Deck 21: Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Question 1

The bonding forces between two DNA strands in a double helix are

A) peptide linkages.
B) phosphate bonds.
C) acetal bonds.
D) hydrogen bonds.

Answer 1

hydrogen bonds.

Question 2

A form of RNA carries information from the DNA in the nucleus to the appropriate site where proteins are synthesized.Why is it necessary to have an intermediate in the form of RNA?

A) Proteins cannot be synthesized properly from DNA because the process calls for an additional step in the form of an RNA molecule because of the chemistry of synthesis.
B) DNA is a large enough molecule that it can not leave the nucleus to move through the cytoplasm of the cell.
C) The code carried in the DNA molecule is too large and must be broken down in to manageable pieces.RNA carries those pieces which are severed from the parent DNA molecule.
D) The genetic code for proteins is inherited from one's parents in the form of the RNA molecule which moves throughout the cytoplasm.

Answer 2

DNA is a large enough molecule that it can not leave the nucleus to move through the cytoplasm of the cell.

Question 3

The monomers that are chemically linked together to form nucleic acids are called

A) purine bases.
B) sugar-phosphoric residues.
C) nucleotides.
D) nucleosides.

Answer 3

nucleotides.

Question 4

The nucleic acid which carries information for protein synthesis from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is _____ .

A) DNA
B) rRNA
C) tRNA
D) mRNA

Question 5

Which of the following comprise a nucleic acid backbone?

A) sugar and base units
B) phosphate and base units
C) phosphate and sugar units
D) sugar,phosphate and base units

Question 6

Which of the following is not a pyrimidine base?

A) uracil
B) thymine
C) adenine
D) cytosine

Question 7

Which of the following bases is found only in DNA?

A) thymine
B) uracil
C) cytosine
D) guanine

Question 8

What is the composition of one word in the DNA sentence that calls for a specific amino acid to assemble a protein?

A) three nucleosides in sequence
B) a grouping of ATP's
C) three nucleotides in sequence
D) there is more than one response

Question 9

Replication of DNA produces two daughter DNA molecules in which

A) one daughter molecule contains both parent strands and one daughter molecule contains both newly synthesized strands.
B) each daughter molecule contains one parent strand and one newly synthesized strand.
C) each daughter molecule contains two newly synthesized strands.
D) each daughter molecule contains both parent strands.

Question 10

Which nucleic acid contains the anticodon?

A) DNA
B) rRNA
C) tRNA
D) mRNA

Question 11

DNA replication by DNA polymerase occurs in the ____ direction on the template strand.

A) 5' $\rarr$ 3'
B) 3' $\rarr$ 5'
C) both ways
D) none of these

Question 12

Which of the following helps to serve as a site for protein synthesis?

A) DNA
B) rRNA
C) tRNA
D) mRNA

Question 13

Phosphate groups in DNA connect the ____ positions of neighboring sugar units.

A) 3' and 5'
B) 2' and 3'
C) 1' and 6'
D) 2' and 5'

Question 14

A region of a DNA strand carrying the information needed for the synthesis of a specific protein is called a _____ .

A) codon
B) gene
C) chromosome
D) complementary base pair

Question 15

Which nucleic acid is formed during transcription?

A) DNA
B) rRNA
C) tRNA
D) mRNA

Question 16

The smallest nucleic acid is _____ .

A) DNA
B) rRNA
C) tRNA
D) mRNA

Question 17

Transcription and translation of the mRNA molecule in protein synthesis occurs in two different locations.Translation occurs

A) in the nucleus.
B) in the cytoplasm.
C) in the mitochondria.
D) at the cellular membrane.

Question 18

The DNA molecule contains complementary nitrogen bases.There are four bases,but they pair as A-T and G-C with no cross pairing.How is this accomplished?

A) A and G are polar leaning heavily to the positive.T and C are negative.A-G and T-C repel each other and cannot pair.
B) A and G do not have their polar sites in the appropriate location to pair,and the same is true of T and C.
C) A and T have two matching but opposite polar sites.G and C have 3 polar sites.The two poles will not attract and maintain attraction for three poles.
D) There is more than one correct response.

Question 19

A complementary strand (written in the 5'-3' order)for the DNA segment AGC is _____ .

A) GCT
B) TCG
C) AGC
D) none

Question 20

What is the difference between deoxyribose and ribose?

A) Deoxyribose is a d form,whereas ribose does not form either d or l forms.
B) Deoxyribose has one less oxygen atom than does ribose.
C) Ribose is found in the straight chain structure,whereas deoxyribose is not.
D) Ribose is a monosaccharide,but deoxyribose is a polysaccharide.

Question 21

DNA segments in eukaryotic cells which carry information for protein synthesis are called _____ .

A) introns
B) exons
C) heterogeneous DNA
D) heterogeneous nuclear DNA

Question 22

Movement of a ribosome along a mRNA is termed _____ .

A) translocation
B) lateration
C) elongation
D) translation

Question 23

Retroviruses infect host cells by injecting _____ .

A) DNA
B) RNA
C) proteins
D) plasmids

Question 24

Viruses infect cells by

A) embedding in cell membranes.
B) immediate destruction of cells.
C) injecting their nucleic acid into cells.
D) withdrawing cellular contents.

Question 25

Codons provide the information needed to synthesize which of the following?

A) mRNA
B) tRNA
C) DNA
D) proteins

Question 26

How many three-letter combinations are present in the genetic code?

A) 32
B) 64
C) 16
D) 88

Question 27

The chain initiation codon is _____ .

A) AUU
B) CUC
C) AUG
D) UUU

Question 28

What symptoms should an individual that has been stung by an insect exhibit that indicate anaphylactic shock?

A) the area about the sting becoming red and a tightening of the skin
B) shortness of breath and swelling in the throat
C) coughing,headache,and nausea
D) All of these responses are symptoms of anaphylactic shock.

Question 29

Chemicals which cause mutations are called _____ .

A) mutagens
B) mutations
C) genetic inhibitors
D) genetic modifiers

Question 30

A circular form of DNA located in the cytoplasm of cells is called a _____ .

A) plastid
B) plasmid
C) palindrome
D) chromosome

Question 31

An RNA chain being synthesized grows in the ____ direction.

A) 5' $\rarr$ 3'
B) 3' $\rarr$ 5'
C) either direction
D) none of the choices

Question 32

Enzymes used in genetic engineering to cleave DNA are called _____ .

A) restriction enzymes
B) ligases
C) hydrolases
D) lyases

Question 33

Which nucleic acid carries the codons?

A) DNA
B) mRNA
C) tRNA
D) rRNA

Question 34

Recombinant DNA in genetic engineering is

A) DNA with an unusual ability to recombine.
B) bacterial DNA.
C) denatured DNA.
D) DNA formed by combining portions of DNA from two different organisms.

Question 35

To which of the following do amino acids bind during protein synthesis?

A) DNA
B) tRNA
C) rRNA
D) mRNA

Question 36

Which of the following represents the correct order in the flow of genetic information?

A) mRNA $\rarr$ DNA $\rarr$ proteins
B) mRNA $\rarr$ tRNA $\rarr$ proteins
C) DNA $\rarr$ mRNA $\rarr$ proteins
D) rRNA $\rarr$ mRNA $\rarr$ proteins

Question 37

The molecular basis of a mutation is most closely linked to a

A) defect in the transcription of a genetic message to mRNA.
B) change in the sequence of bases on a DNA molecule.
C) defect in the rRNA of ribosomes.
D) misplaced stop codon.

Question 38

What is the natural ratio of normal DNA duplication to incorrect DNA duplication due to a mistake and copy?

A) 1,000:1
B) 1,000,000:1
C) 10,000,000,000:1
D) 100,000,000,000,000:1

Question 39

During transcription,the base adenine in DNA pairs with the base ____ in the new mRNA.

A) guanine
B) thymine
C) cytosine
D) uracil

Question 40

When the DNA sequence AGGCT is transcribed,the corresponding mRNA sequence,written in 5'-3' order,is _____ .

A) TCCGA
B) UGGCA
C) AGCCU
D) UGCCA

Question 41

Write the sequence of mRNA in the 3' to 5' direction that would be synthesized from the following DNA sequence.
5' C-G-A-T-T-C 3'

A) G-C-T-A-A-G
B) G-A-A-U-C-G
C) G-C-U-A-A-G
D) G-A-A-T-C-G

Question 42

What are restriction enzymes?

A) Carriers of foreign DNA into a cell that "restrict" the type of DNA introduced into the cell in the recombinant DNA technique.
B) Protective enzymes found in some bacteria that "restrict" the type of DNA allowed in the bacterial cell by catalyzing the cleaving of other types of DNA.
C) Circular,double-stranded DNA found in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells that "restrict" the amount of DNA in the bacteria.
D) DNA of an organism that contains genetic material that comes from another organism and "restricts" the enzymatic activity of the host.

Question 43

Which of the following is not a code for chain termination in DNA?

A) UAA
B) UAG
C) AGU
D) UGA

Question 44

Two bases in adjacent strands of DNA form two hydrogen bonds.These two bases would be

A) G and C.
B) A and T.
C) A and U.
D) C and T.

Question 45

-phosphate-sugar-phosphate-sugar- is an example of a ____ backbone.

A) human
B) chemical
C) nucleic acid
D) all the choices

Question 46

While there is little evidence that nucleic acid supplements provide any health benefit,recent reports provide scientific evident that they might

A) improve memory and mental processing.
B) slow the aging process.
C) demonstrate anti-cancer properties.
D) positively influence the immune system.

Question 47

A codon is a sequence of ____ nucleotide bases that represents a code word on mRNA molecules.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 3
D) 5

Question 48

Which of the following processes is associated with the flow of genetic information?

A) replication
B) transcription
C) translation
D) More than one answer is correct.

Question 49

The genetic code is based on a total of ___ codons.

A) 3
B) 9
C) 16
D) 64

Question 50

The process by which an exact copy of a DNA molecule is produced is _____ .

A) recombination
B) translocation
C) transcription
D) replication

Question 51

Which of the following drugs should a mother avoid while pregnant?

A) ethanol
B) opiates
C) testosterone
D) all the choices

Question 52

Which of the following processes is associated with the production of protein from mRNA?

A) replication
B) transcription
C) translation
D) More than one response is correct.

Question 53

Which of the following correctly describes the segment of the nucleic acid shown?

A) This is a segment of DNA.
B) It has a 3' $\rarr$ 5' phosphodiester linkage.
C) The sugar involved is deoxyribose.
D) All of the responses are correct.

Question 54

Which of the following bases would be found in both DNA and RNA?

A)

B)

C)

D) More than one response is correct.

Question 55

The following segment of a nucleic acid could be identified as _____ .

A) GCTQ
B) ATCG
C) TACG
D) GCAT

Question 56

What do restriction enzymes do?

A) restrict enzyme activity
B) regulate the type of DNA allowed into a bacterial cell
C) catalyze the manufacture of DNA
D) limit enzyme growth

Question 57

What type of bonding holds the two intertwined polynucleotide chains of the DNA double helix together?

A) covalent
B) hydrogen
C) polar
D) ionic

Question 58

Which of the following have been produced by genetic engineering?

A) human insulin
B) interferon
C) malaria vaccine
D) all have

Question 59

Which of the following statements about DNA profiling is false?

A) The percent of differences in DNA between people is great (99.9%).
B) Small DNA samples can be used through a process called PCR.
C) Everyone has different DNA,except identical twins.
D) DNA can be extracted from almost any biological sample.

Question 60

With recombinant DNA work,a type of DNA has been used as a means of introducing a new gene into bacteria.Shown below,this type of DNA is referred to as a(n)_____.

A) plasmid
B) vector
C) DNA polymerase
D) intron

Question 61

One difference between DNA and RNA is that DNA has two strands,but RNA has only one strand.

Question 62

Amino acids are moved from various positions in the cell to the ribosomes due to the information present in the tDNA molecule.

Question 63

A primary purpose of genetic engineering is to develop new ways to make protein molecules.

Question 64

Insulin produced by bacteria through genetic engineering is chemically identical to human insulin.

Question 65

DNA molecules are in the form of a double helix with the two strands running parallel and in the same direction.

Question 66

Modified plasmids can diffuse into bacterial cells.

Question 67

The site of protein synthesis is the ribosome.

Question 68

In RNA,the complement to the base guanine is cystine.

Question 69

Restriction enzymes have been used as protective enzymes by bacteria.

Question 70

Cytosine and guanine can form two hydrogen bonds between them.

Question 71

DNA and RNA are polymers produced from monomers containing specific sugar molecules.

Question 72

Uracil replaces the thymine in DNA when RNA is produced.

Question 73

The DNA molecule is significantly smaller than the RNA molecule.

Question 74

Only two restriction enzymes have been discovered.

Question 75

DNA fingerprinting has become an important tool during the investigation of a crime scene.Which of the following processes is not considered a portion of DNA fingerprinting?

A) gel electrophoresis
B) PCR amplification
C) reverse transcription
D) radioactivity detection

Question 76

Ligases are usually used to cleave DNA molecules in genetic engineering.

Question 77

The participation of tRNA is performed by the formation of a coordinate covalent bond between the tRNA and a specific amino acid.

Question 78

Each amino acid in a protein synthesis is specified by only one codon in the genetic code.

Question 79

Adenine is a purine base

Question 80

DNA duplicates by unzipping and forming the new molecules from one end to the other.