Deck 20: Rocks and Minerals

Question 1

Mohs scale is based on minerals that have different

A)cleavage directions.
B)colors.
C)hardnesses.
D)shapes.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The protective shells that many sea organisms grow are not minerals because they

A)are not calcium carbonate.
B)are organic.
C)are made of ooze.
D)become compacted.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Color is not a reliable means for mineral identification because

A)minerals come in a variety of colors, and chemical impurities in the mineral can affect color.
B)minerals can weather and change color.
C)a mineral's powdered color is different than its solid color.
D)there are so many colored minerals.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A mineral's hardness depends on the strength of its chemical bonds. Name and describe the factors that influence hardness.

Question 5

Minerals that have strong bonds between flat crystal surfaces tend to

A)cleave more easily.
B)show poor cleavage.
C)show well developed cleavage.
D)have a well developed streak.

Question 6

Based on its abundance in Earth's crust, most rocks contain a mineral composed of the elements oxygen and

A)carbon.
B)silicon.
C)iron.
D)sulfur.

Question 7

The two most abundant elements in Earth's crust are

A)silicates and carbonates.
B)silicon and oxygen.
C)oxygen and aluminum.
D)quartz and feldspar.

Question 8

The mineral gold (Au)is very soft. Gold's softness can be attributed to

A)large, tightly packed atoms.
B)small, loosely bonded atoms.
C)large, loosely packed, and loosely bonded atoms.
D)large, closely packed, and strong bonded atoms.

Question 9

What is the difference between a mineral and an element?

Question 10

A mineral's hardness is dependent on the

A)strength of its chemical bonds.
B)mineral ionization.
C)size of its atoms, large atoms are harder than small atoms.
D)geometric arrangement of atoms.

Question 11

The majority of elements in the Periodic Table are metallic. Does this mean that most minerals are metallic?

Question 12

Which of the following properties most clearly reflects the internal arrangement of atoms in a crystalline material?

A)color
B)cleavage
C)luster
D)density

Question 13

Most minerals can be identified by easily observable physical properties. In order of most useful to least useful, the identifiable physical properties are

A)color, crystal form, hardness, cleavage, and density.
B)hardness, cleavage, density, crystal form, and color.
C)crystal form, color, hardness, cleavage, and density.
D)crystal form, hardness, cleavage, color, and density.

Question 14

The three sources that brought young Earth to its melting point were

A)impact heating, convection heating, radiometric heating.
B)impact heating, gravitational contraction heating, radioactive decay heating.
C)impact heating, convection heating, radioactive decay heating.
D)collisional heating, contraction heating, radiometric heating.

Question 15

Young Earth developed a layered structure under the influence of

A)impact heating and convection in its interior.
B)gravitational contraction and radioactive decay.
C)meteorite bombardment.
D)gravity and density segregation-the process of differentiation.

Question 16

Minerals that have the same combination of elements but with different atomic arrangements are called

A)polymorphs.
B)polygonal.
C)tetrahedra.
D)polymers.

Question 17

Minerals are composed of

A)silicon compounds.
B)common types of rocks.
C)homogenous solids.
D)inorganic solids.

Question 18

The property of a mineral to break along planes of weakness is referred to as

A)cleavage.
B)hardness.
C)fracture.
D)bond strength.

Question 19

Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weakness. What factors determine these planes of weakness?

Question 20

All minerals are

A)organic.
B)crystals.
C)crystalline solids.
D)synthetic.

Question 21

Most of the world's sand is made up of which two minerals?

Question 22

The most common mineral in Earth's crust is ________, and the second most common mineral is ________.

A)quartz, feldspar
B)feldspar, quartz
C)silicate, carbonate
D)olivine, feldspar

Question 23

A mineral deposit can be classified as an ore deposit when

A)valuable metals are present in the deposit.
B)valuable metals in the deposit can be mined at a profit.
C)it contains valuable fossil fuels.
D)it contains valuable gemstone quality minerals.

Question 24

By definition, an ore is a mineral rich in valuable metals. To be considered as an ore means that the

A)metals can be economically extracted to yield a profit.
B)metals are extremely valuable.
C)deposit is very rich and abundant in valuable metals.
D)metallic minerals are very abundant.

Question 25

Of the five rock-forming mineral groups-the silicates, carbonates, oxides, sulfides, and sulfates-which two form economically important ores?

A)silicates and carbonates
B)carbonates and oxides
C)oxides and sulfides
D)sulfides and sulfates

Question 26

List the seven physical properties for identifying minerals.

Question 27

What are the rock-forming mineral groups?

Question 28

Most of the world's sand is composed of the minerals

A)feldspar and quartz.
B)silicon and oxygen.
C)quartz and muscovite.
D)silicon and aluminum.

Question 29

Galena belongs to the class of minerals known as the

A)sulfides.
B)sulfates.
C)silicates.
D)carbonates.

Question 30

A mineral that is not a silicate is

A)feldspar.
B)mica.
C)calcite.
D)quartz.

Question 31

The silicates are the largest mineral group because silicon and oxygen are

A)the hardest elements on Earth's surface.
B)the two most abundant elements in Earth's crust.
C)found in the common mineral quartz.

Question 32

Similar to the crystallization of silicate minerals, the crystallization of evaporite minerals occurs in a step-by-step process. The evaporite minerals that are the most difficult to dissolve

A)precipitate last.
B)precipitate first followed by the minerals that dissolve more easily.
C)have the lowest solubility and are the last to precipitate.
D)have the highest solubility and are the first to precipitate.

Question 33

Our Earth has many resources, but they are not unlimited. In the case of abundant metals, supply will most often meet demand. However, problems can occur when

A)there is a shortage of ores that can be mined at a reasonable cost.
B)high grade ores are depleted and low grade ores need to be mined.
C)transport and processing costs override economic feasibility.
D)all of the above.

Question 34

What is an ore?

Question 35

The melting point of silicate minerals is strongly dependent on the amount of silica it contains. The first minerals to melt are those with

A)lowest melting point and lowest silica content.
B)lowest melting point and highest silica content.
C)lowest silica content and highest melting point.
D)highest silica content and highest melting point.

Question 36

What is the major rock-forming mineral group? Give examples of minerals in this group.

Question 37

The most common rock forming minerals are composed of predominantly eight elements. These minerals are the

A)silicates, carbonates, oxides, sulfides, and sulfates.
B)silicates, sulfides, and oxides.
C)silicons, borates, oxides, sulfides, and carbonates.
D)sulfates, oxides, and carbonates.

Question 38

Minerals are formed from the combination of different elements. The combination of different metallic elements produces

A)metallic minerals.
B)metallic and nonmetallic minerals.
C)nonmetallic minerals.
D)polymorphs.

Question 39

The process of crystallization acts to

A)enrich the molten magma in silica.
B)deplete the molten magma of silica.
C)enrich the crystallized minerals in silica.
D)none of the above.

Question 40

The last minerals to crystallize from a cooling magma have the

A)lowest melting point and the highest percentage of silica.
B)lowest melting point and the lowest percentage of silica.
C)highest melting point and the highest percentage of silica.
D)highest melting point and the lowest percentage of silica.

Question 41

As the process of crystallization continues (from molten liquid to solid crystal), how does the composition of the molten liquid change?

Question 42

A sedimentary rock can turn into an igneous rock by

A)compaction and cementation.
B)compaction.
C)melting and cooling.
D)weathering and lithification.

Question 43

For the crystallization of minerals from a magma, melting point determines which mineral will form first. For evaporite minerals

A)solubility determines which mineral will form first.
B)salinity determines which mineral will form first.
C)melting point also determines which mineral will form first.
D)there is no single determinant. All evaporite minerals precipitate at the same time.

Question 44

Silica has a relatively

A)low melting point.
B)high melting point.

Question 45

The last minerals to crystallize are those with the

A)higher melting point.
B)lower melting point.

Question 46

The first minerals to crystallize are those with the

A)higher melting point.
B)lower melting point.

Question 47

Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed from

A)biochemical interactions.
B)carbonization.
C)the precipitation of minerals from a water solution.
D)evaporites.

Question 48

As the process of crystallization continues (from molten liquid to solid crystal)the composition of the molten liquid becomes

A)depleted in the minerals that have already crystallized.
B)enriched in the minerals that have already crystallized.
C)depleted in the minerals that have yet to crystallize.
D)enriched in the minerals that have yet to crystallize.
E)both A and D
F) both B and C

Question 49

Which mineral, quartz or feldspar, will crystallize first? Why?

Question 50

In a cooling magma, which minerals are the last to crystallize?

Question 51

Which minerals are the first to crystallize in a cooling magma-minerals with a lower percentage of silica or minerals with a higher percentage of silica?

Question 52

Minerals are formed by the process of

A)crystallization.
B)magma differentiation.
C)silica enrichment.
D)partial melting.

Question 53

Silica has a relatively

A)low percentage of silicon.
B)high percentage of silicon

Question 54

Describe the process of crystallization.

Question 55

Describe two sources from which minerals can crystallize.

Question 56

The precipitation of and crystallization of evaporite minerals is very similar to the crystallization of minerals from a magma. The first evaporite minerals to precipitate (crystallize)are those with the

A)lowest solubility.
B)highest melting point.
C)lowest silica content.
D)highest solubility.

Question 57

The melting point of silicate minerals is strongly dependent on the amount of silica they contain. Generally speaking, which minerals are the first to melt?

Question 58

The first minerals to crystallize from a cooling magma have a

A)high melting point and a low silica content.
B)low melting point and a high silica content.
C)high melting point and a high silica content.
D)low melting point and a low silica content.

Question 59

The last minerals to crystallize from a cooling magma have a

A)high melting point and a low silica content.
B)low melting point and a high silica content.
C)high melting point and a high silica content.
D)low melting point and a low silica content.

Question 60

In a cooling magma, which minerals are the first to crystallize?

Question 61

The two most common igneous rocks are basalt and granite. Basalt is commonly found ________, and granite is found ________

A)on the ocean floor; on the continents.
B)on both the ocean floor and continental land; only on the continents.
C)on the continents; on the ocean floor.
D)on the ocean floor; on both the ocean floor and on continental land.

Question 62

A rock's initial melting temperature is primarily determined by

A)the rocks mineralogy.
B)its water content.
C)its internal temperature.
D)its heat source.

Question 63

The Hawaiian Islands are predominantly made up of

A)intrusive igneous rock.
B)volcanic igneous rock.
C)sedimentary rock.
D)metamorphic rock.

Question 64

The most common igneous rock is formed from

A)basaltic magma.
B)andesitic magma.
C)granitic magma.
D)none of these

Question 65

The most common extrusive rocks are generated from

A)andesitic magma.
B)granitic magma.
C)basaltic magma.
D)none of the above

Question 66

As rock is heated, the first minerals to melt are those

A)with the highest melting point.
B)with the lowest melting point.
C)composed of granitic magma.
D)that have undergone partial distillation.

Question 67

Rocks are grouped into three classes depending on how the rock was

A)formed.
B)located.
C)discovered.
D)shaped.

Question 68

Plutons form from magma

A)at Earth's surface.
B)below Earth's surface.
C)ejected from volcanoes.
D)all of these

Question 69

The process by which a single magma can generate several magmas of different compositions is

A)partial melting.
B)partial crystallization.
C)fractional crystallization.
D)partial distillation.

Question 70

Batholiths are massive plutons formed from the intrusion of

A)andesitic magma.
B)granitic magma.
C)basaltic magma.
D)all of these

Question 71

The most violent volcanic explosions are generally associated with

A)composite volcanoes.
B)cinder cones.
C)shield volcanoes.
D)none of these

Question 72

Igneous rock is formed from

A)crystallization of molten magma.
B)high temperatures and pressures.
C)solidified lava beneath the Earth's surface.
D)any of these

Question 73

Basaltic volcanic eruptions tend to be

A)slow moving and highly viscous.
B)very fluid and highly viscous.
C)slow moving with a low viscosity.
D)very fluid and have a low viscosity.

Question 74

Igneous rocks are formed by the

A)melting and transformation of minerals in Earth's interior.
B)cooling and crystallization of molten magma.
C)partial crystallization of granitic magma.
D)cooling and crystallization of molten lava in Earth's interior.

Question 75

The process of crystallization enriches a magma in

A)silica.
B)minerals that have low melting points.
C)silica and other minerals that have low melting points.
D)all of the above.

Question 76

Mauna Loa is a

A)cinder cone.
B)shield volcano.
C)composite volcano.
D)none of these

Question 77

The first minerals to crystallize are those having the

A)higher melting point.
B)lower melting point.
C)higher pressure.
D)lower pressure

Question 78

Rocks with a high water content have a

A)higher melting point.
B)lower melting point.
C)higher pressure.
D)lower pressure.

Question 79

The most common outpouring of lava occurs as

A)volcanic eruptions.
B)carbonates.
C)conglomerates.
D)fissure eruptions.

Question 80

Magma that solidifies before reaching Earth's surface is called

A)intrusive igneous rock.
B)plutonic rock.
C)a pluton.
D)all of the above.