Deck 2: The Chemical Level of Organization

Question 1

Which term is defined as the capacity to do work?

A)metabolism
B)electrolytes
C)chemical reaction
D)concentration
E)energy

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Describe the law of conservation of energy.

Answer 2

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it may be converted from one form to another form.
Question

Question 3

The number of protons in an atom is represented by an element's

A)mass number.
B)atomic number.
C)atomic mass.
D)valence number.
E)None of these choices.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which relatively weak type of bond helps stabilize the three dimensional structure of large molecules like proteins and DNA?

A)nonpolar covalent
B)polar covalent
C)hydrogen
D)ionic
E)atomic

Question 5

The chemical bonds formed between the atoms in a water molecule are called

A)nonpolar covalent bonds.
B)polar covalent bonds.
C)hydrogen bonds.
D)ionic bonds.
E)atomic bonds.

Question 6

This refers to a weighted average of the atomic weights of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element.

A)mass number
B)atomic number
C)atomic mass
D)ionic mass
E)covalent mass

Question 7

A chemical that can conduct electrical current when dissolved in water is called a(n)

A)isotope.
B)isomer.
C)compound.
D)electrolyte
E)valence molecule.

Question 8

Briefly describe the octet rule.

Question 9

Which of the following subatomic particles has a neutral charge?

A)neutron
B)electron
C)proton
D)Both neutron and electron.
E)All of these choices.

Question 10

What is the name given to a negatively charged atom?

A)superoxide
B)isotope
C)catalyst
D)anion
E)cation

Question 11

A chemical reaction involves interactions between the _____ of two different atoms.

A)neutrons
B)protons
C)isotopes
D)valence electrons
E)ions

Question 12

Which type of chemical reaction will absorb more energy than it releases?

A)exergonic
B)endergonic
C)potential
D)kinetic
E)activation

Question 13

Which type of chemical bond involves the sharing of valence electrons between two atoms?

A)covalent
B)ionic
C)hydrogen
D)atomic
E)electronic

Question 14

Which of the following subatomic particles are shared by two atoms to form covalent bonds?
1)neutron
2)electron
3)proton

A)1 only
B)2 only
C)3 only
D)2 & 3 only
E)1,2 & 3

Question 15

The nucleus of unstable _____ of an element will decay leading to emission of radiation.

A)compounds
B)cations
C)anions
D)isotopes
E)molecules

Question 16

The three types of subatomic particles that are important for understanding chemical reactions in the human body are

A)neutrons,quarks,and muons.
B)protons,neutrons,and electrons.
C)muons,positons,and neutrons.
D)electrons,quarks,and protons.
E)positons,protons,and neutrons.

Question 17

Describe a hydrogen bond.

Question 18

What region of an atom contains the protons and neutrons?

A)cloud
B)nucleus
C)element
D)ring
E)shell

Question 19

An enzyme acts to

A)raise the activation energy needed to start the reaction.
B)lower the activation energy needed to start the reaction.
C)convert the activation energy into potential energy.
D)convert the activation energy into kinetic energy.
E)stop a chemical reaction.

Question 20

What are the four major elements found in the chemicals that comprise the human body?

A)nitrogen,oxygen,calcium,sodium
B)hydrogen,carbon,phosphorus,calcium
C)carbon,hydrogen,oxygen and nitrogen
D)oxygen,nitrogen,potassium,calcium
E)potassium,phosphorus,sodium,hydrogen

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT true about phospholipids?

A)They contain a glycerol backbone.
B)The head group is polar.
C)The molecule is an important part of cell membranes.
D)The tail groups are nonpolar.
E)They are a major form of energy storage.

Question 22

List three factors that increase the rate of chemical reactions.

Question 23

List the six major functions of proteins.

Question 24

What is the most abundant and most important inorganic compound in the body?

A)water
B)oxygen gas
C)carbon dioxide
D)glucose
E)DNA

Question 25

Which type of chemical reaction combines reactants to produce larger products?

A)synthesis
B)decomposition
C)potential
D)exchange
E)activated

Question 26

Describe the structural characteristics of an amino acid.

Question 27

Which type of chemical reaction breaks larger reactants into smaller products?

A)synthesis
B)decomposition
C)potential
D)exchange
E)activated

Question 28

Specific arrangements of atoms within an organic molecule that confer characteristic chemical properties upon that molecule are called

A)hydrocarbon chains.
B)polymers.
C)carbon skeleton.
D)functional groups.
E)isomers.

Question 29

Which of the following is a monosaccharide that is used by cells to produce energy?

A)glucose
B)sucrose
C)lactose
D)glycogen
E)maltose

Question 30

Which of the following is a proton donor?

A)acid
B)base
C)salt
D)organic compound
E)colloid

Question 31

This type of lipid is the body's primary long-term energy storage molecule.

A)steroid
B)phospholipid
C)cholesterol
D)triglyceride
E)lipoprotein

Question 32

The primary structure of a protein consists of

A)alpha helices.
B)beta-pleated sheets.
C)three dimensional folded conformation.
D)a sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
E)the overall folded conformation of the protein's subunits.

Question 33

This lipid is used by the body as a precursor for the production of steroid hormones.

A)arachidonic acid
B)phospholipid
C)cholesterol
D)triglyceride
E)lipoprotein

Question 34

Which of the following is a polysaccharide that serves as a storage form of energy in muscle and liver cells?

A)cellulose
B)ribose
C)lipids
D)glucose
E)glycogen

Question 35

Describe the functions of water in the body.

Question 36

In the body fluid compartments found in the human body,the solvent is

A)glucose.
B)lipids.
C)carbon dioxide.
D)water.
E)electrolyte.

Question 37

A solution with a pH value less than 7 is

A)basic.
B)neutral.
C)acidic.
D)alkaline.
E)concentrated.

Question 38

A solute that readily dissolves in water is

A)hydrophobic.
B)hydrostatic.
C)lipophilic.
D)hydrophilic.
E)hydrozone.

Question 39

This type of fatty acid contains more than one double bond in its hydrocarbon chain.

A)saturated
B)monounsaturated
C)polyunsaturated
D)volatile
E)short chain

Question 40

A chemical compound that helps control the pH of a solution by adding or removing hydrogen ions is a(n)

A)electrolyte.
B)salt.
C)cation.
D)colloid.
E)buffer.

Question 41

Which of the following describes the major function of ATP in cells?

A)building block for the synthesis of proteins.
B)transfers energy for cell functions
C)transfers information for protein synthesis
D)stores information for protein synthesis
E)transports fluids

Question 42

Which of the following describes the major significance of the element chlorine in the human body?

A)ionized form makes body fluids acidic
B)ionized form is most plentiful anion in extracellular fluid
C)forms backbone of all organic molecules
D)required for bone and tooth structure
E)ionized form is most plentiful cation in extracellular fluid

Question 43

Which of the following substances has a pH closest to 7.0?

A)lye
B)vaginal fluid
C)gastric juice
D)cerebrospinal fluid
E)milk of magnesia

Question 44

What type of molecule is shown in the diagram? Where in a eukaryotic cell would this type of molecule be commonly found? What special chemical properties does this molecule possess that allows it to accomplish its functions?

Question 45

Which of the following describes the major significance of the element carbon in the human body?

A)ionized form makes body fluids acidic
B)constituent of water
C)forms backbone of all organic molecules
D)required to harden the structure of bones and teeth
E)ionized form is the part of hemoglobin that carries oxygen

Question 46

What is the difference between atomic mass,mass number and atomic number?

Question 47

In the diagram which particles are negatively charged?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)All of these choices.
E)None of these choices.

Question 48

Describe what is happening at places 1,2 and 3 in the diagram.

Question 49

In the diagram,removal of one or more of this type of subatomic particle would result in the formation of a cation?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)All of these choices.
E)None of these choices.

Question 50

In the diagram,what pH value represents an acidic solution?

A)12
B)10
C)8
D)6
E)None of these choices.

Question 51

Which of the following can lower the amount of free radicals in the body?

A)x-rays
B)ultraviolet radiation
C)oxygen
D)carbon tetrachloride
E)antioxidants

Question 52

Which of the following carbohydrates is a disaccharide?

A)ribose
B)lactose
C)galactose
D)glycogen
E)cellulose

Question 53

In the diagram,what would happen to the concentration of C if the concentration of A increases?

A)increases
B)decreases
C)no change

Question 54

Which of the following is the major function of DNA?

A)catalyzes metabolic reactions
B)storage of energy
C)transfer information for protein synthesis
D)long-term storage of information for protein synthesis
E)transport of electrolytes

Question 55

Which of the labeled structures are found in DNA but not RNA?
1 A
2 B
3 C
4 E

A)1 only
B)2 only
C)3 only
D)4 only
E)1 and 4

Question 56

Which of the following describes the major significance of the element nitrogen in the human body?

A)ionized form makes body fluids acidic
B)ionized form is most plentiful anion in extracellular fluid
C)ionized form is needed for action of many enzymes
D)is a component of all proteins and nucleic acids
E)ionized form is most plentiful cation in extracellular fluid

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT a property of enzymes?

A)Enzymes are catalytic proteins.
B)Enzymes are highly specific.
C)Enzymes are efficient.
D)Enzymes are subject to a variety of cellular controls.
E)Enzymes are irreversibly changed by the reactions that they catalyze.

Question 58

Describe what happens to a protein's structure and function when it is denatured.

Question 59

Which monomer is used to build RNA and DNA?

A)fatty acid
B)amino acid
C)monosaccharide
D)glycerol
E)nucleotide

Question 60

Which of the following is a common function of RNA?

A)produce electrical impulses
B)storage of energy
C)transfer information for protein synthesis
D)long-term storage of information for protein synthesis
E)transport of fluids

Question 61

The energy stored in the bonds of the molecules in the foods that humans eat is
1)a form of kinetic energy.
2)a form of potential energy.
3)referred to as chemical energy.

A)1 only
B)2 only
C)3 only
D)2 and 3
E)All of these choices

Question 62

This type of protein protects against pathogens.

A)contractile
B)immunological
C)regulatory
D)catalytic
E)transport

Question 63

AB + CD → AD + BC is a general example of a(n)_____ reaction.

A)decomposition
B)synthesis
C)exchange
D)reversible
E)catalyzed

Question 64

An atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell is called a(n)

A)compound.
B)free radical.
C)ion.
D)molecule.

Question 65

Which of the following carbohydrates is a polysaccharide?

A)ribose
B)lactose
C)glycogen
D)maltose
E)galactose

Question 66

All of the following are characteristics of anabolism EXCEPT:

A)It involves synthesizing new biomolecules.
B)It primarily involves endergonic reactions.
C)It releases large amounts of energy.
D)An example of anabolism is linking amino acids together to form proteins.
E)An example is the formation of two ammonia molecules from one nitrogen molecule and three hydrogen molecules.

Question 67

The initial energy "investment" needed to start a chemical reaction in a cell is called the

A)energy of products.
B)energy of reactants.
C)potential energy.
D)Gibb's free energy.
E)activation energy.

Question 68

This type of lipid is used by the body for insulation.

A)phospholipids
B)triglycerides
C)bile salts
D)sex hormones
E)carotenes

Question 69

This type of protein is involved with shortening of muscle cells to produce movement.

A)contractile
B)structural
C)regulatory
D)catalytic
E)transport

Question 70

Surface tension of an aqueous solution is generated by the presence of _____ between water molecules.

A)covalent bonds
B)ionic bonds
C)hydrogen bonds
D)ester links
E)None of these choices.

Question 71

Which of the following is a general term used to refer to the sum of all the chemical reactions occurring in the body?

A)anabolism
B)catabolism
C)metabolism
D)catalysis
E)homeostasis

Question 72

Why is the human digestive system unable to digest cellulose?

Question 73

In a polar covalent bond,the atom that has the most electronegativity will have a

A)full negative charge (-1).
B)full positive charge (+1).
C)partial negative charge.
D)partial positive charge.
E)neutral charge.

Question 74

Define mixture and then distinguish between the three types of mixtures called solutions,colloids and suspensions.

Question 75

A triple covalent bond is formed between atoms sharing _____ valence electrons.

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)six
E)eight