Deck 1: Cellular Biology

Question 1

Most of a cell's genetic information,including RNA and DNA,is contained in the:

A) Mitochondria
B) Ribosome
C) Nucleolus
D) Lysosome

Answer 1

Nucleolus

Question 2

Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?

A) Cells can produce proteins.
B) Cells can secrete digestive enzymes.
C) Cells can take in and use nutrients.
D) Cells can synthesize fats.

Answer 2

Cells can take in and use nutrients.

Question 3

Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell injury?

A) Ribosome
B) Golgi complex
C) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D) Lysosomes

Answer 3

Lysosomes

Question 4

What is the sequence of steps in the development of a digestive enzyme by the pancreas cells from the initial transcription to the release from the cell?

A) The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a secretory vesicle to the cell membrane.
B) The enzyme is transcribed from RNA by DNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the lysosome for synthesis, and is transported in an encapsulated membrane to the cell membrane.
C) The enzyme is transcribed by the mitochondria in the nucleus, proceeds to the ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a cytoskeleton to the cell membrane.
D) The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the Golgi complex for synthesis, and is transported in a cytosol to the cell membrane.

Question 5

Which mode of chemical signaling uses local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up,destroyed,or immobilized?

A) Paracrine
B) Autocrine
C) Neurotransmitter
D) Hormone

Question 6

During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?

A) G1
B) S
C) G2
D) M

Question 7

Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)by using oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?

A) Lysosomes
B) Peroxisomes
C) Ribosomes
D) Oxyhydrosomes

Question 8

What is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates,proteins,and lipids is transferred to adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

A) Anaerobic glycolysis
B) Oxidative cellular metabolism
C) Oxidative phosphorylation
D) Tricarboxylic acid phosphorylation

Question 9

Which structure prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma membrane?

A) Carbohydrate chains
B) Glycoprotein channels
C) Membrane channel proteins
D) Lipid bilayer

Question 10

Which form of cell communication is used to communicate within the cell itself and with other cells in direct physical contact?

A) Protein channel (gap junction)
B) Plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (involving receptors)
C) Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters
D) Extracellular chemical messengers such as ligands

Question 11

Under anaerobic conditions,what process provides energy for the cell?

A) Oxidative phosphorylation
B) Glycolysis
C) Lactolysis
D) Passive transport

Question 12

Passive transport is best described with which statement?

A) Being driven by osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion
B) Involving receptors that can bind with substances being transported
C) Being capable of transporting macromolecules
D) Requiring energy generated by the cell

Question 13

Neurotransmitters affect the postsynaptic membrane by binding to:

A) Lipids
B) Ribosomes
C) Amphipathic lipids
D) Receptors

Question 14

What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as receptors,transport channels for electrolytes,and enzymes to drive active pumps?

A) Lipids
B) Proteases
C) Proteins
D) Carbohydrates

Question 15

Active transport occurs across which type of membranes?

A) Membranes that have a higher concentration of the solute on the outside of the cell
B) Membranes that are semipermeable to water and small electrically uncharged molecules
C) Membranes that have receptors that are capable of binding with the substances to be transported
D) Membranes that have a cell membrane that is hydrophobic rather than hydrophilic

Question 16

When a second message is necessary for extracellular communication to be activated,it is provided by which one?

A) Guanosine triphosphate (GTP)
B) Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
C) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
D) Guanosine diphosphate (GDP)

Question 17

Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades,such as caspase-mediated apoptosis and complement cascades,may be useful in designing drug therapy for which human diseases?

A) Cardiac and vascular disorders
B) Autoimmune and malignant disorders
C) Gastrointestinal and renal disorders
D) Endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders

Question 18

Which mode of chemical signaling uses blood to transport communication to cells some distance away?

A) Paracrine
B) Autocrine
C) Neurotransmitter
D) Hormonal

Question 19

The fluid mosaic model explains:

A) How a cell membrane functions
B) Why our bodies appear to be solid
C) How tissue is differentiated
D) How fluid moves between the intracellular and extracellular compartments

Question 20

How do cells receive communication from the extracellular fluid surrounding them?

A) Protein channel (gap junction)
B) Plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (involving receptors)
C) Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters
D) Chemical messengers such as ligands

Question 21

The role of cytokines in cell reproduction is that they:

A) Provide growth factor for tissue growth and development.
B) Block progress of cell reproduction through the cell cycle.
C) Restrain cell growth and development.
D) Provide nutrients for cell growth and development.

Question 22

A muscle cell possesses which specialized function?

A) Movement
B) Conductivity
C) Secretion
D) Respiration

Question 23

Why is osmolality preferred over osmolarity as the measurement of osmotic activity in the clinical assessment of individuals?

A) Plasma contains sodium and chloride, which influence the volume of solution.
B) Volume affects perfusion more than the weight of solutes.
C) More of the weight of plasma is influenced by solutes, such as protein and glucose, rather than by water.
D) Osmotic activity depends on the concentration of solutes present in plasma, such as proteins and glucose.

Question 24

What occurs during exocytosis?

A) Macromolecules can be secreted across eukaryotic cell membranes.
B) All substances are secreted into the cellular matrix.
C) No repairs in the plasma membrane can take place.
D) Solute molecules flow freely into and out of the cell.

Question 25

Which cells lose their ability to replicate and divide? (Select all that apply.)

A) Intestines
B) Nerves
C) Skin
D) Lens of the eye
E) Skeletal muscle

Question 26

Potassium and sodium are transported across plasma membranes by:

A) Passive electrolyte channels
B) Coupled channels
C) Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) enzyme
D) Diffusion

Question 27

What are the major chemical components of the cell membranes? (Select all that apply.)

A) Lipids
B) Sodium ions
C) Carbohydrates
D) DNA
E) Proteins

Question 28

When a mucous gland cell creates a new substance from previously absorbed material,this process is known as which specialized cellular function?

A) Excretion
B) Metabolic absorption
C) Reproduction
D) Secretion

Question 29

Which method of transport uses transmembrane proteins with receptors with a high degree of specificity for the substance being transported?

A) Active
B) Mediated
C) Transmembranous
D) Passive

Question 30

The transport of glucose from the blood to the cell is accomplished by which process?

A) Active-mediated transport (active transport)
B) Active diffusion
C) Passive osmosis
D) Passive-mediated transport (facilitated diffusion)

Question 31

The cellular uptake of the nutrient cholesterol depends on which process?

A) Receptor-mediated exocytosis
B) Antiport system
C) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
D) Passive transport

Question 32

The action of platelet-derived growth factor is to stimulate the production of which cells?

A) Platelets
B) Epidermal cells
C) Connective tissue cells
D) Fibroblast cells

Question 33

Which statement is true about eukaryotic cells?

A) They lack distinct nucleus.
B) They contain compartments called organelles.
C) They lack an encasing nuclear membrane.
D) They are smaller than the typical prokaryote cell.

Question 34

All cells are capable of what process?

A) Excretion
B) Movement
C) Metabolic absorption
D) Continuous division

Question 35

A patient who has diarrhea receives a 3% saline solution intravenously to replace the sodium and chloride lost in the stool.What effect will this fluid replacement have on cells?

A) Become hydrated
B) Swell or burst
C) Shrink
D) Divide

Question 36

What is the process of cellular reproduction?

A) The process often takes months or years to complete.
B) Cellular reproduction typically has a short interphase.
C) Two diploid cells, called daughter cells, have been formed.
D) The process involves the interaction of male and female cells.

Question 37

What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to initiate an action potential?

A) Potassium gates open, and potassium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive.
B) Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive.
C) Sodium gates close, allowing potassium into the cell to change the membrane potential from positive to negative.
D) Potassium gates close, allowing sodium into the cell to change the membrane potential from positive to negative.

Question 38

Why is it possible for potassium to diffuse easily into and out of cells?

A) Potassium has a greater concentration in the intracellular fluid (ICF).
B) Sodium has a greater concentration in the extracellular fluid (ECF).
C) The resting plasma membrane is more permeable to potassium.
D) An excess of anions are inside the cell.

Question 39

The movement of fluid across the arterial end of capillary membranes into the interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary is an example of which fluid movement process?

A) Hydrostatic pressure
B) Osmosis
C) Diffusion
D) Active transport

Question 40

Which statement is true about phagocytosis?

A) Phagocytosis is an example of exocytosis.
B) Phagocytosis is dependent on small vesicles.
C) Phagocytosis involves the ingestion of bacteria.
D) Phagocytosis focuses on solute molecules.

Question 41

Match the structure with its function.Answers may be used more than once.
Provides energy to digest proteins into amino acids.

A)Endoplasmic reticulum
B)Ribosome
C)Secretory vesicle
D)Lysosomes

Question 42

Match the structure with its function.Answers may be used more than once.
Fuses with the plasma membrane to release contents from the cell.

A)Endoplasmic reticulum
B)Ribosome
C)Secretory vesicle
D)Lysosomes

Question 43

Match the structure with its function.Answers may be used more than once.
Packages and transports proteins.

A)Endoplasmic reticulum
B)Ribosome
C)Secretory vesicle
D)Lysosomes

Question 44

Match the structure with its function.Answers may be used more than once.
Facilitated diffusion

A)Passive-mediated transport
B)Active-mediated transport
C)Osmosis

Question 45

What is the primary function of proteins? (Select all that apply.)

A) Proteins are binding units.
B) Proteins are transport channels.
C) Proteins are ribonucleoproteins.
D) Proteins provide cell surface markers.
E) Proteins are chemical reaction catalysts.

Question 46

Which statements are true concerning the process of facilitated diffusion? (Select all that apply).

A) Facilitated diffusion is also referred to as passive mediated transport.
B) This process expends no metabolic energy.
C) Moving solute molecules through cellular membranes are involved in this process.
D) Movement up a concentration gradient is necessary.
E) Facilitated diffusion is the primary means for water transport.

Question 47

Match the structure with its function.Answers may be used more than once.
Synthesizes and transports lipids.

A)Endoplasmic reticulum
B)Ribosome
C)Secretory vesicle
D)Lysosomes

Question 48

Passive transport is dependent on: (Select all that apply.)

A) Semipermeable barrier membrane
B) The process of osmosis
C) Diffusion as a driving force
D) A living host
E) Hydrostatic pressure

Question 49

Match the structure with its function.Answers may be used more than once.
Movement of water

A)Passive-mediated transport
B)Active-mediated transport
C)Osmosis

Question 50

Match the structure with its function.Answers may be used more than once.
Protein carrier

A)Passive-mediated transport
B)Active-mediated transport
C)Osmosis