Deck 3: Self and Social and Moral Development

Question 1

Erikson interprets development from the perspective of what theory?

A)Psychosexual
B)Psychosocial
C)Psychosomatic
D)Sociocultural

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Canadian researchers using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Children and Youth,have demonstrated that

A)children will react aggressively to "Bobo" dolls after watching adults behave aggressively.
B)strong associations exist between family membership and family functioning and aggressive behaviour.
C)siblings are the greatest source of aggressive models.
D)socioeconomic status is the strongest predictor of young adult aggressive behaviour.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Children experiencing the Eriksonian conflict of trust vs.mistrust are also in what Piagetian stage?

A)Concrete operations
B)Formal operations
C)Preoperational thought
D)Sensorimotor

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Relational aggression involves

A)physical abuse between siblings.
B)threatening or damaging social relationships.
C)being assertive about one's rights.
D)inflicting intentional harm.

Question 5

Research has shown that students who watch others behaving aggressively

A)become more aggressive.
B)become more passive.
C)do not change their behaviour.
D)tolerate less aggression among peers.

Question 6

Erikson's notion of developmental crises can be defined as a

A)concern with parental control and self-determination.
B)conflict between a positive and an unhealthy alternative.
C)conflict between physical growth and cognitive growth.
D)puzzle that may assist a person's cognitive development.

Question 7

The emphasis in Erikson's stage theory is on

A)behaviours and their consequences.
B)the development of moral values.
C)the formation of a personal identity.
D)the process of acculturation in school settings.

Question 8

Martin now takes considerable pride in completing his fourth-grade homework assignments and in doing them well.He is quite disappointed when the teacher assigns an "A" to him for a project that he strongly felt deserved an A+ (or better!).According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development,Martin is in what stage of development?

A)Autonomy vs.doubt
B)Initiative vs.guilt
C)Identity vs.role diffusion
D)Industry vs.inferiority

Question 9

According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Model of Human Development

A)the mesosystem is another word for the teacher.
B)the microsystem refers to the society at large and how it influences the individual.
C)The family is more important than the school environment for human development.
D)the parent's work place (i.e.,exosystem)influences the development of the child.

Question 10

Adults who were rejected as children tend to have

A)fewer problems than adults whose childhoods were without caring adults.
B)friends who are socially competent and mature,even though their childhoods were essentially friendless.
C)higher self-esteem than adults who were socially competent as children.
D)more problems than adults who had close friends when they were children.

Question 11

Sally is in the stage Erikson calls initiative vs.guilt.Her parents supervise her closely and direct all her activities.The danger is that Sally may

A)develop an exaggerated sense of her own abilities.
B)eventually grow to mistrust her parents.
C)have difficulty trusting her own judgment.
D)not learn that some things should never be done.

Question 12

Which of the following parenting styles is characterized by highly controlling behaviour but low in worth and responsiveness?

A)Authoritarian
B)Authoritative
C)Permissive
D)Rejecting/Neglecting

Question 13

Which level of government is responsible for child protection laws?

A)Municipal
B)Provincial
C)Federal
D)All levels of government

Question 14

Children who experience autonomy are likely to become more

A)aggressive.
B)dependent.
C)intelligent.
D)self-reliant.

Question 15

Psychologists disagree about the commonly held belief that parents are the major influence on their children.What is the basis of this disagreement?

A)Behavioural genetics
B)Child rearing practices
C)Peer influences
D)Social environment

Question 16

Francis is no longer satisfied with pretending he has a place of his own.He's in the third grade now and old enough to build a real playhouse.He sets to work with boards and cardboard,and takes great pleasure in the completed project.Francis is at the stage of

A)autonomy vs.doubt and shame.
B)generativity vs.self-absorption.
C)identity vs.role diffusion.
D)industry vs.inferiority.

Question 17

What does a conflict such as initiative vs.guilt represent in Erikson's theory?

A)A developmental crisis
B)Cognitive dissonance
C)Disequilibration
D)Equilibration

Question 18

As with most developmental crises,the resolution of the identity crisis

A)does not depend on resolution of previous conflicts.
B)is generally completed during a brief time period.
C)may be an extended process.
D)requires little conscious effort.

Question 19

The school and the neighbourhood first become highly important influences during what Eriksonian stage?

A)Autonomy vs.shame
B)Generativity vs.stagnation
C)Industry vs.inferiority
D)Intimacy vs.isolation

Question 20

The way that children resolve the autonomy vs.shame and doubt crisis influences their later sense of

A)attachment to the family.
B)confidence in their own abilities.
C)cooperation in groups.
D)evaluation of new ideas.

Question 21

June's mother always wanted to be an actress and started leading June in that direction at around age two.Now June sees herself as an actress and nothing else.In which of Erikson's stages is June?

A)Identity achievement
B)Identity diffusion
C)Identity foreclosure
D)Identity moratorium

Question 22

The implication of the "Big Fish,Little Pond" idea is that

A)children in "average" schools may feel better about their own abilities than those in "high-ability" schools.
B)larger schools are likely to promote higher achievement than smaller schools.
C)self-concept is lower when competition is weaker than when it is stronger.
D)smaller schools offer limited opportunities for self-concept to develop.

Question 23

Jerry has become active with a group working to save America's topsoil.He believes that steps must be taken to prevent food shortages 100 years from now.George's situation represents Erikson's concern for

A)generativity.
B)integrity.
C)isolation.
D)self-absorption.

Question 24

Ever since Maida was a child,her parents talked about the possibility of her becoming a doctor.They brought her chemistry sets and equipment,such as stethoscopes and tongue depressors.When Maida entered college,she enrolled in the pre-medical program without even considering other options.According to James Marcia,Maida is exhibiting identity

A)achievement.
B)diffusion.
C)foreclosure.
D)moratorium.

Question 25

The difference between self-concept and self-esteem is that

A)self-concept is an affective reaction while self-esteem is a cognitive structure.
B)self-concept is a cognitive structure while self-esteem is an affective reaction.
C)self-esteem is a general concept while self-concept is specific to a given situation.
D)there is actually little or no difference between self-esteem and self-concept.

Question 26

The development of children's self-concept evolves by means of

A)constant self-evaluation in many different situations.
B)contrasting themselves with their peers.
C)differentiating between their skills and those of their peers.
D)gauging the verbal reactions of significant others.

Question 27

In a state of moral realism,a young child is likely to believe that

A)a person's intentions are really what matters,rather than results.
B)hitting two children deserves a stronger punishment than hitting one child.
C)misbehaving in school always merits punishment of some severe form.
D)punishment is rarely justified even though the behaviour was undesirable.

Question 28

Programs designed to increase students' self-esteem such as "Student of the Month" have

A)had little effect on increasing self-esteem.
B)are relevant only for certain ethnic cultures.
C)have a great influence on increasing students' self-esteem.
D)should be used only in special education classes.

Question 29

Seventeen-year-old Carl has considered several career options and has developed a firm career goal.Carl is experiencing identity

A)achievement.
B)diffusion.
C)foreclosure.
D)moratorium.

Question 30

A recent study that followed 761 middle-class students from first grade through high school discovered the following about diversity and self-esteem:

A)Boys are more confident than girls in their abilities in math and sports
B)There are no gender differences between boys and girls' self-esteem
C)Girls feel more confidence than boys in math
D)There are major differences between boys and girls in all subject areas

Question 31

Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding the development of self-concept?

A)A person with a positive self-concept in one school subject is almost certain to have a positive self-concept in other subjects.
B)Older children's academic self-concept may be quite different than their physical self- concept.
C)Poor performance is most damaging to a student's self-concept in science and math courses.
D)The developing self-concept remains quite stable throughout early and late childhood.

Question 32

Woolfolk has suggested that self-esteem is probably increased the most by

A)demonstrating competence in valued knowledge domains.
B)demonstrating understanding in school subjects.
C)having a rich and diverse social life.
D)receiving public recognition and rewards.

Question 33

Which one of the following students is expected to have the highest self-esteem?

A)Charlene,who won the tennis tournament after the number one seed was injured
B)Jennifer,who scored highest in her class on the physics exam even though she hated physics
C)Richard,who won Best-of-Class in a statewide modelling competition
D)Terry,who became class president after the elected president moved to a new school

Question 34

As children develop perspective-taking abilities,there is a gradual movement toward a state of

A)moral dilemma.
B)moral reason.
C)morality of cooperation.
D)personal reward orientation.

Question 35

Frank said,"If I were starving,I'd steal a loaf of bread,but it would be wrong and against the law." What level of moral reasoning does Frank demonstrate?

A)Conventional
B)Nonconventional
C)Preconventional
D)Postconventional

Question 36

Which one of Erikson's crises would you be LEAST likely to encounter in a K-12 classroom?

A)Identity vs.inferiority
B)Identity vs.role confusion
C)Initiative vs.guilt
D)Integrity vs.despair

Question 37

George attends a rural middle school in Virginia.On standardized achievement tests given in George's school,the school average is near the national average.George's friend Harold attends an elite private school in Washington,D.C.The average score of students at Harold's school on the same achievement measure is well above the national average.According to Marsh,George is more likely to feel better about his abilities than does Harold,even though both boys received high scores on the test.What developmental concept is illustrated?

A)"Big Fish,Little Pond"
B)Gradual development
C)Identity diffusion
D)Moratorium

Question 38

Based on recent studies,which of the following children is likely to have the greatest difficulty with assessing the intention of others?

A)Bart,a ten-year-old with high self-esteem
B)Enid,an aggressive three-year-old
C)Liliana,a passive five-year-old
D)Philip,an aggressive nine-year-old

Question 39

Dependence on peers,parents,and others begins to change to independence during what identity status?

A)Diffusion
B)Conventional
C)Foreclosure
D)Moratorium

Question 40

Christine can't decide what she wants to pursue when she graduates from high school this year."Life is so confusing," she thinks to herself."Perhaps it is best not to think about these decisions at all." Christine is experiencing identity

A)achievement.
B)diffusion.
C)foreclosure.
D)moratorium.

Question 41

One of the most hotly debated criticisms of Kohlberg's moral reasoning theory is that this theory is based on a longitudinal study of only

A)adolescent females.
B)adolescent males.
C)adult females.
D)adult males.

Question 42

Adolescents who do not experiment with different identities or consider a range of options are experiencing identity diffusion.

Question 43

Academic self-concept influences students' course selection.

Question 44

8)Children whose parents are divorcing can benefit from authoritative teachers.

Question 45

Approximately two-thirds of people with eating disorders actually receive treatment and get help.

Question 46

Children's failure to gain a sense of industry may result in feelings of inferiority.

Question 47

Andrea is driving home from the library at 2:00 in the morning.She stops for a red light and waits,even though no one is in sight.After looking again carefully in all directions,she drives across against the light.According to Kohlberg,what level of moral reasoning is reflected by Andrea's decision to cross the intersection?

A)Conventional
B)Nonconventional
C)Postconventional
D)Preconventional

Question 48

The development of perspective-taking continues from early childhood to adulthood.

Question 49

Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding how Kohlberg's theory treats social conventions relative to moral issues?

A)Little differentiation between moral issues and social conventions is characteristic of this theory.
B)Moral issues are regarded as more universally oriented than are social conventions.
C)Social conventions are used as the basis for constructing dilemmas.
D)Social conventions are viewed as inherently right or wrong and moral issues as arbitrary.

Question 50

In addition to reasoning,what other influences affect moral behaviour?

A)Caring and correction
B)External standards and integration
C)Internalization and modelling
D)Valuing justice and sharing

Question 51

Erikson,like Piaget,saw development as a passage through a series of interdependent stages.

Question 52

Students experience the greatest increases in self-esteem when they grow more competent in the areas that their parents value.

Question 53

According to Erikson,children's first development crisis is resolving initiative vs.guilt.

Question 54

The basic difference between self-concept and self-esteem is that self-concept is a cognitive structure while self-esteem is an affective structure.

Question 55

A successful means of dealing with the adolescent identity crisis is identity foreclosure.

Question 56

According to Erikson,adolescents who are having difficulty with identity choices are experiencing a moratorium.

Question 57

Ethnic heritage and pride are especially important influences on self-esteem.

Question 58

According to Woolfolk,one of the best ways to prevent cheating in a classroom is to

A)make every attempt to avoid placing learners in high-pressure situations.
B)inform students you will call their parents if they are caught cheating.
C)ignore the first cheating behaviour because students typically do not cheat on a regular basis.
D)emphasize why grades are so important to the learning process.

Question 59

Sue is presented with a moral dilemma and responds that she would act in a certain way to please her parents.The moral reasoning stage reflected is

A)conventional.
B)nonconventional.
C)postconventional.
D)preconventional.

Question 60

Vic was struggling with a difficult math exam.Abbey,an A+ student,was not covering her paper,so Vic decided to copy some of her answers in order to avoid having to try solving the rest of the problems himself.What level of moral reasoning did Vic demonstrate?

A)Conventional
B)Nonconventional
C)Postconventional
D)Preconventional

Question 61

Research shows that boys enter puberty earlier than girls.

Question 62

The eating disorder that involves binge eating is ________.

Question 63

Erikson interprets development based on the perspective of the ________ theory.

Question 64

Individuals who reach no conclusion about who or what they are or what they want to do with their lives experience identity ________.

Question 65

An "obedience" orientation characterizes Kohlberg's stage of moral reasoning known as ________.

Question 66

________ marks the beginning of sexual maturity.

Question 67

According to Erikson,the main conflict for adolescents involves the search for ________.

Question 68

The relationship between perseverance and a job completed is what Erikson calls ________.

Question 69

Adolescents who do not experiment with different identities or consider a range of options experience identity ________.

Question 70

Aggression and assertiveness are synonymous behaviours.

Question 71

Children experiencing the Eriksonian conflict of trust vs.mistrust are in Piaget's ________ stage.

Question 72

According to Urie Bronfenbrenner,families and teachers are part of a child's ________ system.

Question 73

Situations in which people must make difficult decisions are called ________.

Question 74

Urie Bronfenbrenner's theory,which describes the social and cultural contexts of development is referred to as his ________ model of development.

Question 75

Adolescents who fail to develop a strong identity are likely to experience ________.

Question 76

When individuals adopt external standards as their own,they are internalizing those standards.

Question 77

Primary school students strive to avoid feeling ________ when they are not allowed to do certain things.

Question 78

Being recognized as a "good" child by one's parents is especially important at the preconventional stage of moral reasoning.

Question 79

Kohlberg's theory of moral development has been criticized because it does not differentiate between true moral issues and social conventions in the early stages.

Question 80

In adulthood,one of the conflicts that people must face is stagnation vs.________.