Deck 12: Cancer Biology

Question 1

The function of the tumor cell marker is to:

A) Provide a definitive diagnosis of cancer.
B) Treat certain types of cancer.
C) Predict where cancers will develop.
D) Screen individuals at high risk for cancer.

Answer 1

Screen individuals at high risk for cancer.

Question 2

Oncogenes are genes that are capable of:

A) Undergoing mutation that directs the synthesis of proteins to accelerate the rate of tissue proliferation
B) Directing synthesis of proteins to regulate growth and to provide necessary replacement of tissue
C) Encoding proteins that negatively regulate the synthesis of proteins to slow or halt the replacement of tissue
D) Undergoing mutation that directs malignant tissue toward blood vessels and lymph nodes for metastasis

Answer 2

Undergoing mutation that directs the synthesis of proteins to accelerate the rate of tissue proliferation

Question 3

Carcinoma in situ is characterized by which changes?

A) Cells have broken through the local basement membrane.
B) Cells have invaded immediate surrounding tissue.
C) Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells.
D) Cellular and tissue alterations indicate dysplasia.

Answer 3

Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells.

Question 4

Autocrine stimulation is the ability of cancer cells to:

A) Stimulate angiogenesis to create their own blood supply.
B) Encourage secretions that turn off normal growth inhibitors.
C) Secrete growth factors that stimulate their own growth.
D) Divert nutrients away from normal tissue for their own use.

Question 5

Which statement supports the hypothesis that intestinal polyps are benign neoplasms and the first stage in the development of colon cancer?

A) Cancer cells accumulate slower than noncancer cells.
B) An accumulation of mutations in specific genes is required for the development of cancer.
C) Tumor invasion and metastasis progress more slowly in the gastrointestinal tract.
D) Apoptosis is triggered by diverse stimuli, including excessive growth.

Question 6

Carcinoma refers to abnormal cell proliferation originating from which tissue origin?

A) Blood vessels
B) Epithelial cells
C) Connective tissue
D) Glandular tissue

Question 7

How do cancer cells use the enzyme telomerase?

A) To repair the telomeres to restore somatic cell growth
B) As an intracellular signaling chemical to stimulate cell division
C) To switch off the telomerase to enable cells to divide indefinitely
D) To switch on the telomerase to enable cells to divide indefinitely

Question 8

What are tumor cell markers?

A) Hormones, enzymes, antigens, and antibodies that are produced by cancer cells
B) Receptor sites on tumor cells that can be identified and marked
C) Cytokines that are produced against cancer cells
D) Identification marks that are used in administering radiation therapy

Question 9

Which terms represent the correct nomenclature for benign and malignant tumors of adipose tissue,respectively?

A) Liposarcoma, lipoma
B) Lipoma, liposarcoma
C) Adisarcoma, adipoma
D) Adipoma, adisarcoma

Question 10

What are characteristics of benign tumors?

A) Benign tumors invade local tissues.
B) Benign tumors spread through the lymph nodes.
C) Benign tumors cause systemic symptoms.
D) Benign tumors include the suffix -oma.

Question 11

Which term is used to describe a muscle cell showing a reduced ability to form new muscle while appearing highly disorganized?

A) Dysplasia
B) Hyperplasia
C) Myoplasia
D) Anaplasia

Question 12

Apoptosis is a(an):

A) Normal mechanism for cells to self-destruct when growth is excessive
B) Antigrowth signal activated by the tumor-suppressor gene Rb
C) Mutation of cell growth stimulated by the TP53 gene
D) Transformation of cells from dysplasia to anaplasia

Question 13

What is the major virus involved in the development of cervical cancer?

A) Herpes simplex virus type 6
B) Herpes simplex virus type 2
C) Human papillomavirus
D) Human immunodeficiency virus

Question 14

Two "hits" are required to inactivate tumor-suppressor genes because:

A) Each allele must be altered, and each person has two copies, or alleles, of each gene, one from each parent.
B) The first hit stops tissue growth, and the second hit is needed to cause abnormal tissue growth.
C) Tumor-suppressor genes are larger than proto-oncogenes, requiring two hits to effect carcinogenesis.
D) The first hit is insufficient to cause enough damage to cause a mutation.

Question 15

What aberrant change causes the abnormal growth in retinoblastoma?

A) Proto-oncogenes are changed to oncogenes.
B) The tumor-suppressor gene is turned off.
C) Genetic amplification causes the growth.
D) Chromosomes 9 and 21 are fused.

Question 16

In childhood neuroblastoma,the N-myc oncogene undergoes which type of mutation of normal gene to oncogene?

A) Point mutation
B) Chromosome fusion
C) Gene amplification
D) Chromosome translocation

Question 17

Which cancer originates from connective tissue?

A) Osteogenic sarcoma
B) Basal cell carcinoma
C) Multiple myeloma
D) Adenocarcinoma

Question 18

Many cancers create a mutation of ras.ras is a(an):

A) Tumor-suppressor gene
B) Growth-promoting gene
C) Intracellular-signaling protein that regulates cell growth
D) Cell surface receptor that allows signaling to the nucleus concerning cell growth

Question 19

Burkitt lymphomas designate a chromosome that has a piece of chromosome 8 fused to a piece of chromosome 14.This is an example of which mutation of normal genes to oncogenes?

A) Point mutation
B) Chromosome translocation
C) Gene amplification
D) Chromosome fusion

Question 20

The ras gene converts from a proto-oncogene to an oncogene by:

A) Designating a chromosome that has a piece of one chromosome fused to a piece of another chromosome
B) Duplicating a small piece of a chromosome, repeatedly making numerous copies
C) Altering one or more nucleotide base pairs
D) Promoting proliferation of growth signals by impairing tumor-suppressor genes

Question 21

Inherited mutations that predispose to cancer are almost invariably what kind of gene?

A) Proto-oncogenes
B) Oncogenes
C) Tumor-suppressor genes
D) Growth-promoting genes

Question 22

What is the skin-related health risk induced by some types of chemotherapy?

A) Infection
B) Ultraviolet damage
C) Pain
D) Erythema

Question 23

Which statement concerning benign tumors is true?

A) The resulting pain is severe.
B) Benign tumors are not encapsulated.
C) Benign tumors are fast growing.
D) The cells are well-differentiated.

Question 24

By what process do cancer cells multiply in the absence of external growth signals?

A) Proto-oncogene
B) Autocrine stimulation
C) Reliance on caretaker genes
D) Pleomorphology

Question 25

What is the consequence for cells when the functioning TP53 gene is lost as a result of mutation?

A) Cells undergo apoptosis.
B) Cells escape apoptosis.
C) Cells receive less oxygen.
D) Cells adhere more readily.

Question 26

In a normal,nonmutant state,an oncogene is referred to as a:

A) Basal cell
B) Target cell
C) Caretaker gene
D) Proto-oncogene

Question 27

Which statement is true regarding pleomorphic cells?

A) Pleomorphic cells are similar in size.
B) They share a common shape.
C) They are a result of anaplasia.
D) Pleomorphic cells differentiate uniformly.

Question 28

Chronic inflammation causes cancer by:

A) Increasing vasodilation and permeability that alter cellular response to DNA damage
B) Liberating lysosomal enzymes when cells are damaged that initiates mutations
C) Releasing compounds such as reactive oxygen species that promote mutations
D) Increasing the abundance of leukotrienes that are associated with some cancers

Question 29

The survival rate for stage IV Hodgkin disease can be as high as:

A) 99%
B) 70%
C) 40%
D) 20%

Question 30

Which gastrointestinal tract condition can be an outcome of both chemotherapy and radiation therapy?

A) Increased cell turnover
B) Constipation
C) Stomatitis
D) Bloody stool

Question 31

Which cancer may be treated with radiation delivered by brachytherapy?

A) Lung
B) Colon
C) Cervical
D) Brain

Question 32

It has been determined that a tumor is in stage 2.What is the meaning of this finding?

A) Cancer is confined to the organ of origin.
B) Cancer has spread to regional structures.
C) Cancer is locally invasive.
D) Cancer has spread to distant sites

Question 33

Which statement is true regarding pain and cancer?

A) Pain is primarily a result of pressure caused by the tumor.
B) Pain indicates the metastasis of a cancer.
C) Pain is usually the initial symptom of cancer.
D) Pain is generally associated with late-stage cancer.

Question 34

What is the role of caretaker genes?

A) Maintenance of genomic integrity
B) Proliferation of cancer cells
C) Secretion of growth factors
D) Restoration of normal tissue structure

Question 35

The Papanicolaou (Pap)test is used to screen for which cancer?

A) Ovarian
B) Uterine
C) Cervical
D) Vaginal

Question 36

What is the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)in cell metastasis?

A) To stimulate growth of nearby tumor cells
B) To develop new blood vessels to feed cancer cells
C) To prevent cancer cells from escaping apoptosis
D) To act as a chemical gradient to guide cells to blood vessels

Question 37

What is the most commonly reported symptom of cancer treatment?

A) Nausea
B) Fatigue
C) Hair loss
D) Weight loss

Question 38

Which cancers are all associated with chronic inflammation?

A) Brain, muscle, and endocrine
B) Colon, thyroid gland, and urinary bladder
C) Bone, blood cells, and liver
D) Eye, tracheal, and kidney

Question 39

The most common site of metastasis for a patient diagnosed with prostate cancer is which location?

A) Bones
B) Brain
C) Bladder
D) Kidney

Question 40

What is the cause of anemia in a patient diagnosed with pancreatic cancer?

A) Impaired pancreatic function
B) Malnutrition
C) Chronic bleeding
D) Malabsorption of iron

Question 41

Match the organism factor with the cancer it causes.
Liver cancer

A)HPV
B)Human herpesvirus (HHV) 8
C)Hepatis B virus (HBV)
D)Helicobacter pylori

Question 42

Which statements concerning aging and the occurrence of cancer are true? (Select all that apply.)

A) Decline in immunologic functions
B) Predisposition to nutritional inadequacies
C) Unwillingness to access health care services
D) Reluctance to engage in cancer screenings
E) Effects of immobility on the immune system

Question 43

Match the phrases with the corresponding terms.
Staging

A)Is the process of cancer cell growth.
B)Is used to kill cancer cells while minimizing damage to normal structures.
C)Is guided by molecular analysis in specific diseases.
D)Takes advantage of specific vulnerabilities in specific cancer cells.
E)Provides a framework to determine treatment.

Question 44

Normally,which cells are considered immortal (never die)? (Select all that apply.)

A) Germ
B) Stem
C) Blood
D) Epithelial
E) Muscle

Question 45

Match the phrases with the corresponding terms.
Target agent

A)Is the process of cancer cell growth.
B)Is used to kill cancer cells while minimizing damage to normal structures.
C)Is guided by molecular analysis in specific diseases.
D)Takes advantage of specific vulnerabilities in specific cancer cells.
E)Provides a framework to determine treatment.

Question 46

Match the organism factor with the cancer it causes.
Stomach cancer

A)HPV
B)Human herpesvirus (HHV) 8
C)Hepatis B virus (HBV)
D)Helicobacter pylori

Question 47

What cellular characteristics are affected by anaplasia? (Select all that apply.)

A) Size
B) Ability to differentiate
C) Life expectancy
D) Tissue structure
E) Shape

Question 48

Match the organism factor with the cancer it causes.
Kaposi sarcoma

A)HPV
B)Human herpesvirus (HHV) 8
C)Hepatis B virus (HBV)
D)Helicobacter pylori

Question 49

Match the phrases with the corresponding terms.
Chemotherapy

A)Is the process of cancer cell growth.
B)Is used to kill cancer cells while minimizing damage to normal structures.
C)Is guided by molecular analysis in specific diseases.
D)Takes advantage of specific vulnerabilities in specific cancer cells.
E)Provides a framework to determine treatment.

Question 50

Match the phrases with the corresponding terms.
Radiation

A)Is the process of cancer cell growth.
B)Is used to kill cancer cells while minimizing damage to normal structures.
C)Is guided by molecular analysis in specific diseases.
D)Takes advantage of specific vulnerabilities in specific cancer cells.
E)Provides a framework to determine treatment.

Question 51

Match the organism factor with the cancer it causes.
Cervical cancer

A)HPV
B)Human herpesvirus (HHV) 8
C)Hepatis B virus (HBV)
D)Helicobacter pylori

Question 52

Match the phrases with the corresponding terms.
Angiogenesis

A)Is the process of cancer cell growth.
B)Is used to kill cancer cells while minimizing damage to normal structures.
C)Is guided by molecular analysis in specific diseases.
D)Takes advantage of specific vulnerabilities in specific cancer cells.
E)Provides a framework to determine treatment.

Question 53

What is the most common route for distant metastasis? (Select all that apply.)

A) Seeding
B) Blood
C) Lymphatic vessels
D) Invasion
E) Proliferation

Question 54

What are the most common causes of nosocomial infections among patients with cancer? (Select all that apply.)

A) Indwelling medical devices
B) Suppressed immune system
C) Visitor-introduced microorganisms
D) Poor appetite
E) Inadequate wound care