Deck 9: Internal Regulation

Question 1

 Most mammals at about the age of weaning lose the intestinal enzyme lactase.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

 Angiotensin II acts on the kidney to retain more sodium.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

 After eating, Shawanda's small intestine absorbs excess water and minerals.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

 A set point refers to ____.

A) a very narrow range that the body works to maintain at a stable level
B) the regulation of blood flow
C) the release of hormones at a set point in time
D) initiating a change in body temperature at a set point in time

Question 5

 The physiological changes that defend body temperature depend on areas in and near the hypothalamus.

Question 6

 Patti has a fever. This is caused by a change in the set point for her body temperature.

Question 7

 Vasopressin increases blood pressure by constricting the blood vessels.

Question 8

 Processes that reduce any discrepancies from the set point are known as ____.

A) negative feedback
B) positive feedback
C) homeothermic
D) thermostasis

Question 9

 The paraventricular nucleus normally inhibits meal size.

Question 10

 Stomach distension is necessary to produce satiety.

Question 11

 Obese people tend to produce more insulin than people of normal weight.

Question 12

 Orexin inhibits appetite.

Question 13

 Who is doing a project on a homeostatic mechanism?

A) Gerard who is writing a report on how the heart pumps blood.
B) Rayford who put together a presentation on parenting behaviors.
C) Dortha who put together a presentation on blood glucose levels.
D) Maisie who is writing a report on male and female sex cells.

Question 14

 Allyn suffers from anorexia. After she eats, she purges her food by forcing herself to vomit.

Question 15

 CCK limits meal size.

Question 16

 Homeostasis refers to temperature regulation and other biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range.

Question 17

 The term ____ refers to temperature regulation and other biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range.

A) negative feedback
B) positive feedback
C) homeothermic
D) thermostasis

Question 18

 Paige wants to lose weight. The most effective long-term plan is for her to limit her intake of sweet foods.

Question 19

 Homeostasis is to ____ as allostasis is to ____.

A) constant; variable
B) variable; constant
C) constant; decreasing
D) variable; increasing

Question 20

 Hal is experiencing osmotic thirst. He should drink pure water.

Question 21

 Approximately what percent of the mammalian body is composed of water?

A) 10 percent
B) 20 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 70 percent

Question 22

 Professor Beck tells his class that homeothermic organisms have an advantage because being homeothermic _____.

A) reduces the fuel requirements of the body
B) prevents excessive reliance on a single sensory system
C) enables the individual to stay active when the environment is cool
D) decreases the need for shivering and sweating

Question 23

 A fever ____.

A) develops independently of the preoptic area
B) is part of the body's defense against an illness
C) is an indication that the body is not yet fighting the infection
D) serves to keep an animal warm during periods of reduced activity

Question 24

 How do adult mammals with damage to the preoptic area regulate their body temperature?

A) Physiologically
B) Pharmacologically
C) Behaviorally
D) Not at all

Question 25

 Kurtis's dog has had damage to the POA/AH. If he gets hot, he will _____.

A) start eating
B) find a place to sleep
C) not pant properly and potentially overheat
D) shiver too much and overcool himself

Question 26

 Vasopressin raises blood pressure by ____.

A) causing the blood vessels to dilate
B) constricting the blood vessels
C) increasing the blood's salt concentration
D) decreasing the blood's salt concentration

Question 27

 Homeothermic organisms include ____.

A) amphibians and reptiles
B) reptiles and fish
C) amphibians and fish
D) mammals and birds

Question 28

 The preoptic area of the hypothalamus monitors temperatures from what areas of the body?

A) The brainstem
B) The POA/AH and the skin
C) The arteries and veins
D) The heart

Question 29

 Pamala has a fever of 107°F. Her doctor is concerned because ______.

A) at this temperature, she is starting to damage her own body cells
B) at this temperature, bacteria multiply rapidly making her more sick
C) a high fever means she has damage to her POA
D) a high fever will cause a drastic increase in her blood sugar levels

Question 30

 Professor Lainez explains to her class that humans will spend more energy _______, than everything else combined.

A) maintaining basal metabolism
B) sending glucose to the brain
C) moving around and exercising
D) pumping blood around the body and breathing

Question 31

 The temperature required by reproductive cells of birds and most mammals is ____.

A) higher than the rest of the body
B) lower than the rest of the body
C) the same as the internal organs of the body
D) fluctuating in direct opposition to changes in body temperature

Question 32

 Which of the following is not one of the hypotheses scientists accept as a reason why humans maintain a body temperature around 37°C?

A) Being warm allows humans to be ready for movement at all times.
B) Being too much warmer would cause human proteins to break down.
C) The warm temperature allows our muscles to work more with less fatigue.
D) A lower temperature would cause the immune system to go out of control.

Question 33

 What evidence exists that the preoptic area controls body temperature?

A) After damage to the preoptic area, an animal will simultaneously sweat and shiver.
B) Each cell in the preoptic area has a temperature at which it is most active.
C) Removed cells maintain a constant temperature even in a cell culture.
D) Heating or cooling the preoptic area leads to sweating or shivering.

Question 34

 Lora is sick and has developed a fever. Why might this be helpful for her?

A) A slight fever activates the immune system and makes it harder for bacteria to survive.
B) Fever will activate her hypothalamus and her blood pressure will go down.
C) A fever will cause her to feel sleepy so she sleeps more soundly.
D) The fever will cause her to seek out a cooler location that makes it harder to viruses to thrive.

Question 35

 An advantage of maintaining a constant body temperature is that it ____.

A) enables an animal to stay equally active at all environmental temperatures
B) enables an animal to survive on a wider variety of diets
C) minimizes the energy that must be expended on basal metabolism
D) enables an animal to detect changes in the temperature of the environment

Question 36

 Tammi has a pet lizard. How does her lizard maintain a proper body temperature?

A) By basal metabolism
B) By shivering and sweating
C) By changing the reflectivity of the skin
D) By choosing an appropriate area of the cage (e.g., heat rock)

Question 37

 Beyond about 40°C or 41°C, ____ begin to break their bonds and lose their useful properties.

A) RNA
B) DNA
C) cells
D) proteins

Question 38

 Poikilothermic organisms have body temperatures that ____.

A) remain relatively constant no matter the change in the external environment
B) are the same as the temperatures of their environments
C) are nearly constant, although the brain temperature varies
D) allow them to survive in very warm climates only

Question 39

 The POA/AH monitors body temperature partly by monitoring ____.

A) its own temperature
B) brain temperature
C) heart temperature
D) the temperature of the thalamus

Question 40

 Your posterior pituitary is most likely to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ____.

A) if you are very thirsty
B) shortly after drinking a large glass of water
C) if you are very hungry
D) shortly after eating a large meal

Question 41

 Paz just ate some salty popcorn. Now she is experiencing an increase in the concentration of sodium in her _____.

A) extracellular fluid
B) intracellular fluid
C) ventricles
D) hypothalamus

Question 42

 The brain gets part of its information regarding low osmotic pressure from ____.

A) receptors around the third ventricle
B) the blood-brain barrier
C) receptors in the brainstem
D) the thalamus

Question 43

 Vasopressin and angiotensin II are similar in that they both promote ____.

A) increased urination
B) decreased thirst
C) decreased blood pressure
D) increased blood pressure

Question 44

 Dinah's body has produced aldosterone so that she _____.

A) is able to conserve sodium
B) is able to excrete excess sodium
C) is no longer interested in drinking
D) increases her cravings for pure water

Question 45

 Professor Augustus told his class that the _____ detects osmotic pressure.

A) substantia nigra
B) red nucleus
C) pituitary gland
D) OVLT and subfornical organ

Question 46

 What effect does the hormone angiotensin II have?

A) Increased storage of food as fat
B) Constriction of blood vessels
C) Decreased emptying of the stomach
D) Increased growth of the gonads

Question 47

 A combination of the hormones aldosterone and angiotensin II leads to an increase in preference for ____ tastes.

A) sweet
B) sour
C) salty
D) bitter

Question 48

 Like vasopressin, ____ constricts the blood vessels, compensating for the drop in blood pressure.

A) angiotensin I
B) angiotensin II
C) renin
D) sodium

Question 49

 The lateral preoptic area and surrounding parts of the hypothalamus control ____.

A) CCK levels
B) hunger
C) drinking
D) vasopressin levels

Question 50

 Luigi got a deep cut on his foot and started losing a lot of blood. To compensate, his body released ____ to _____ his blood pressure while he was waiting for help to arrive.

A) vasopressin; decrease
B) vasopressin; increase
C) angiotensinogen; decrease
D) angiotensinogen; increase

Question 51

 Small birds generally eat ____.

A) as much as they can at one time
B) only what they need at the moment
C) three discrete meals per day
D) mostly during the night

Question 52

 The tendency of water to flow across a semipermeable membrane from the area of low solute concentration to the area of higher concentration is termed ____.

A) hypovolemic pressure
B) hypovolemic thirst
C) osmotic pressure
D) OVLT

Question 53

 What causes hypovolemic thirst?

A) Dryness of the throat
B) Low blood volume
C) Increased concentration of solutes in the blood
D) Too much salt in the diet

Question 54

 Hypovolemia induces thirst by the production of which hormone?

A) CCK
B) Insulin
C) Prolactin
D) Angiotensin II

Question 55

 Graig is experiencing hypovolemic thirst. His type of thirst _____.

A) depends mostly on signals from the digestive tract
B) can be satisfied better by slightly salty water than by pure water
C) is stimulated by an increased concentration of solutes in the blood
D) can only be satisfied by drinking a great deal of pure water

Question 56

 What kind of thirst is produced by an increased concentration of solutes in the blood?

A) Postprandial
B) Hypovolemic
C) Non-homeostatic
D) Osmotic

Question 57

 The brain can anticipate an osmotic need before the rest of the body actually experiences it ____.

A) through the change in blood pressure
B) because the stomach can detect high levels of sodium
C) through detection of highly concentrated urine
D) because of the rate of vasopressin release

Question 58

 Which hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, both raises blood pressure and enables the kidneys to reabsorb water?

A) Vasopressin
B) Prolactin
C) Thymosin
D) ACTH

Question 59

 Jasmin is thirsty so she drinks some water. How would she know when to stop drinking water?

A) She will stop once the water reaches her hypothalamus and inhibits the neurons in the OVLT.
B) She will stop drinking once the water enters her bloodstream and signals to her OVLT.
C) She will stop drinking after a short period (about a minute) as just the activity of drinking calms nerves in the subfornical organ.
D) She will stop drinking once her mouth feels warmer than her core temperature.

Question 60

 Sodium-specific hunger is closely associated with ____.

A) osmotic thirst
B) hypovolemic thirst
C) the OVLT
D) decreased renin release

Question 61

 Professor Wang is lecturing on digestion and eating behaviors. He tells the class that the pancreas makes _____ and ____ that regulate the flow of glucose into the cells.

A) insulin; CCK
B) CCK; glucagon
C) glucagon; insulin
D) CCK; angiotensin

Question 62

 Leonora loves eating carbohydrates. When she does, they are initially broken down in her _____.

A) mouth
B) large intestine
C) stomach
D) small intestine

Question 63

 In sham-feeding, animals are ____.

A) allowed to chew but not swallow
B) allowed to chew and swallow, but the food never enters the stomach
C) only allowed to eat a mixture devoid of nutrients
D) only allowed to eat an artificial substance

Question 64

 One interpretation of how the hormone CCK promotes satiety is that it ____.

A) speeds up the digestive processes in the intestines
B) increases the rate at which glucose enters the cells of the body
C) causes the stomach to fill more quickly
D) facilitates the emptying of the stomach

Question 65

 Glucagon stimulates the liver to ____.

A) convert glucose to glycogen
B) store glucose
C) convert glycogen to glucose
D) decrease blood glucose levels

Question 66

 The esophagus brings food from the ____.

A) mouth to the stomach
B) stomach to the sphincter
C) sphincter to the intestines
D) stomach to the intestines

Question 67

 When food distends the duodenum, the duodenum releases which hormone?

A) CCK
B) Aldosterone
C) Angiotensin II
D) Prolactin

Question 68

 A common misconception is that eating turkey increases the body's supply of ____, which enables the brain to make chemicals that make you sleepy.

A) lactase
B) tryptophan
C) lacrose
D) sucrose

Question 69

 The large intestine ____.

A) absorbs water and minerals
B) digests proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
C) is the main site for the absorption of digested foodstuffs into the bloodstream
D) stores excess nutrients as glycogen, protein, or fat

Question 70

 The blood's glucose level ordinarily remains relatively constant because of the activity of ____.

A) CCK.
B) the liver
C) the thyroid gland
D) the gall bladder

Question 71

 A new set of experiments have shown that people who are overweight have different ______ than people who are not.

A) types of microorganisms
B) levels of glucagon
C) levels of ADH
D) digestive enzymes

Question 72

 Which hormone controls the rate at which glucose leaves the blood and enters the cells?

A) CCK
B) Aldosterone
C) Glucagon
D) Insulin

Question 73

 The small intestine ____.

A) absorbs water and minerals
B) digests proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
C) is the secondary site for the absorption of digested foodstuffs into the bloodstream
D) stores excess nutrients as glycogen, protein, or fat

Question 74

 The brain finds out about the degree of stretch of the stomach from ____.

A) visual feedback
B) the hormone angiotensin
C) sensory receptors on the skin of the abdomen
D) activity of the vagus nerve

Question 75

 Taste and other mouth sensations contribute to ____.

A) hunger
B) satiety
C) thirst
D) overeating

Question 76

 Tryptophan enters the brain by an active-transport protein that it shares with ____ and other large amino acids.

A) phenylalanine
B) melatonin
C) lactose
D) glucose

Question 77

 Professor Roesch is lecturing about myths and truths regarding food consumption. She tells her class that _____.

A) most people from Northern Europe can't digest milk.
B) giving children sugar will make them hyper.
C) a diet high in seafood might be beneficial for the brain.
D) Turkey has large amounts of tryptophan in it so it makes you sleepy.

Question 78

 Alysia is lactose intolerant. She has a hard time with _____ although she can have small amounts of ____ because it is easier to digest.

A) milk; cheese
B) yogurt; cheese
C) protein; milk
D) milk; protein

Question 79

 What is the main site for absorption of digested food into the bloodstream?

A) Esophagus
B) Stomach
C) Small intestine
D) Large intestine

Question 80

 Most young mammals stop nursing, at least partly, due to the loss of what ability?

A) Metabolizing the sugar in milk
B) Sucking sufficiently
C) The Babinski reflex
D) Digesting the fat in milk