Deck 11: Emotional Behaviors

Question 1

 Professor Metz tells his class that emotions are unique because they don't involve cognition.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

 The amygdala is one of the main areas for integrating both environmental and genetic influences, and then regulating the current level of anxiety.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

 Jennifer has been diagnosed with PTSD. As such, her startle reflex is suppressed.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

 Activation of the HPA axis occurs during prolonged stress.

Question 5

 Meda is able to recognize emotionally charged facial expressions from individuals in her own culture better than other cultures.

Question 6

 After being frightened by a loud noise, Cira experienced activation of her ______ as her body prepared for an emergency.

A) somatic nervous system
B) craniosacral nervous system
C) sympathetic nervous system
D) parasympathetic nervous system

Question 7

 Professor Engebretson is working with rats bred to have low serotonin turnover. These rats are expected to have lower levels of aggression than normal rats.

Question 8

 The limbic system-the forebrain areas surrounding the thalamus-has been regarded as non-critical for emotion.

Question 9

 According to the ____ theory, we experience emotion after we experience autonomic arousal.

A) Lange-Jung
B) Lange-Papez
C) James-Jung
D) James-Lange

Question 10

 Instead of seeking a doctor's care, Hoyt seeks to reduce his anxiety with alcohol since alcohol also binds to the GABA receptor.

Question 11

 The pattern of physiological reactions for each emotion is easily distinguishable by the person who is experiencing them.

Question 12

 People with damage to either the prefrontal cortex or the amygdala show difficulties processing emotional information.

Question 13

 The autonomic nervous system is divided into two parts; the ____ nervous system (which prepares the body for emergency action), and the ____ nervous system (which calms the body).

A) sympathetic; parasympathetic
B) parasympathetic; sympathetic
C) somatic; craniosacral
D) craniosacral; somatic

Question 14

 According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, we experience physiological changes first and then label these changes as an emotion.

Question 15

 The sympathetic nervous system is to ____ as the parasympathetic nervous system is to ____.

A) fight; flight
B) emergencies; relaxation
C) assertiveness; aggressiveness
D) striated muscles; smooth muscles

Question 16

 The more important contributions to emotions come from the effects of the autonomic nervous system, not muscle activity.

Question 17

 Prolonged high cortisol levels are associated with increased hippocampal damage.

Question 18

 Psychologists typically define emotion in terms of the following components: ____.

A) actions, cognitions, emotions, and heart rate changes
B) feelings, actions, emotions, and heart rate changes
C) cognitions, actions, emotions, and physiological changes
D) cognitions, feelings, actions, and physiological changes

Question 19

 Temporary increases in cortisol can enhance immune function.

Question 20

 Amygdala damage will result in the complete loss of the startle response.

Question 21

 In the revised James-Lange theory of emotion, what occurs first?

A) Cognitive appraisal
B) Actions
C) Physiological changes
D) Feeling

Question 22

 Which evidence is most detrimental to the James-Lange theory?

A) Patients with pure autonomic failure experience emotions.
B) Sometimes people have trouble reporting what they are feeling.
C) Changes in arousal are reported as changes in emotions.
D) Some people feel stronger emotions than others do.

Question 23

 Which of the following is characterized by extreme sympathetic nervous system arousal?

A) Locked-in syndrome
B) Pure autonomic failure
C) Panic attack
D) Prosopagnosia

Question 24

 Activity in the left hemisphere is associated with ____.

A) decreased emotional experiences
B) fear, but not other emotions
C) behavioral activation
D) behavioral inhibition

Question 25

 Findings from people with pure autonomic failure suggest that ____.

A) autonomic output is important for experiencing emotion
B) the James-Lange theory is incorrect
C) feelings are the same thing as emotions
D) lack of physiological feedback makes us happy

Question 26

 The group of forebrain structures that appear to be critical for emotion comprise the ____.

A) pyramidal system
B) sympathetic nervous system
C) parasympathetic nervous system
D) limbic system

Question 27

 Which system is most likely to be active when moderate physiological arousal occurs while approaching a member of the opposite sex?

A) Behavioral inhibition system
B) Behavioral activation system
C) Behavioral attenuation system
D) Behavioral attraction system

Question 28

 Which of the following is characterized by extreme physiological arousal?

A) Locked-in syndrome
B) Pure autonomic failure
C) Panic attack
D) Prosopagnosia

Question 29

 The limbic system consists of structures that are believed to be important for which kind of responses?

A) Reflexes
B) Fine motor control
C) Spatial orientation
D) Emotional

Question 30

 A search for the happiness center in the brain is unlikely to be successful because ____.

A) brain areas associated with particular emotions vary considerably
B) happiness is only an epiphenomenon
C) fear activates brain areas identical to those of happiness
D) no one has been able to define happiness

Question 31

 Kimiko has had spinal cord damage and has no movement or sensations from her injury down. Scientists have shown that individuals like Kimiko _____

A) would experience stronger than normal emotions
B) would experience weaker than normal emotions
C) would have an overactive amygdala
D) would still experience emotions as she did before her injury

Question 32

 Professor Demko is lecturing about the James-Lange theory. She tells her class that humans experience _____ first and then we experience ______.

A) autonomic arousal; emotions
B) emotions; autonomic arousal
C) emotions; actions
D) actions; autonomic arousal

Question 33

 The area that is activated by feeling disgusted is the same area of the brain responsible for ____.

A) sight
B) smell
C) taste
D) hearing

Question 34

 Leonore has pure autonomic failure. As such, she _____.

A) does not experience emotions
B) is paralyzed
C) is always fearful
D) does not experience much intensity of emotion

Question 35

 Increased activity of the frontal and temporal lobes of the right hemisphere is associated with the ____.

A) behavioral inhibition system
B) behavioral activation system
C) behavioral attenuation system
D) behavioral attraction system

Question 36

 The amygdala is part of the ____.

A) pyramidal system
B) sympathetic nervous system
C) parasympathetic nervous system
D) limbic system

Question 37

 The behavioral activation system is associated with ____.

A) low to moderate arousal, tendency to approach new objects, and pleasant mood
B) maximum arousal, increased fear, and negative mood
C) lack of arousal, decreased action, and pleasant mood
D) increased attention and arousal, decreased action, and fear or disgust

Question 38

 Peggie has suffered prefrontal cortex damage. Now, she _____.

A) often makes bad decisions
B) is more logical than usual in her reasoning
C) is excessively inhibited in her dealings with others
D) performs poorly on IQ tests

Question 39

 Dorie has had several BOTOX injections. Scientists would predict that shortly after her injections, Dorie _____.

A) would experience stronger than normal emotions
B) would experience weaker than normal emotions
C) would be especially sensitive to fear
D) would have an overactive amygdala

Question 40

 The behavioral inhibition system is associated with ____.

A) low to moderate arousal, tendency to approach new objects, and pleasant mood
B) maximum arousal, increased fear, and negative mood
C) lack of arousal, decreased action, and pleasant mood
D) increased attention and arousal, decreased action, and fear or disgust

Question 41

 Blood and urine levels of which chemicals are related to a history of violent suicide attempts?

A) High amount of serotonin turnover
B) Low amount of serotonin turnover
C) High levels of L-dopa
D) Low levels of L-dopa

Question 42

 Depression is linked to ____ serotonin and aggressive behavior is linked to ____ serotonin.

A) low; low
B) low; high
C) high; low
D) high; high

Question 43

 According to a number of animal studies, under which condition is the probability of violent behavior greatest?

A) Low acetylcholine turnover
B) High acetylcholine turnover
C) Low serotonin turnover
D) High serotonin turnover

Question 44

 A research study linked different genes for the enzyme MAOA to the probability of antisocial behavior. The effect of the gene varied from small to great, depending on what?

A) Whether the person lived in a large or small town
B) Whether the person lived alone or with others
C) Whether the person was maltreated during childhood
D) Whether the person's diet was high or low in fats and carbohydrates

Question 45

 Not all children who are abused become violently aggressive in adolescence or adulthood. Of the following, which has been demonstrated to influence violence by these people?

A) Genes regulating testosterone receptors
B) Genes regulating the suprachiasmatic nucleus
C) Genes regulating secretion of aldosterone
D) Genes regulating monoamine oxidase

Question 46

 Tanner has been convicted of violent crimes. Given what is known, what is most likely true about Tanner?

A) He was likely abused or witnessed abuse as a child.
B) His twin brother is not violent at all.
C) He has low levels of testosterone.
D) He has the high-activity genes for MAOA.

Question 47

 Some cats "play" with a mouse before killing it. How can this kind of behavior best be explained?

A) The cat's perverse pleasure in prolonging the mouse's pain
B) An instinctive need for additional pursuit behaviors prior to eating
C) A conflict between attack and escape behaviors
D) Regression to infantile patterns of activity in the hippocampus

Question 48

 Dr. Foraker works with mice in his laboratory. He has found that if he isolates male mice, he sees _____

A) an increase in aggressive behavior.
B) a decrease in aggressive behavior.
C) an increase in serotonin turnover.
D) an increase in dopamine turnover.

Question 49

 The term "serotonin turnover" refers to the amount of serotonin that is ____.

A) released at synapses and resynthesized
B) currently present in the brain
C) radioactively labeled
D) converted into another transmitter

Question 50

 When faced with moral dilemmas involving killing one person to save five others, ____.

A) people with the weakest autonomic arousal are the least likely to make the "logical" decision to kill one and save five others
B) people with the strongest autonomic arousal are the least likely to make the "logical" decision to kill one and save five others
C) people with the strongest somatic arousal are the least likely to make the "logical" decision to kill one and save five others
D) people with the weakest somatic arousal are the least likely to make the "logical" decision to kill one and save five others

Question 51

 Why do individuals with prefrontal cortex damage often make bad decisions?

A) They can't understand complexly worded questions.
B) They don't anticipate the unpleasantness of likely outcomes.
C) They conform readily to whatever other people are doing.
D) They can't predict the consequences of one decision or another.

Question 52

 Dr. Penland works with violent criminals. He has found that those individuals that ____ are more likely to be repeat offenders.

A) underwent surgical removal of the amygdala
B) ate diets low in corn
C) had lower than normal serotonin turnover
D) had higher than normal dopamine turnover

Question 53

 Directly stimulating the ____ of a hamster results in priming it to attack, even without the previous experience of fighting.

A) corticomedial amygdala
B) cortex
C) temporal lobe
D) occipital lobe

Question 54

 The concentration of 5-HIAA in the blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or urine provides an estimate of ____.

A) serotonin stores
B) serotonin turnover
C) dopamine stores
D) dopamine turnover

Question 55

 Dr. Olney works with mice in her lab. She has seen that the _____ mice are more aggressive likely because their ____ activity levels are lower.

A) older; serotonin
B) juvenile; serotonin
C) older; testosterone
D) juvenile; testosterone

Question 56

 If a hamster in its home territory attacks an intruder, what will the hamster do if a second intruder arrives shortly after the first intruder leaves?

A) Withdraw from the second intruder.
B) Play with the second intruder.
C) Attack the second intruder quickly and vigorously.
D) Attack the second intruder but less vigorously than the first.

Question 57

 A study administering testosterone to women found which of these effects?

A) Testosterone increased their violent dreams.
B) Testosterone increased the amount of time they looked at angry faces.
C) Testosterone caused them to report feeling angry for no apparent reason.
D) Testosterone made them want to play pool, drink beer, and spit.

Question 58

 Impulsive behavior and poor decisions are common symptoms of ____.

A) parietal damage
B) prefrontal damage
C) occipital damage
D) temporal damage

Question 59

 Professor Deshon tells his class that aggressive behavior in males has been shown to be linked to levels of _____.

A) testosterone
B) estradiol
C) dopamine
D) serotonin

Question 60

 Under what circumstances do the criminal behaviors of monozygotic twins resemble each other more than dizygotic twins?

A) When the monozygotic twins have been raised apart
B) When the dizygotic twins have been raised together
C) In adulthood
D) In childhood

Question 61

 Alberta has Urbach-Wiethe disease. As a result, she has damage to her ____ and cannot process ____.

A) amygdala; fear
B) amygdala; sadness
C) hippocampus; fear
D) hippocampus; sadness

Question 62

 Across studies involving amygdala damage, the general conclusion seems to be that the amygdala is important for ____.

A) focusing attention on emotional stimuli
B) only the expression of emotion
C) only the interpretation of emotion
D) the normal startle response

Question 63

 Which effect is likely to result from damage to the amygdala?

A) Lack of a startle response
B) A normal startle response, but an absence of learned fears
C) An enhanced startle response and an enhanced response to learned fears
D) A fear response to any novel stimulus

Question 64

 Startle responses are greater when a person is ____.

A) depressed
B) anxious
C) violent
D) aggressive

Question 65

 The parasite Toxoplasma gondii is able to reinfect cats when the cats ____.

A) come into close contact with other infected cats
B) are bitten by scared rats
C) eat fearless infected rats
D) are bitten by mosquitos carrying the parasite

Question 66

 Lanny has damage to his amygdala. He now has trouble with _____.

A) understanding spoken language
B) learned fears
C) regulating his body temperature
D) learning new tasks

Question 67

 To measure fear or anxiety in both humans and nonhumans, researchers measure variations in an individual's ____.

A) rate of eyelid blinking
B) attention to a flickering light
C) salivary reflex
D) startle reflex

Question 68

 After a loud noise, information travels from the medulla to the ____, and then to the neck muscles.

A) pons
B) caudate nucleus
C) cochlear nucleus
D) hypothalamus

Question 69

 Which of the following has been associated with an increased probability of suicide attempts?

A) High dopamine turnover
B) High GABA turnover
C) Low serotonin turnover
D) Low substance-P turnover

Question 70

 What area of the brain seems to be a key area for learned fears?

A) Occipital cortex
B) Somatosensory cortex
C) Corpus callosum
D) Amygdala

Question 71

 Many cells in the amygdala get input from sensory modalities, especially the ____ nuclei.

A) basolateral and central
B) lateral and medial
C) hypothalamic
D) brain stem

Question 72

 Who is most likely to have the strongest startle reflex?

A) Malia who is depressed
B) Daine who is happy
C) Jacinta who is sleepy
D) Trudie who has PTSD

Question 73

 The amygdala sends axons to the ____, which in turn sends axons to the pons to control the startle reflex.

A) midbrain
B) caudate nucleus
C) cingulate gyrus
D) pineal gland

Question 74

 Recognition of an angry expression is faster when the face is directed ____, and a fearful expression is faster if it is directed ____.

A) toward you; to the side
B) to the side; toward you
C) toward you; toward you
D) to the side; to the side

Question 75

 Adell is more likely to experience the startle reflex when she is _____.

A) feeling sad
B) watching horror movies
C) daydreaming
D) feeling happy

Question 76

 In people suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder, the startle response is ____.

A) generally absent
B) generally weaker than in other people
C) the same as in other people
D) generally stronger than in other people

Question 77

 According to one hypothesis, if serotonin is released during aggressive behavior, then individuals with low serotonin release are more aggressive because of ____.

A) increased depression
B) decreased serotonin synthesis
C) increased serotonin receptor sensitivity
D) decreased serotonin receptor sensitivity

Question 78

 If a treatment suddenly lowered your serotonin level ____.

A) you would experience depression
B) you would become violent
C) you would become both depressed and violent
D) we could not predict how and when your behavior would change

Question 79

 Charlene is participating in a research study where she is looking at pictures of emotional facial expressions. While looking, she would have increased activity in her _____.

A) frontal lobe
B) hippocampus
C) pons
D) amygdala

Question 80

 After damage to the amygdala, what happens to a rat's startle reflex?

A) The rat shows no startle reflex.
B) The rat's startle reflex does not vary from one situation to another.
C) The rat shows an exaggerated startle reflex.
D) The rat shows a startle reflex only when in the presence of danger signals.