Deck 8: Carbohydrates

Question 1

Matching

-______ is a homopolymer composed of $\beta$ (1-4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues that is the principle structural component of the exoskeleton of various groups of invertebrates.

A)eight
B)deoxy
C)peptidoglycan
D)axial
E)anomers
F)two
G)lactose
H)glyceraldehyde
I)amylopectin
J)epimers
K)sixteen
L)glycogen
M)equatorial
N)chitin
O)hyaluronic acid
P)amylose

Answer 1

chitin

Question 2

Matching

-The monosaccharides $\alpha$ -D-galactose and $\beta$ -D-galactose are ______.

A)eight
B)deoxy
C)peptidoglycan
D)axial
E)anomers
F)two
G)lactose
H)glyceraldehyde
I)amylopectin
J)epimers
K)sixteen
L)glycogen
M)equatorial
N)chitin
O)hyaluronic acid
P)amylose

Answer 2

anomers

Question 3

Matching
The smallest aldose is ______.

A)eight
B)deoxy
C)peptidoglycan
D)axial
E)anomers
F)two
G)lactose
H)glyceraldehyde
I)amylopectin
J)epimers
K)sixteen
L)glycogen
M)equatorial
N)chitin
O)hyaluronic acid
P)amylose

Answer 3

glyceraldehyde

Question 4

Matching
______ is a heteropolymer composed of D-glucoronate and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine that acts as shock absorber and lubricant.

A)eight
B)deoxy
C)peptidoglycan
D)axial
E)anomers
F)two
G)lactose
H)glyceraldehyde
I)amylopectin
J)epimers
K)sixteen
L)glycogen
M)equatorial
N)chitin
O)hyaluronic acid
P)amylose

Question 5

Matching
An example of a homopolysaccharide in liver and muscle is ______.

A)eight
B)deoxy
C)peptidoglycan
D)axial
E)anomers
F)two
G)lactose
H)glyceraldehyde
I)amylopectin
J)epimers
K)sixteen
L)glycogen
M)equatorial
N)chitin
O)hyaluronic acid
P)amylose

Question 6

This figure is used in questions
Which of the sugars shown in the figure above are L sugars?

A)A and B
B)B and C
C)C and D
D)A and D
E)None of the above

Question 7

This figure is used in questions .
Which structure shown in the figure above is ribose?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)None of the above

Question 8

Matching
Bulky ring substituents preferentially occupy ______ positions in the chair conformation.

A)eight
B)deoxy
C)peptidoglycan
D)axial
E)anomers
F)two
G)lactose
H)glyceraldehyde
I)amylopectin
J)epimers
K)sixteen
L)glycogen
M)equatorial
N)chitin
O)hyaluronic acid
P)amylose

Question 9

This figure is used in questions
Which sugar shown in the figure above is the enantiomer of sugar A?

A)B
B)C
C)D
D)B and D
E)none of the above

Question 10

This figure is used in questions .
Which structure(s)shown in the figure above represent reducing sugar(s)?

A)A
B)D
C)C and D
D)A, B, C, and D
E)A, B, and C

Question 11

How many stereoisomers are possible for a ketopentose such as ribulose?

A)2
B)4
C)8
D)16
E)32

Question 12

Matching
The disaccharide commonly found in dairy products is ______.

A)eight
B)deoxy
C)peptidoglycan
D)axial
E)anomers
F)two
G)lactose
H)glyceraldehyde
I)amylopectin
J)epimers
K)sixteen
L)glycogen
M)equatorial
N)chitin
O)hyaluronic acid
P)amylose

Question 13

This figure is used in questions .
Which of the structures shown in the figure above is galactose?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)None of the above

Question 14

This figure is used in questions .
Which structure shown in the figure above is a ketohexose?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)None of the above

Question 15

Matching
Glucose, with its four chiral carbon atoms, has ______ possible stereoisomers.

A)eight
B)deoxy
C)peptidoglycan
D)axial
E)anomers
F)two
G)lactose
H)glyceraldehyde
I)amylopectin
J)epimers
K)sixteen
L)glycogen
M)equatorial
N)chitin
O)hyaluronic acid
P)amylose

Question 16

How many stereoisomers are possible for an aldopentose such as ribose?

A)2
B)4
C)8
D)16
E)32

Question 17

This figure is used in questions
Which two sugars shown in the figure above are epimers?

A)A and B
B)B and C
C)C and D
D)A and D
E)None of the above

Question 18

Matching
The ______ sugars are monosaccharides in which a hydroxyl group is replaced with a hydrogen atom.

A)eight
B)deoxy
C)peptidoglycan
D)axial
E)anomers
F)two
G)lactose
H)glyceraldehyde
I)amylopectin
J)epimers
K)sixteen
L)glycogen
M)equatorial
N)chitin
O)hyaluronic acid
P)amylose

Question 19

Matching
The main component of a bacterial cell wall is a ______.

A)eight
B)deoxy
C)peptidoglycan
D)axial
E)anomers
F)two
G)lactose
H)glyceraldehyde
I)amylopectin
J)epimers
K)sixteen
L)glycogen
M)equatorial
N)chitin
O)hyaluronic acid
P)amylose

Question 20

Matching

-Both $\alpha$ (1 $\to$ 4)and $\alpha$ (1 $\to$ 6)bonds can be found in the plant product______.

A)eight
B)deoxy
C)peptidoglycan
D)axial
E)anomers
F)two
G)lactose
H)glyceraldehyde
I)amylopectin
J)epimers
K)sixteen
L)glycogen
M)equatorial
N)chitin
O)hyaluronic acid
P)amylose

Question 21

The figure below shows structures of several types of sugars.Which one is an alditol?

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Question 22

At equilibrium in solution, D-glucose consists of a mixture of its anomers.Which statement most accurately describes this solution?

A)The solution consists of approximately equal amounts of the $\alpha$ - and $\beta$ -anomers.
B)The straight-chain form is present in high concentration.
C)The $\alpha$ -anomer is more stable and is slightly preferred over the $\beta$ -anomer.
D)The $\beta$ -anomer predominates over the $\alpha$ -anomer by a ratio of approximately 2:1.
E)None of the answers above is correct.

Question 23

This figure is used in questions .
Which of the structures shown in the figure above is a glucopyranose?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)None of the above

Question 24

The sialic acids

A)are important constituents of glycoproteins and glycolipids.
B)are N-acetyl glucosamine derivatives.
C)incorporate a succinic acid derivative.
D)all of the above
E)none of the above

Question 25

The structure below shows a Fischer projection of D-idose.
Which of the structures below represents $\beta$ -D-idopyranose

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Question 26

This figure is used in questions .
Which structures shown in the figure above represent possible structures of glucose?

A)A
B)A and B
C)A and C
D)A, B, and C
E)None of the above

Question 27

Uronic acids

A)are aldoses where the aldehyde is oxidized to a carboxylic acid.
B)are aldoses where the 1° alcohol is oxidized to a carboxylic acid.
C)can be found in the pyranose or furanose forms.
D)A and C are both correct.
E)B and C are both correct.

Question 28

Which of the following sugars is not a reducing sugar?

A)glucose
B)ribose
C)sucrose
D)starch
E)galactose

Question 29

The structure below shows $\beta$ -D-gulopyranose.
Which of the structures below represents a Fischer projection of D-gulose?

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

Question 30

This figure is used in questions .
Which structure shown in the figure above represents a ketose?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)None of the above

Question 31

This figure is used in questions .
The structures shown in the figure above are represented as

A)Fischer projections.
B)Haworth projections.
C)space-filling projections.
D)ball and stick models.
E)None of the answers above is correct.

Question 32

The transformation of a monosaccharide into its ______ occurs easily and does not require the assistance of a catalyst.

A)epimer
B)anomer
C)sugar alcohol
D)diastereomer
E)none of the above

Question 33

The figure below shows structures of several types of sugars.Which one is an aldonic acid?

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Question 34

This figure is used in questions .
The configuration around which carbon atom shown in the figure above determines whether this is a D or an L sugar?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 35

This figure is used in questions .
Which structure shown in the figure above represents deoxyribose?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)None of the above

Question 36

This figure is used in questions .
The structure shown in the figure above represents a

A)glucopyranose.
B)ribofuranose.
C)myo-inositol.
D)fructofuranose.
E)glucofuranose.

Question 37

Which of the structures below represents a glucoside?

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Question 38

Alcohols react with aldehydes to form

A)hemiketals.
B)lactones.
C)lactams.
D)glycosides.
E)hemiacetals.

Question 39

This figure is used in questions .
Which of the carbon atoms shown in the figure above represent the anomeric carbon?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 40

The bonding of alcohols to the anomeric center of a carbohydrate results in the formation of a(n)__________ bond.

A)anomeric
B)amide
C)glycosidic
D)ester
E)hydrogen

Question 41

Starch is a mixture of

A)( $\alpha$ -amylose and amylopectin.)
B)glycogen and amylopectin.
C)glycogen and $\alpha$ -amylose.
D)glycogen and cellulose.
E)( $\alpha$ -amylose and maltose.)

Question 42

Bacterial cell walls are composed of _____.

A)pectin
B)chondroitin sulfate chains
C)peptidoglycans
D)heparin
E)proteoglycans

Question 43

D-Allose is an aldohexose.Methylation of which hydroxyl group on $\beta$ -D-allopyranose prevents the molecule from mutarotating to $\alpha$ -D-allopyranose?

A)C1
B)C2
C)C3
D)C4
E)C5

Question 44

N-linked oligosaccharides can be covalently linked to proteins at which amino acid?

A)Gly
B)Ser
C)Glu
D)Tyr
E)Asn

Question 45

Which of the following is an example of a heteropolysaccharide?

A)cellulose
B)chitin
C)starch
D)glycogen
E)hyaluronic acid

Question 46

Which of the following polysaccharides cannot be digested by mammalian salivary, gastric, or pancreatic enzymes?

A)amylopectin
B)amylose
C)chitin
D)glycogen
E)starch

Question 47

Which statement about N-linked glycosylation is correct?

A)N-linked oligosaccharides are attached to proteins one sugar at the time in the endoplasmic reticulum.
B)N-linked sugars are attached to proteins as a 14 residue oligosaccharide during translation in the endoplasmic reticulum.
C)N-linked sugars are attached to proteins as a 14 residue oligosaccharide during translation in the cytoplasm.
D)N-linked sugars are attached to proteins as a 14 residue oligosaccharide after translation in the Golgi apparatus.
E)N-linked oligosaccharides are attached to proteins one sugar at the time in the Golgi apparatus.

Question 48

Which of the following is a disaccharide?

A)amylose
B)saccharin
C)aspartame
D)amylopectin
E)none of the above

Question 49

Chitin differs from cellulose due to

A)inversion of configuration at the anomeric carbon.
B)sulfonation of the C2 OH group.
C)a much greater prevalence of branching.
D)replacement of the C2 OH group by an acetamido group.
E)replacement of the C6 OH group by an amino group.

Question 50

Which of the following statements applies to all artificial sweeteners?

A)Artificial sweeteners cannot be readily metabolized.
B)Artificial sweeteners are peptides and provide important amino acids.
C)Artificial sweeteners have fewer calories than sucrose.
D)Artificial sweeteners are much sweeter than sucrose.
E)all of the above

Question 51

Which of the following polysaccharides cannot be digested by mammalian salivary, gastric, or pancreatic enzymes?

A)cellulose
B)amylopectin
C)amylose
D)glycogen
E)starch

Question 52

Which of these is not an artificial sweetener?

A)saccharine
B)aspartame
C)maltose
D)acesulfame
E)alitame

Question 53

Cellulose is

A)a linear copolymer of glucose and galactose.
B)a branched polymer of glucose.
C)a linear polymer of glucose with β( $1\rightarrow$ 4)linkages.
D)a linear polymer of glucose with α(1 $\rightarrow$ 4)linkages.
E)sometimes called starch.

Question 54

Which of the following is a mixture of two types of polymers?

A)cellulose
B)starch
C)chitin
D)glycogen
E)amylose

Question 55

Which polysaccharide is found in a helically coiled conformation?

A)chitin
B)α-amylose
C)cellulose
D)lignin
E)none of the above

Question 56

Which of these polysaccharides is a branched polymer?

A)chitin
B)amylose
C)cellulose
D)amylopectin
E)hyaluronic acid

Question 57

Which of the following is the most abundant disaccharide?

A)lactose
B)cellulose
C)α-amylose
D)maltose
E)sucrose

Question 58

Which of the following sequences represents a recognition site for N-linked glycosylation where X is any amino acid except Pro?

A)Gln-X-Ser
B)His-X-Ser
C)Arg-X-Ser
D)Asn-X-Ser
E)Asp-X-Ser

Question 59

A saccharide that has free aldehyde group is called a(n)_____________.

A)ketose
B)nonreducing sugar
C)reducing sugar
D)aldohexose
E)alditol

Question 60

Glycoproteins

A)are only found in bacteria.
B)are extremely homogeneous.
C)are typically less than 1% carbohydrate by weight.
D)are assembled under strict genetic control.
E)exhibit microheterogeneity.

Question 61

The picture below shows a Fischer projection of D-glucose.
a.Is glucose and aldose or a ketose?
b.What is the name of the molecule that is formed upon oxidation of the aldehyde to a carboxyl group?
c.Draw a Fischer projection of D-galactose, which is an epimer of glucose with respect to the C4 position.
d.Draw a Haworth projection of $\beta$ -D-glucopyranose.
e.What is the name of the linear polymer in which glucopyranose residues are linked to each other through $\beta$ (1→4)glycosidic bonds.

Question 62

We encounter a great variety of sugars in living organisms.
a.Draw a Haworth projection of an aldohexose in the pyranose form (include all atoms).
b.Draw the Haworth projection of the anomer of the aldose you drew in "a" above.
c.Draw a circle around the carbon that determines whether this sugar is a D or an L sugar.
d.How many chiral carbon atoms are present in each of the structures drawn in "a" and
b" above?
e.How many stereoisomers exist for these pyranoses?

Question 63

O-linked oligosaccharides are commonly attached to the -OH group of _____.

A)ribose
B)tyrosine
C)lysine
D)threonine
E)glycine

Question 64

The drawing below shows the structure of the disaccharide sucrose.
a.What are the names of the two monosaccharides that form sucrose?
b.Draw squares around the carbons that determine the designation D or L for each of the monosaccharides.
c.Draw circles around the anomeric carbon atoms on the drawing.
d.Indicate on the drawing for each of the anomeric carbon atoms whether they are in the $\alpha$ or the $\beta$ configuration.
e.Is sucrose a reducing sugar? Explain your answer in one sentence.

Question 65

We encounter a great variety of sugars in living organisms.
a.Are most carbohydrates in living organisms D or L?
b.Draw a Fischer projection of the smallest aldose (include all atoms).
c.What is the name of this molecule?

Question 66

Proteins that bind to specific carbohydrates are called ______.

A)pectins
B)oligonucleotides
C)glycosaminoglycans
D)lectins
E)chitins