Deck 5: Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases

Question 1

Regarding type 2 diabetes,obesity is considered to be what type of risk?

A) Genetic
B) Empirical
C) Relative
D) Modifiable

Answer 1

Modifiable

Question 2

The number of persons living with a specific disease at a specific point in time is referred to by which term?

A) Relativity
B) Survivability
C) Prevalence
D) Incidence

Answer 2

Prevalence

Question 3

The ratio of the disease among the exposed population to the disease rate in an unexposed population is referred to as what type of risk?

A) Attributable
B) Contingency
C) Causal
D) Relative

Answer 3

Relative

Question 4

A major characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus is that there is:

A) Partial insulin secretion
B) An autoimmune cause factor
C) Insulin resistance
D) Obesity as a common risk factor

Question 5

Which dietary lifestyle choice has been associated with a decreased risk for developing colon cancer?

A) Increased consumption of dairy produces
B) Increased consumption of foods containing vitamin C
C) Decreased consumption of foods high in fat
D) Decreased consumption of artificial food coloring

Question 6

Adoption studies have shown that the offspring of an alcoholic parent when raised by nonalcoholic parents have what amount of an increased risk of developing alcoholism?

A) Twofold
B) Threefold
C) Fourfold
D) Tenfold

Question 7

When a woman has one first-degree relative with breast cancer,her risk of developing breast cancer is how many times greater?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 6
D) 10

Question 8

Which risk factor for hypertension is influenced by genetic factors and lifestyle?

A) Sodium intake
B) Physical inactivity
C) Psychosocial stress
D) Obesity

Question 9

What is the cause of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)?

A) Diet high in saturated fats
B) Increased production of cholesterol by the liver
C) Reduction in the number of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors on cell surfaces
D) Abnormal function of lipoprotein receptors circulating in the blood

Question 10

Obesity acts as an important risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus by:

A) Reducing the amount of insulin the pancreas produces
B) Increasing the resistance to insulin by cells
C) Obstructing the outflow of insulin from the pancreas
D) Stimulating the liver to increase glucose production

Question 11

What percentage of all cases of breast cancer are identified as an autosomal dominant form?

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20

Question 12

Which type of cancer is said to aggregate among families?

A) Breast
B) Lung
C) Skin
D) Brain

Question 13

Traits caused by the combined effects of multiple genes are referred to by which term?

A) Polygenic
B) Multifocal
C) Modifiable
D) Involuntary

Question 14

The two most important risk factors for type 2 diabetes are:

A) Autoantibodies and human leukocyte antigen associations
B) Autoantibodies and obesity
C) Obesity and positive family history
D) HLA associations and positive family history

Question 15

Empirical risks for most multifactorial diseases are based on:

A) Chromosomal testing
B) Direct observation
C) Liability thresholds
D) Relative risks

Question 16

Studies have identified several genes that play a role in the prevention of obesity by affecting what?

A) Regulation of appetite
B) Metabolizing of fat
C) Absorption of fat
D) Altering the sense of satiety

Question 17

The BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations increase the risk of which cancer in women?

A) Ovarian
B) Lung
C) Uterine
D) Pancreatic

Question 18

Which disease form is identified on the basis of empirical risk observation?

A) Polygenic
B) Multifactorial
C) Monozygotic
D) Genetic

Question 19

Blood pressure variations are associated with:

A) ß1-adrenergic receptors to increase heart rate
B) The release of an antidiuretic hormone (ADH) that increases water reabsorption
C) The renin-angiotensin system's effect on vasoconstriction
D) Serum bradykinin, causing vasodilation

Question 20

The data reporting that sickle cell disease affects approximately 1 in 600 American blacks is an example of which concept?

A) Incidence
B) Prevalence
C) Ratio
D) Risk

Question 21

What factors are typically considered when assessing an individual's risk for developing such common diseases as hypertension? (Select all that apply.)

A) Age
B) Diet
C) Exercise habits
D) Family history
E) Spiritual beliefs

Question 22

Match the terms with the corresponding descriptions.
Modifiable risk factor for many diseases

A)Incidence rate effect of multiple genes
B)Gene-environment interaction
C)Prevalence rate at which some diseases occur
D)Obesity
E)Polygenic
F)Empirical risk
G)Relative risk

Question 23

Match the terms with the corresponding descriptions.
Risks based on direct observation of data

A)Incidence rate effect of multiple genes
B)Gene-environment interaction
C)Prevalence rate at which some diseases occur
D)Obesity
E)Polygenic
F)Empirical risk
G)Relative risk

Question 24

It is currently believed that the risk for developing Alzheimer disease:

A) Is not directly related to genetic predisposition.
B) Is higher among men than it is among women.
C) Occurs less among Hispanics than in Asians.
D) Doubles among those with an affected first-degree relative.

Question 25

Examples of multifactorial diseases associated with adults include: (Select all that apply.)

A) Breast cancer
B) Coronary heart disease
C) Emphysema
D) Diabetes mellitus
E) Schizophrenia

Question 26

Match the terms with the corresponding descriptions.
Measure of the effect of a specific risk factor

A)Incidence rate effect of multiple genes
B)Gene-environment interaction
C)Prevalence rate at which some diseases occur
D)Obesity
E)Polygenic
F)Empirical risk
G)Relative risk

Question 27

The number of new cases of a disease reported during a specific period divided by the number of individuals in the population is defined as which characteristic of a disease?

A) Prevalence rate
B) Incidence rate
C) Relative risk
D) Frequency

Question 28

Which genes are responsible for an autosomal dominant form of breast cancer? (Select all that apply.)

A) LCAT
B) CHK1
C) CHK2
D) BRCA1
E) BRCA2

Question 29

Match the terms with the corresponding descriptions.
Yields an increased risk for some diseases

A)Incidence rate effect of multiple genes
B)Gene-environment interaction
C)Prevalence rate at which some diseases occur
D)Obesity
E)Polygenic
F)Empirical risk
G)Relative risk

Question 30

Match the terms with the corresponding descriptions.
Number of new cases (persons)detected with the disease

A)Incidence rate effect of multiple genes
B)Gene-environment interaction
C)Prevalence rate at which some diseases occur
D)Obesity
E)Polygenic
F)Empirical risk
G)Relative risk

Question 31

Match the terms with the corresponding descriptions.
Traits caused by the combined effects of multiple genes

A)Incidence rate effect of multiple genes
B)Gene-environment interaction
C)Prevalence rate at which some diseases occur
D)Obesity
E)Polygenic
F)Empirical risk
G)Relative risk

Question 32

Match the terms with the corresponding descriptions.
Number of persons living with the disease

A)Incidence rate effect of multiple genes
B)Gene-environment interaction
C)Prevalence rate at which some diseases occur
D)Obesity
E)Polygenic
F)Empirical risk
G)Relative risk

Question 33

Cancers that cluster strongly in families include: (Select all that apply.)

A) Breast
B) Colon
C) Ovarian
D) Lung
E) Brain

Question 34

Lifestyle modifications that affect health-related risk factors include: (Select all that apply.)

A) Diet
B) Exercise
C) Education
D) Finances
E) Stress reduction