Deck 12: The Laws of Thermodynamics

Question 1

A 2.0-mol ideal gas system is maintained at a constant volume of 4.0 L.If 100 J of heat is added,what is the work done on the system?​

A)zero
B)5 J
C)−3.3 J
D)20 J
E)​3.3 J

Answer 1

zero

Question 2

Six moles of an ideal gas, initially at 178 C, is compressed at a constant pressure of 2.00 atm to one-third its initial volume.
What is the work done on the gas during the compression?

A)5.9E+3 J
B)7.5E+3 J
C)1.5E+4 J
D)1.8E+4 J

Answer 2

1.5E+4 J

Question 3

According to the first law of thermodynamics,the sum of the heat gained by a system and the work done on that same system is equivalent to which of the following?

A)entropy change
B)internal energy change
C)temperature change
D)specific heat

Answer 3

internal energy change

Question 4

On a PV diagram,an ____ process is represented by a horizontal line.

A)isobaric
B)isothermal
C)isovolumetric
D)adiabatic

Question 5

Which of the following increases the internal energy of a solid metal rod?

A)raising it to a greater height
B)throwing it through the air
C)having the rod conduct heat
D)having the rod absorb heat

Question 6

An adiabatic expansion refers to the fact that

A)no heat is transferred between a system and its surroundings.
B)the pressure remains constant.
C)the temperature remains constant.
D)the volume remains constant.

Question 7

In an isovolumetric process by an ideal gas,the system's heat gain is equivalent to a change in

A)temperature.
B)volume.
C)pressure.
D)internal energy.

Question 8

Six moles of an ideal gas, initially at 178 C, is compressed at a constant pressure of 2.00 atm to one-third its initial volume.
What is the final temperature of the gas?

A)-123 °C
B)150 °C
C)27.6 °C
D)-59.3 °C

Question 9

The volume of an ideal gas changes from 0.40 to 0.51 m³ although its pressure remains constant at 52 000 Pa.What work is done on the system by its environment?

A)5.7E+3 J
B)-5.7E+3 J
C)-2.1E+4 J
D)2.1E+4 J
E)-2.7E+4 J

Question 10

A closed 2.0-L container holds 3.0 mol of an ideal gas.If 190 J of heat is added,what is the change in internal energy of the system?​

A)zero
B)140 J
C)165 J
D)190 J
E)​240 J

Question 11

In the first law of thermodynamics,Δ​U​ = ​Q ​ + ​W​,W is positive when

A)the work is being done on the environment by the system.
B)the work is being done on the system by the environment.
C)the work is being done on the environment by the system,and the temperature of the system goes up.
D)the work is being done on the system by the environment,and the temperature of the system goes up.

Question 12

During an isobaric process which one of the following does not change?

A)volume
B)temperature
C)internal energy
D)pressure

Question 13

A system is acted on by its surroundings in such a way that it receives 80 J of heat while simultaneously doing 20 J of work.What is its net change in internal energy?

A)100 J
B)60 J
C)zero
D)−60 J
E)−100 J

Question 14

If an ideal gas does positive work on its surroundings,we may assume,with regard to the gas

A)temperature increases.
B)volume increases.
C)pressure increases.
D)internal energy decreases.

Question 15

In an isothermal process for an ideal gas system (where the internal energy doesn't change),which of the following choices best corresponds to the value of the work done on the system?

A)its heat intake
B)twice its heat intake
C)the negative of its heat intake
D)twice the negative of its heat intake

Question 16

Area on a PV diagram has units associated with

A)energy.
B)momentum.
C)temperature.
D)change in temperature.

Question 17

In an isobaric process 4.0 × 10⁴ J of work is done on a quantity of gas while its volume changes from 2.5 m³ to 1.5 m³.What is the pressure during this process?

A)3.4E+4 Pa
B)2.8E+4 Pa
C)4.0E+4 Pa
D)4.6E+4 Pa

Question 18

Heat is applied to an ice-water mixture to melt some of the ice.In this process

A)work is done by the ice-water mixture.
B)the temperature increases.
C)the internal energy increases.
D)all of the above are correct.

Question 19

The adiabatic index of a gas is given by which of the following?

A)C_P /C_V
B)C_V /C_P
C)C_P − C_V
D)C_P + C_V

Question 20

​The volume of a gas changes from 0.750 m³ to 0.320 m³ at a constant pressure of 1.5 × 10⁵ Pa.How much work is done by the gas on its environment?

A)​4.8E+4 J
B)​-6.5E+4 J
C)​-4.8E+4 J
D)​6.5E+4 J

Question 21

The maximum theoretical thermodynamic efficiency of a heat engine operating between hot and cold reservoirs is a function of which of the following?

A)hot reservoir temperature only
B)cold reservoir temperature only
C)both hot and cold reservoir temperatures
D)None of the above choices are valid.

Question 22

A 2-mol ideal gas system undergoes an adiabatic process where it expands and does 24 J of work on its environment.What is its change in internal energy?​

A)−24 J
B)−12 J
C)zero
D)+24 J
E)​+12 J

Question 23

A 2-mol ideal gas system undergoes an adiabatic process where it expands and does 20 J of work on its environment.How much heat is received by the system?

A)−20 J
B)zero
C)+10 J
D)+20 J
E)​−10 J

Question 24

For a monatomic gas,3R/2 is

A)the specific heat per mole at constant volume.
B)the specific heat per unit mass at constant volume.
C)N_Ak_B.
D)none of the above.

Question 25

How much thermal energy must be added to 7.10 moles of a diatomic ideal gas to raise its temperature 22.1 K?

A)652 J
B)1 960 J
C)4 570 J
D)3 260 J
E)3 520 J

Question 26

​A gas expends to three times its original volume,and in the process no energy is transferred to the gas.What happens to the internal energy of this gas?

A)​It increases.
B)​It decreases.
C)​It remains constant.
D)​Impossible to know without more information

Question 27

An electrical power plant manages to send 90% of the heat produced in the burning of fossil fuel into the water-to-steam conversion.Of the heat carried by the steam,40% is converted to the mechanical energy of the spinning turbine.Which of the following choices best describes the overall efficiency of the heat-to-work conversion in the plant (as a percentage)?​

A)greater than 90%
B)65%
C)less than 40%
D)40%
E)​90%

Question 28

A heat engine exhausts 3 200 J of heat while performing 1 500 J of useful work.What is the efficiency of the engine?​

A)68%
B)32%
C)16%
D)50%
E)84%

Question 29

A thermodynamic process that happens very quickly tends to be

A)isobaric.
B)isothermal.
C)isovolumetric.
D)adiabatic.

Question 30

System 1 is 3.1 moles of a monatomic ideal gas held at a constant volume of 2.70 L as it undergoes a temperature increase.System 2 is 3.1 moles of a diatomic ideal gas held at a constant volume of 2.7 L as it undergoes a temperature increase equal to the temperature increase of System 1.The pressure increase for system 1 is ΔP₁ and for System 2 is ΔP₂ during the temperature increases.What is the ratio of ΔP₁/ΔP₂?

A)1.0
B)0.60
C)1.7
D)2.5
E)4.5

Question 31

A heat engine receives 7 900 J of heat from its combustion process and loses 3 200 J through the exhaust and friction.What is its efficiency?​

A)59%
B)35%
C)21%
D)41%
E)​77%

Question 32

A quantity of monatomic ideal gas expands adiabatically from a volume of 2.5 liters to 6.3 liters.If the initial pressure is P₀,what is the final pressure?

A)2.5P₀
B)4.7P₀
C)5.0P₀
D)0.21P₀
E)0.43P₀

Question 33

System 1 is 4.20 moles of a monatomic ideal gas held at a constant volume as it undergoes a temperature increase.System 2 is 4.20 moles of a diatomic ideal gas held at constant volume as it also undergoes a temperature increase.The thermal energy absorbed by System 1 is Q₁,and the thermal energy absorbed by System 2 is Q₂ as both systems undergo a temperature increase of 76.0 K.What is the ratio Q₁/Q₂?

A)1.00
B)0.600
C)1.67
D)The volumes of the systems need to be known before the ratio can be found.
E)2.50

Question 34

A cylinder containing an ideal gas has a volume of 2.6 m³ and a pressure of 1.5 × 10⁵ Pa at a temperature of 300 K.The cylinder is placed against a metal block that is maintained at 900 K and the gas expands as the pressure remains constant until the temperature of the gas reaches 900 K.The change in internal energy of the gas is +6.0 × 10⁵ J.How much heat did the gas absorb?

A)0
B)3.4E+5 J
C)6.0E+5 J
D)1.4E+6 J
E)7.8E+5 J

Question 35

If a heat engine has an efficiency of 28.0% and its power output is 540 W,what is the rate of heat input from the combustion phase?

A)151 W
B)2 030 W
C)1 930 W
D)1 830 W
E)1 730 W

Question 36

The specific heat at constant volume per mole of 3​R​/2 is for what type of molecule?

A)monatomic
B)diatomic
C)polyatomic
D)any type

Question 37

A heat engine operating between a pair of hot and cold reservoirs with respective temperatures of 400 K and 200 K will have what maximum efficiency?​

A)50%.
B)50%
C)40%
D)45%
E)25%

Question 38

According to the second law of thermodynamics,which of the following applies to the heat received from a high temperature reservoir by a heat engine operating in a complete cycle?

A)must be completely converted to work
B)equals the entropy increase
C)converted completely into internal energy
D)cannot be completely converted to work

Question 39

A 5.0-mol ideal gas system undergoes an adiabatic free expansion (a rapid expansion into a vacuum),going from an initial volume of 20 L to a final volume of 30 L.How much work is done on the system during this adiabatic free expansion?

A)−100 J
B)−20 J
C)zero
D)+100 J
E)+20 J

Question 40

A turbine takes in 2 200-K steam and exhausts the steam at a temperature of 200 K.What is the maximum theoretical efficiency of this system?​

A)83%
B)75%
C)91%
D)68%
E)​62%

Question 41

Of the following heat engines,which has the highest efficiency?

A)Hero's engine
B)a Carnot engine
C)a car's gasoline engine
D)a truck's diesel engine

Question 42

A refrigerator has a coefficient of performance of 3.0.When removing 2.7 × 10⁴ J from inside the refrigerator,how much energy is sent into the environment?

A)9.0E+3 J
B)3.6E+4 J
C)8.1E+4 J
D)1.1E+5 J
E)4.8E+4 J

Question 43

An electrical generating plant operates at a boiler temperature of 218°C and exhausts the unused heat into a nearby river at 24°C.What is the maximum theoretical efficiency of the plant? (0°C = 273 K)

A)16%
B)62%
C)63%
D)40%
E)73%

Question 44

An electrical generating plant operates at a boiler temperature of 225°C and exhausts the unused heat into a nearby river at 25.0°C.If the generating plant has a power output of 850 megawatts (MW)and if the actual efficiency is 3/4 the theoretical efficiency,how much heat per second must be delivered to the boiler? (0°C = 273 K)

A)8 470 MW
B)4 230 MW
C)2 120 MW
D)2 820 MW
E)1 690 MW

Question 45

A gasoline engine with an efficiency of 32.6% operates between a high temperature T₁ and a low temperature T₂ = 320 K.If this engine operates with Carnot efficiency,what is the high-side temperature T₁?​

A)980 K
B)700 K
C)1 050 K
D)480 K
E)​220 K

Question 46

Suppose a power plant uses a Carnot engine to generate electricity,using the atmosphere at 300 K as the low-temperature reservoir.Suppose the power plant produces 1 × 10⁶ J of electricity with the hot reservoir at 500 K during Day One and then produces 1 × 10⁶ J of electricity with the hot reservoir at 600 K during Day Two.The thermal pollution was

A)greatest on Day One.
B)greatest on Day Two.
C)the same on both days.
D)zero on both days.

Question 47

Which of the following choices best corresponds to what is required by the second law of thermodynamics for any process taking place in an isolated system?

A)entropy decreases
B)entropy remains constant
C)entropy increases
D)entropy equals work done on the system

Question 48

The efficiency of a Carnot engine operating between 95°C and 0°C is most nearly

A)13%.
B)52%.
C)26%.
D)80%
E)100%

Question 49

According to the first law of thermodynamics,for any process that may occur within an isolated system,which of the following choices applies?

A)entropy remains constant
B)entropy increases
C)entropy decreases
D)None of the above choices apply.

Question 50

In which system is heat usually transferred from the cooler part to the warmer part?

A)a stove as it heats up water
B)a refrigerator that is running
C)an electric fan that is running
D)none of the above,because it is impossible to transfer heat in this manner

Question 51

The PV diagram of a cyclic process shows a curve that encloses an area.The work done by the heat engine,represented by the enclosed area,is positive when the path around the area proceeds in which of the following fashions?

A)clockwise
B)counterclockwise
C)It is always positive.
D)It is always negative.

Question 52

An 880-MW electric power plant has an efficiency of 20.0%.It loses its waste heat in large cooling towers.Approximately how much waste heat (in MJ)is discharged to the atmosphere per second?

A)5 280 MJ
B)3 520 MJ
C)880 MJ
D)4 400 MJ
E)7 040 MJ

Question 53

During each cycle of operation a refrigerator absorbs 55.0 cal from the freezer compartment and expels 88.0 cal to the room.If one cycle occurs every 10 s,how many minutes will it take to freeze 575 g of water,initially at 0°C? (L_v = 80 cal/g)

A)69.7 min
B)1 390 min
C)139 min
D)87.1 min
E)836 min

Question 54

On a PV diagram,if a process involves a closed curve,the area inside the curve represents

A)internal energy.
B)heat.
C)work.
D)zero.

Question 55

A 1.0-kg chunk of ice at 0°C melts,absorbing 80 000 cal of heat in the process.Which of the following best describes what happens to this system?

A)increased entropy
B)lost entropy
C)entropy maintained constant
D)work converted to energy

Question 56

A Carnot engine runs between a hot reservoir at T_h and a cold reservoir at T_c.If one of the temperatures is either increased or decreased by 3.5 K,which of the following changes would increase the efficiency by the greatest amount?

A)increasing T_h
B)increasing T_c
C)decreasing T_c
D)cannot be determined from information given

Question 57

If one could observe the individual atoms making up a piece of matter and note that during a process of change their motion somehow became more orderly,then one may assume which of the following in regard to the system?

A)increases in entropy
B)decreases in entropy
C)gains in thermal energy
D)positive work done on

Question 58

The Carnot cycle consists of a combination of ____ and ____ processes.

A)isobaric,isovolumetric
B)isovolumetric,adiabatic
C)isobaric,isothermal
D)adiabatic,isothermal

Question 59

When gasoline is burned,it gives off 41 000 J/g of heat energy.If an automobile uses 14.1 kg of gasoline per hour with an efficiency of 23.0%,what is the average horsepower output of the engine? (1 hp = 746 W)

A)49.5 hp
B)105 hp
C)35.1 hp
D)29.8 hp
E)59.5 hp

Question 60

Which of the following choices is an appropriate unit for measuring entropy changes?

A)J⋅K
B)N⋅K
C)J/s
D)J/K

Question 61

You have a PV diagram for a device going through a cyclic process forming a closed loop on the diagram.How can you tell from the diagram whether the device is acting as a heat engine and not as a refrigerator?

A)The loop is longer than it is high which means it is acting as a refrigerator.
B)The loop is higher than it is long which means it is acting as a refrigerator.
C)The loop proceeds clockwise which means it is acting as a heat engine.
D)The loop proceeds counterclockwise which means it is acting as a heat engine.

Question 62

On a PV diagram,2 curves are plotted,both starting at the same point and both ending at the same final increased volume.One curve is for an isothermal process;the other is for an adiabatic process.What does the area between these two curves represent?

A)Q absorbed by the isothermal process.
B)W done by the adiabatic process.
C)ΔU for the isothermal process.
D)Neither Q,W,nor ΔU for either of the processes is represented.

Question 63

Consider a Carnot cycle starting at the state of highest pressure and smallest volume.Call the isothermal expansion from this state step 1,the adiabatic expansion which follows step 2,the isothermal compression that then follows step 3,and the adiabatic compression which returns the system to the initial state step 4.In which steps does the internal energy of the system increase?

A)1 and 2
B)3 and 4
C)1 and 3
D)2 and 4

Question 64

Three Carnot engines operate between temperature reservoirs as follows: Engine A: T_h = 1 100 K,T_c = 1 000 K;Engine B: T_h = 550 K,T_c = 500 K;Engine C: T_h = 1100 K,T_c = 500 K.Which two engines have the same thermal efficiency?​

A)A and C
B)B and C
C)A and B
D)No two have the same thermal efficiency.
E)​A and B and C

Question 65

Entropy is a measure of the ____ of a system.

A)disorder
B)temperature
C)heat
D)internal energy

Question 66

A 2.65-kg block of ice is at STP (0°C,1 atm)while it melts completely to water.What is its change in entropy? (For ice,L_f = 3.34 × 10⁵ J/kg)

A)zero
B)1 620 J/K
C)811 J/K
D)3 240 J/K
E)6 480 J/K

Question 67

Consider a Carnot cycle starting at the state of highest pressure and smallest volume.Call the isothermal expansion that starts at this state step 1,the adiabatic expansion which follows step 2,the isothermal compression that then follows step 3,and the adiabatic compression which returns the system to the initial state step 4.In which step does the entropy of the system increase?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 68

On a PV diagram,2 curves are plotted,both starting at the same point (P₁,V₁)and both ending at the same increased volume (V₂).One curve is for an isothermal process;the other is for an adiabatic process.Except for the common starting point,which curve is the upper one?

A)The isothermal process curve will always be the upper one.
B)The adiabatic process curve will always be the upper one.
C)Since they start at the same point and end at the same volume,they will coincide.
D)The isothermal one will start out higher,but the adiabatic one will eventually cross it.

Question 69

At the dice factory,sets of novelty dice are created where a side with 7 dots replaces the single dot side.The sides then range from 2 to 7 instead of the usually 1 to 6.Using such dice for a game of craps,what will be the most probable roll?

A)7,this change in dots results in the same most probable value.
B)7.5
C)8
D)9

Question 70

In an isovolumetric process where the pressure increases,are the heat absorbed,work done by the system,and the change in internal energy of the system positive,negative,or zero?

A)Q is +,W is +,and ΔU is +.
B)Q is +,W is −,and ΔU is 0.
C)Q is +,W is 0,and ΔU is +.
D)Q is −,W is 0,and ΔU is −.

Question 71

2.20 kilograms of water at 1.00 atm at the boiling point of 100°C is heated until all the water vaporizes.What is its change in entropy? (For water,L_v = 2.26 × 10⁶ J/kg)

A)2.67E+4 J/K
B)1.33E+4 J/K
C)6.66E+3 J/K
D)4.44E+3 J/K
E)1.82E+4 J/K

Question 72

An avalanche of ice and snow of mass 1 500 kg slides a vertical distance of 190 m down a mountainside.If the temperature of the ice,snow,mountain and surrounding air are all at 0°C,what is the change in entropy of the universe?

A)2.05E+4 J/K
B)1.02E+4 J/K
C)5.12E+3 J/K
D)3.41E+3 J/K
E)1.04E+3 J/K

Question 73

A person consumes 2 200 kcal/day while expending 3 200 kcal/day.In a month's time,about how much weight would this person lose if the loss were essentially all from body fat? (Body fat has an energy content of about 4 100 kcal per pound. )

A)15 pound
B)22 pounds
C)7.3 pounds
D)3.7 pounds
E)29 pounds

Question 74

On an average diet,the consumption of 10.6 liters of oxygen releases how much energy? (4.50 kcal are released per liter of oxygen consumed. )

A)45 kJ
B)199 kJ
C)44.3 kJ
D)4 430 kJ
E)399 kJ

Question 75

A system has an increase in internal energy of 60 J while 90 J was removed from the system by heat.How much work was involved during this process and was it done on the system or done on its environment?

A)30 J on the system
B)30 J on the environment
C)150 J on the system
D)150 J on the environment

Question 76

What is the change in entropy (ΔS)when one mole of silver (101 g)is completely melted at 961°C? (The heat of fusion of silver is 8.82 × 10⁴ J/kg. )

A)9.27 J/K
B)7.22 J/K
C)3.61 J/K
D)14.4 J/K
E)5.22 J/K

Question 77

Which of the processes on a monatomic ideal gas given below will result in the temperature of the gas increasing? W is the work done by the gas.

A)a process where Q = W
B)a process where Q​ = -2W
C)a process where Q = 2W
D)None of the above will increase the temperature of the gas.

Question 78

A pound of body fat has an energy content of about 4 100 kcal.If a 1 200-kg automobile had an equivalent amount of translational kinetic energy,how fast would it be moving? (0.447 m/s = 1 mph,1 kcal = 4 186 J)

A)111 mph
B)268 mph
C)78.3 mph
D)378 mph
E)189 mph

Question 79

The surface of the Sun is at approximately 5 700 K and the temperature of the Earth's surface is about 290 K.What total entropy change occurs when 1 175 J of heat energy is transferred from the Sun to the Earth?

A)4.05 J/K
B)3.85 J/K
C)0.206 J/K
D)4.26 J/K
E)6.05 J/K

Question 80

When considering human metabolism in terms of the 1^st law of thermodynamics,which of the following represents the metabolic rate?

A)ΔU / Δt
B)ΔQ / Δt
C)W / Δt
D)ΔW / Δt