Deck 2: History of Organization Development

Question 1

As a result to the research with the Connecticut Interracial Commission, ______ were born.

A) lab groups
B) leadership groups
C) sociotechnical groups
D) T-groups

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Herzberg's research suspected that ______ was not the opposite of ______ .

A) motivation; job satisfaction
B) job satisfaction; job dissatisfaction
C) job dissatisfaction; motivation
D) job satisfaction; hygiene factors

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Lewin referred to ______ as a model to capture the idea that the research projects at their core always had both pragmatic and theoretical components, and that rigorous scientific methods could be used to gather data about groups and to intervene in their processes.

A) laboratory training
B) action research
C) survey feedback
D) management practices

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following was identified as a notable research program within management practices?

A) MacGregor's Theory X and Y
B) Blake and Mouton's managerial grid
C) Herzberg's studies of worker motivation
D) all the above

Question 5

Which of the following of Likert's four systems of management relates to managers involving groups in setting and measuring goals, information flows in all directions, and decisions making is done throughout the organization?

A) System 1
B) System 2
C) System 3
D) System 4

Question 6

Which of the following theories is a more optimistic view of people and work?

A) Theory X
B) Theory V
C) Theory Y
D) Theory Z

Question 7

What is referred to now as a commonly used form of scale for measurement?

A) Rensis Scale
B) Likert Scale
C) Survey Scale
D) Research Scale

Question 8

Which of the following is not a hygiene factor, which can cause job dissatisfaction?

A) Recognition for achievement
B) Supervision
C) Physical working conditions
D) Job security

Question 9

Which of the following phrases did Lewin invent?

A) group dynamics
B) group leadership
C) group behavior
D) group patterns

Question 10

Which of the following is not a key motivator that contributes to job enrichment?

A) Achievement and quality performance
B) Responsibility
C) Advancement, growth, and learning
D) Company policies and administrative practices

Question 11

Which researcher's work was an effort to understand and create personal and social change, with the objective of building and growing democracy in society?

A) Rensis Likert
B) Fred Emery
C) Kurt Lewin
D) Douglas MacGregor

Question 12

Which of the following was not an objective of the research project at Detroit Edison?

A) To develop through first-hand experience an understanding of the problems of producing change
B) To improve relationships
C) To insinuate factors related to change
D) To develop working hypotheses for later, more directed research

Question 13

In STS, which two systems are focused heavily on?

A) social and technological
B) social and environmental
C) technological and environmental
D) environmental and cultural

Question 14

Which of the following of Likert's four systems of management relates to managers using rewards occasionally, but also punishment, information flow is mostly downward, and most decisions are made at the highest levels?

A) System 1
B) System 2
C) System 3
D) System 4

Question 15

Which of the following was not reported by the employees in the experimental accounting departments at Detroit Edison?

A) How well the supervisors in their department got along together
B) How often their supervisors held meetings and how effective the meetings were
C) How much their supervisor understood the way employees look at and felt about things
D) How well supervisors linked pay for performance with employees

Question 16

What is considered as one of the earliest fads in the field of management occurred as a result of ______ .

A) lab groups
B) leadership groups
C) sociotechnical groups
D) T-groups

Question 17

There was common objective of each T-group, regardless of the process the groups followed

A) to demonstrate understanding by the group leaders being active in posing questions and suggesting activities that participants should automatically involve themselves with.
B) to have trainers serve as leaders and demonstrate to the group what processes to follow so that participants would continue those behaviors when returned home.
C) to create interpersonal change by allowing individuals to learn about their own and others' behavior so that the education could be translated into more effective behavior when the participants returned home.
D) to have participants engage in discussion with the researchers so that they could share what actually occurred within the various interactions so that researchers were more informed.

Question 18

The National Training Laboratory (NTL) in Group Development was founded by Kenneth Benne, Leland Bradford, and Ronald Lippitt, who were inspired by which scholar?

A) Douglas Beckhard
B) Kurt Lewin
C) Herbert Shepard
D) Wendell French

Question 19

The Managerial Grid mapped scores related to concern for production and concern for people; the scores ranged from ______ to ______.

A) 1; 5
B) 1; 7
C) 1; 9
D) 1;11

Question 20

Two criteria, addressing questions of larger significance and making the results known to other researchers and practitioners, formed the core of the action research process. One initial project that met this criteria was at ______.

A) Survey Research Center
B) Connecticut Interracial Commission
C) Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
D) Detroit Edison

Question 21

Which of the following strands of OD influenced programs such as Six Sigma?

A) Laboratory training and T-groups
B) Management practices
C) Quality and employee involvement
D) Organizational effectiveness and employee engagement

Question 22

Chris Argyris is noted as being a major contributor to the field of ______.

A) organizational change
B) organizational learning
C) organizational leading
D) organizational behavior

Question 23

Which of the following strands of OD influenced appreciative inquiry?

A) Action research
B) Quality and employee involvement
C) Organizational culture
D) Organizational learning

Question 24

Which well-known organization presently conducts an employee engagement survey called the Q12?

A) MIT
B) University of Michigan
C) Forbes
D) Gallup

Question 25

Senge indicated organizations needed to build capacity in several areas, one of which relates to the choice to engage in and commit to a personal vision, goals, and development:

A) systems thinking
B) personal mastery
C) building shared vision
D) mental models

Question 26

Juran popularized the ______, the idea that explains 80 percent of quality defects by 20 percent of the causes.

A) Peter Principle
B) Pareto Principle
C) Popular Principle
D) TQM Principle

Question 27

OD practice continued to grow in the 1980s and 1990s. Which of the following labels was utilized?

A) strategic change
B) change management
C) reengineering
D) all the above

Question 28

Which process of learning occurs in which we question or modify policies, objectives, or practices to prevent errors the next time?

A) single-loop learning
B) double-loop learning
C) deutero-learning
D) triple-loop learning

Question 29

Which of the following terms refers to « the individual's involvement and satisfaction with as well as enthusiasm for work »?

A) organizational effectiveness
B) employee satisfaction
C) employee engagement
D) organizational learning

Question 30

Many OD practitioners are now exchanging the term organizational development instead with ______.

A) organizational effectiveness
B) organizational learning
C) organizational management
D) organizational engagement

Question 31

OD is

A) multiple methods, perspectives, approaches, and values that influence how it is practiced.
B) a methodical set of rigid practices.
C) is focused on solely individual growth regarding how individuals influence organizations decisions.
D) a one-size-fits-all approach.

Question 32

Which of the following terms can be defined as « the shared attitudes, values, beliefs, and customs of members of a social unit or organization »?

A) organization
B) intervention
C) culture
D) employee involvement

Question 33

Which of the following strands of OD is presently utilized, specifically in mergers and acquisitions?

A) Action research
B) Quality and employee involvement
C) Organizational culture
D) Organizational learning

Question 34

As firms realized that the ______ of a product strongly impacted the profitability and competitiveness of the organization, they began to pay attention to management styles that would increase workers' ability and motivation.

A) ROI
B) quality
C) defects
D) capabilities

Question 35

______ has now become both an evaluation mechanism of OD effectiveness and an intervention in itself.

A) Organizational engagement
B) Change management
C) Organizational learning
D) Employee engagement

Question 36

Juran argued that quality had two main characteristics: fitness for use and ______.

A) improved instrumentation
B) acceptable defects
C) control for quality
D) freedom from defects

Question 37

Which process of learning refers to correcting mistakes as they occur?

A) single-loop learning
B) double-loop learning
C) deutero-learning
D) triple-loop learning

Question 38

Which process of learning occurs when organizational members understand how and when they learn and develop an environment in which learning can occur?

A) single-loop learning
B) double-loop learning
C) deutero-learning
D) triple-loop learning

Question 39

Cultures perpetuate themselves through ______, particularly when new members to the culture are reprimanded for violating cultural norms or rewarded for assimilation.

A) socialization
B) employee involvement
C) supervision
D) experimentation

Question 40

Senge indicated organizations needed to build capacity in several areas, one of which relates to the leadership ability and responsibility to rally organizational members around a single vision that motivates them:

A) systems thinking
B) personal mastery
C) building shared vision
D) team learning

Question 41

In the further research conducted at Detroit Edison, specifically with the eight accounting departments, there was no reported difference among the groups that had taken action compared to the groups that had taken no action.

Question 42

Organizational cultures also exist within local or national cultures that have their own influence on the behaviors of organizational members.

Question 43

Discuss the relevance or importance of participants being included within the discussions during laboratory training/T-groups.

Question 44

In the earlier recognized laboratory/T-group training/workshops, organization members were not invited to participate in discussion and to share their own interpretations.

Question 45

Chapter 2 identifies six strands of OD research and practice.

Question 46

Thoroughly detail the components within Herzberg's motivation-hygiene theory.

Question 47

To illustrate why organizations often succeed at learning, Argyris developed two models of managerial thinking: Model I and Model II.

Question 48

The ability to effectively adopt change became the difference between successful and mediocre organizations.

Question 49

MacGregor, Likert, Blake and Mouton, and Herzberg sought to persuade the practitioner community that there was a more optimistic and humanistic alternative to management.

Question 50

Quality circles do not involve employees in improving the work environment and the quality of the output by making suggestions to upper management for areas of improvement.

Question 51

Summarize the eight strands of OD that Chapter 2 discussed. How have each of these strands influenced OD today?

Question 52

How would you define and describe action research?

Question 53

Distinguish between Theory X and Theory Y.

Question 54

Deming's quality control method is often referred to now as total quality management.

Question 55

The practice of OD is just in its second decade.