B) SCN
C) locus coerueus
D) pituitary gland

Question 42

 A small branch of the optic nerve, known as the ____ path extends directly from the retina to the SCN.

A) opticthalamic
B) retinohypothalamic
C) opticretinal
D) retinothalamic

Question 43

 Margie just had a polysomnograph taken. What did they measure?

A) The action potentials of her individual neurons in the spinal cord.
B) A combination of her EEG and eye-movement records.
C) The rate of glucose uptake in active regions of her brain.
D) The electrical resistance of her scalp.

Question 44

 The PER and TIM proteins accumulate during the day until they cause sleepiness. What prevents them from continuing to accumulate at night?

A) Metabolic rates increase at night, so proteins are digested faster than they can be synthesized.
B) The high levels of melatonin present at night react with the proteins to disable them.
C) The proteins are unstable at the lower body temperatures that are typical at night.
D) When the proteins reach a high level, they turn off the genes that produce them.

Question 45

 EEG waves are larger when brain activity decreases because ____.

A) the EEG measures muscle tension, which also decreases
B) neurons are becoming more synchronized
C) neurons are becoming more desynchronized
D) blood flow is increasing

Question 46

 Slow-wave sleep is comprised of ____.

A) alpha wave sleep
B) stages 1 and 2
C) stages 3 and 4
D) REM sleep

Question 47

 Yuki is considering taking melatonin supplements to correct her sleep cycle. When should she take them?

A) As soon as she wakes up in the morning.
B) In the late afternoon a few hours before she wants to sleep.
C) Around noon after she eats lunch.
D) Each time she wakes up in the middle of the night.

Question 48

 An electroencephalograph displays ____.

A) action potentials of individual neurons
B) a net average of all the neurons' potentials
C) the rate of glucose uptake in active regions of the brain
D) the electrical resistance of the scalp

Question 49

 The pineal gland releases the ____ hormone, which influences both circadian and circannual rhythms.

A) androgen
B) melanopsin
C) melatonin
D) estrogen

Question 50

 The input from the eyes to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, responsible for shifting the phase of the circadian rhythm, originates from ____.

A) cones only
B) ganglion cells that are not connected to any cones or rods
C) cones and rods equally
D) rods only

Question 51

 The circadian rhythm is reset by input from special ganglion cells in the retina. These ganglion cells are unusual in that they ____.

A) receive input from only cones, not rods
B) are located only in a doughnut-shaped band surrounding the fovea
C) respond directly to light, but respond very slowly
D) become active only at night or in very dim light

Question 52

 Cari's EEG recording shows sleep spindles and K-complexes. What is happening?

A) She is about to wake up.
B) She has entered Stage 2 sleep.
C) She has entered REM sleep.
D) She is having a nightmare.

Question 53

 Carlee's EEG recording shows a predominant amount of alpha waves. What is going on?

A) She is in REM sleep.
B) She is in NREM sleep.
C) She is sleepwalking.
D) She is very relaxed but still awake.

Question 54

 The SCN is located just above the ____.

A) optic chiasm
B) thalamus
C) hypothalamus
D) visual cortex

Question 55

 Gala is studying for a quiz on circadian rhythms. She writes in her notes that the two proteins that influence circadian rhythms by building up during the day and declining during sleep are ______.

A) SCN and REM
B) TIM and SCN
C) PER and REM
D) PER and TIM

Question 56

 With each succeeding stage of sleep (from 1 to 4), ____.

A) breathing and heart rates increase
B) brain activity increases
C) slow, large-amplitude waves increase in number
D) brain waves become smaller

Question 57

 Someone in a(n) ____ state alternates between periods of sleep and moderate arousal, although even during the more aroused state, the person shows no awareness of surroundings and no purposeful behavior.

A) unconscious
B) minimally conscious
C) coma
D) vegetative

Question 58

 What do the EEG waves look like when brain activity is "desynchronized"?

A) Long, slow waves of large amplitude
B) Short, rapid waves of large amplitude
C) Regular alternation between waves of large amplitude and waves of small amplitude
D) Irregular waves with low amplitude

Question 59

 Professor King is talking about sleep and tells the class that REM sleep is called paradoxical because _____.

A) it serves restorative functions, and yet the body has no apparent need for it.
B) it is light sleep in some ways and deep sleep in other ways
C) It depends on serotonin for its onset and acetylcholine for its offset.
D) It is associated with dreaming although brain activity is low.

Question 60

 Researchers have demonstrated that the expression of the SCN genes can be changed through ____.

A) exposure of the eyes to light
B) barometric pressure
C) the diet
D) morning exercise

Question 61

 One part of the reticular formation that contributes to cortical arousal is known as the ____.

A) tectomesencephalon
B) pontomesencephalon
C) corticomesencephalon
D) rubromesencephalon

Question 62

 The ____ is a structure that extends from the medulla into the forebrain.

A) reticular formation
B) tectum
C) tegmentum
D) thalamus

Question 63

 Felipa took an allergy medicine and it made her very drowsy. This is because it _____.

A) blocked histamine
B) stimulated acetylcholine
C) decreased adenosine
D) blocked GABA

Question 64

 Sometimes people find themselves unable to move their postural muscles immediately after awakening. Why?

A) Blood pressure is too low.
B) The motor nerves are inactive until body temperature reaches its normal level.
C) An increase in light striking the eyes reflexively inhibits the motor neurons.
D) Part of the brain is still asleep.

Question 65

 After a cut through the midbrain separates the forebrain and part of the midbrain from all the lower structures, an animal ____.

A) stops sleeping
B) sleeps a normal amount per day, but lacks REM sleep
C) enters a prolonged state of sleep
D) alternates rapidly between sleep and wakefulness

Question 66

 For a normal person, about how long does an average sleep cycle last?

A) 10 minutes
B) 90 minutes
C) 4 hours
D) 7 hours

Question 67

 Stimulation of the pontomesencephalon ____.

A) awakens a sleeping individual
B) decreases alertness in someone already awake
C) shifts the EEG from short waves to long, slow waves
D) delays the onset of the next REM period

Question 68

 The role of the reticular formation in arousal is that it is ____.

A) the single, critical system in arousing the cortex
B) only one of several systems involved in arousal
C) activated only by external stimuli
D) activated only by internal stimuli

Question 69

 In response to emotionally arousing events, the locus coeruleus releases ____.

A) norepinephrine
B) acetylcholine
C) epinephrine
D) serotonin

Question 70

 In comparison to NREM dreams, REM dreams ____.

A) are less likely to include striking visual imagery
B) are more likely to include complicated plots
C) do not contain violence
D) are almost always less than five minutes

Question 71

 While Arlette is sleeping, her locus coeruleus is _____.

A) mostly inactive
B) very active
C) producing melatonin
D) releasing epinephrine

Question 72

 REM sleep is characterized by which of the following?

A) Tension and activity of the postural muscles
B) Low and steady heart and breathing rates
C) A high level of brain activity
D) A highly synchronized EEG pattern

Question 73

 The relationship between sleep stage and dreaming is that dreams ____.

A) occur only in REM sleep
B) occur only in NREM sleep
C) are more frequent and more vivid in REM sleep
D) are more frequent and more vivid in NREM sleep

Question 74

 What is the best way to determine if an individual who claims to never dream does, in fact, have dreams?

A) Ask them about their dreams immediately after they wake up in the morning.
B) Wake them up during REM sleep and ask them if they have been dreaming.
C) Wake them up during NREM sleep and ask them if they have been dreaming.
D) Ask them under hypnosis if they have had any dreams recently.

Question 75

 During REM sleep, the EEG shows ____.

A) regular, high-voltage slow waves
B) irregular, high-voltage slow waves
C) regular, low-voltage slow waves
D) irregular, low-voltage fast waves

Question 76

 Vashti has been asleep for several hours. At this point of the night, she is most likely _____.

A) spending more time in REM sleep
B) spending more time in slow wave sleep
C) producing melatonin
D) producing orexin

Question 77

 Professor Steinberg tells her class that during a normal sleep cycle, a person will progress from _____.

A) Stage 1 to 2, 3, and 4 before entering REM sleep.
B) Stage 4 to 3, 2, and 1 before entering REM sleep.
C) Stage 1 to 4 then back to 3 and 2, and then entering REM sleep.
D) Stage 1 to 4 at the beginning of the night. Later on, the cycle is Stage 1 and 2 and then REM.

Question 78

 Cells in the basal forebrain increase arousal and wakefulness by releasing ____.

A) norepinephrine
B) acetylcholine
C) dopamine
D) serotonin

Question 79

 Orexin, produced by neurons in the hypothalamus, appears to be necessary for ____.

A) getting to sleep
B) waking up
C) raising body temperature
D) staying awake

Question 80

 Charley is currently in Stage 4 sleep. The next stage he will enter will most likely be _____.

A) stage 1
B) REM sleep
C) stage 3
D) paradoxical sleep