Deck 13: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders

Question 1

Which of the following is accurate in regard to the long-term outlook for schizophrenic patients?

A) About 50% of people diagnosed with the disorder eventually recover.
B) Recovery is possible only if the person stays on medication.
C) Recovery is possible only if the patient receives psychotherapy.
D) Complete recovery from schizophrenia is rare.

Answer 1

Complete recovery from schizophrenia is rare.

Question 2

In Observations on Madness and Melancholy, John Haslam characterized (what is now known as) schizophrenia as:

A) dementia praecox.
B) hallucinations, delusions, and negativism.
C) insanity.
D) catatonia.

Answer 2

insanity.

Question 3

The term "schizophrenia" was introduced circa 1908 by a Swiss psychiatrist named

A) Emil Kraepelin.
B) Sigmund Freud.
C) Eugen Bleuler.
D) Phillipe Pinel.

Answer 3

Eugen Bleuler.

Question 4

According to your text, delusions are defined as:

A) irrational beliefs.
B) bad dreams.
C) feeling invincible.
D) sensory experiences that are not real.

Question 5

Which of the following is the best description of schizophrenia?

A) Schizophrenia is characterized by symptoms shared by everyone with the diagnosis.
B) Schizophrenia is characterized by multiple personalities.
C) Schizophrenia is characterized by behavior and symptoms that aren't necessarily common to everyone with the diagnosis.
D) The course of schizophrenia is always predictable.

Question 6

According to statistical data, the prevalence of schizophrenia is about .

A) .01%
B) 1%
C) 5%
D) 10%

Question 7

In the late 1800s, the German psychiatrist Emil Kraeplin made all of the following contributions to our knowledge of schizophrenia EXCEPT

A) distinguishing dementia praecox (schizophrenia) from manic-depressive illness.
B) noting that hallucinations, delusions, and negativism were symptoms of dementia praecox (schizophrenia).
C) combining several symptoms of insanity (catatonia, paranoia, hebephrenia) that had usually been viewed as reflecting separate and distinct disorders.
D) conceptualizing a treatment for schizophrenic patients that is still being used today.

Question 8

Rashad blames martians for the rainy weather. Rashad's doctor is exploring what kinds of brain dysfunctions Rashad has through a PET scan study. Rashad's doctor is using which kind of theory:

A) irrational beliefs.
B) motivational.
C) deficit.
D) cognitive.

Question 9

Eugen Bleuler's concept of schizophrenia as an "associative splitting" of the basic functions of personality led to the incorrect use of the term to mean

A) a fugue state.
B) multiple personality.
C) cognitive slippage.
D) folie à deux.

Question 10

In working with schizophrenic patients, mental health professionals typically distinguish between symptoms (an excess or distortion of normal behavior) and

A) positive; negative
B) negative; positive
C) manic; depressive
D) dysmorphic; dysfunctional

Question 11

Which of the following is the definition for hebephrenia?

A) Silly and immature behavior
B) Early madness
C) Alternating immobility and agitated excitement
D) Delusions of grandeur or persecution

Question 12

In the 1850s, a French physician named Benedict Morel used the terms demence (loss of mind) and precoce (early, premature) to describe what we now know as schizophrenia because he observed that the onset of symptoms often occurs

A) in the early part of the year.
B) during adolescence.
C) in the morning.
D) prior to symptoms of other mental illnesses.

Question 13

If an individual is diagnosed as psychotic, it usually means that the person has .

A) hallucinations
B) delusions
C) both of these
D) neither of these

Question 14

Toward the end of the 19th century, Emil Kraeplin, studying the disorder we now call schizophrenia, used the term because he observed that the onset of symptoms often occurred before adulthood.

A) adolescent insanity
B) folie à deux
C) catatonia previa
D) dementia praecox

Question 15

When you interview Dr. Kwame, a psychologist in your local health department, he says that one of his clients fell in love with Jennifer Lopez and created stories about how they would run off to the Caribbean and get married. Dr. Kwame is reflecting which category or view of delusions:

A) irrational beliefs.
B) motivational.
C) deficit.
D) cognitive.

Question 16

Which of the following characterize the disorder known as schizophrenia?

A) Delusions and hallucinations
B) Inappropriate emotions
C) Disorganized speech and behavior
D) All of these

Question 17

Which of the following was the main characteristic of dementia praecox, according to Emil Kraepelin?

A) Silly and immature behavior
B) Mental weakness
C) Alternating immobility and agitated excitement
D) Delusions of grandeur or persecution

Question 18

In the textbook case of Arthur, he said that he had a "secret plan to save all the starving children in the world." After Arthur showed other bizarre behavior and also said he was going to climb the fence of a government building, his parents tried to have him admitted to a psychiatric hospital. They were not able to do that because

A) he was not considered a danger to himself or others.
B) he was given medication instead to calm him down.
C) the hospital staff didn't believe his parents.
D) his behavior was due to a substance abuse problem.

Question 19

Bleuler described the underlying behaviors of schizophrenia as the destruction of the forces that connect one function to the next. He called this underlying foundation of the disorder

A) a fugue state.
B) split personality.
C) associative splitting.
D) folie à deux.

Question 20

According to your text, hallucinations are defined as:

A) irrational beliefs.
B) bad dreams.
C) feeling invincible.
D) sensory experiences that are not real.

Question 21

The negative schizophrenic symptom called avolition is defined as

A) inability to initiate and persist in activities.
B) inability to experience pleasure.
C) lack of emotional response, blank facial expression.
D) lack of speech content and/or slowed speech response.

Question 22

The most common type of hallucination experienced by psychotic individuals is .

A) visual
B) auditory
C) tactile
D) olfactory

Question 23

According to research, an individual with schizophrenia who exhibits flat affect

A) is incapable of experiencing emotion.
B) can display emotion a certain times.
C) is capable of experiencing emotion.
D) will display the "wrong" emotion based on an eliciting stimulus.

Question 24

Which of the following defines Cotard's syndrome?

A) A familiar person is actually a double
B) One is a famous or important person
C) People are out to get you
D) The person believes he is dead

Question 25

Results of research showing that auditory hallucinations are localized in the expressive speech area of the brain suggest that

A) these hallucinations are produced by the auditory nerve in the ear as well as the speech area of the brain.
B) people who are hallucinating think the voices of other people are actually their own.
C) a person who is hallucinating is actually listening to his/her own thoughts.
D) these hallucinations are related to the disorganized speech that occurs in schizophrenia.

Question 26

The deficiency in communication called alogia likely reflects

A) an inability to initiate and persist in activities.
B) lack of communication skills.
C) poor language education.
D) a negative thought disorder.

Question 27

Which of the following describes a delusion of grandeur?

A) A familiar person is actually a double
B) One is a famous or important person
C) People are out to get you
D) A body part has changed in some impossible way

Question 28

Which of the following is the most accurate definition of flat affect?

A) An inability to initiate and persist in activities
B) The inability to experience pleasure
C) A lack of emotional response, blank facial expression
D) A lack of speech content and/or slowed speech response

Question 29

Dr. Smith conducted a research study involving schizophrenic adults in which he looked at their facial expressions in home movies taken when they were children. He was trying to determine if the development of schizophrenia could be predicted by facial expressions showing limited emotional reactions. This research study focused on the negative symptom called .

A) alogia
B) affective flattening
C) associative splitting
D) emotional effect syndrome

Question 30

DSM-5 no longer specifies different subtypes of schizophrenia, but in DSM-IV-TR the subtype called paranoid schizophrenia was characterized by

A) silly and immature behavior.
B) a complete mental breakdown.
C) alternating immobility and agitated excitement.
D) delusions of grandeur or persecution.

Question 31

One explanation for the fact that the parts of the brain usually associated with producing rather than comprehending speech are active when one is experiencing an auditory hallucination is that such individuals are actually

A) listening to voices outside themselves.
B) listening to their own thoughts.
C) misinterpreting voices from the sources such as the radio and television.
D) making up the experience.

Question 32

A woman diagnosed as schizophrenic announces that she has a plan to end poverty and homelessness in the world and that the Pope has given her secret instructions on how this can be accomplished. Her thinking is indicative of a delusion of .

A) persecution
B) thought insertion
C) grandeur
D) reference

Question 33

Which of the following is the persecution type of psychotic delusion?

A) A familiar person is actually a double
B) One is a famous or important person
C) People are out to get you
D) A body part has changed in some impossible way

Question 34

Which of the following is the most accurate definition of alogia?

A) An inability to initiate and persist in activities
B) The inability to experience pleasure
C) A lack of emotional response, blank facial expression
D) A lack of speech content and/or slowed speech response

Question 35

The negative schizophrenic symptom called anhedonia is defined as

A) inability to initiate and persist in activities.
B) inability to experience pleasure.
C) lack of emotional response, blank facial expression.
D) lack of speech content and/or slowed speech response.

Question 36

Antoinette believes that her brother is not really her brother. He has, in fact, been replaced by a double. This is known as _______________ syndrome.

A) Capgras
B) Cotard's
C) Barlow's
D) Durand's

Question 37

Research using brain-imaging techniques has localized auditory hallucinations in the part of the brain called _____________.

A) Wernicke's area
B) Broca's area
C) the occipital lobe
D) the limbic system

Question 38

Mort has displayed a number of schizophrenic symptoms. An obvious one was his lack of speech content manifested in nonsensical ramblings and slowed speech response. This symptom is called .

A) anhedonia
B) avolition
C) clanging
D) alogia

Question 39

Which of the following is the definition of catatonia?

A) Silly and immature behavior
B) Early madness
C) Immobility or agitated excitement
D) Delusions of grandeur or persecution

Question 40

Apathy is to not caring as avolition is to

A) an inability to initiate and persist in activities.
B) lack of communication skills.
C) poor language education.
D) a negative thought disorder.

Question 41

Which of the following defines the erotomanic type of delusional disorder?

A) Believing that one is loved by an important person or celebrity
B) Falsely believing that one's sexual partner is unfaithful
C) Believing in one's inflated worth, identity, or special relationship
D) Believing one is being malevolently treated in some way

Question 42

The case of Arthur (described in your textbook), who suddenly experienced the delusion that he could save all the starving children in the world with a "secret plan," but whose symptoms lasted only a few days, was diagnosed with

A) schizotypal personality disorder.
B) folie à deux (shared psychotic disorder).
C) brief psychotic disorder.
D) cocaine abuse.

Question 43

Which of the following defines the jealous type of delusional disorder?

A) Believing that one is loved by an important person or celebrity
B) Falsely believing that one's sexual partner is unfaithful
C) Believing in one's inflated worth, identity, or special relationship
D) Believing one is being malevolently treated in some way

Question 44

Making the diagnosis of schizophrenia is controversial because

A) the symptoms can vary as a function of culture or race.
B) the symptoms are similar across culture and race.
C) the symptoms simply reflect biases in the minds of mental health professionals.
D) the label is derogatory and has no clinical utility.

Question 45

Callie has been diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder. This means that in addition to schizophrenic symptoms, she also has symptoms of

A) an anxiety disorder.
B) a mood disorder.
C) a split personality.
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 46

Which of the following defines the grandiose type of delusional disorder?

A) Believing that one is loved by an important person or celebrity
B) Falsely believing that one's sexual partner is unfaithful
C) Believing in one's inflated worth, identity, or special relationship
D) Believing one is being malevolently treated in some way

Question 47

Which of the following is closely associated with catatonia?

A) Negative withdrawal
B) Repetitive echolalia
C) Agitation
D) Waxy flexibility

Question 48

Consuela believes that she is the wicked stepmother and her daughter Carmella believes she is Cinderella. If they had been diagnosed using the DSM-IV-TR, the condition would have been called removed from DSM-5 and was added as a specifier to delusional disorder.

A) schizoaffective disorder.
B) shizotypal disorder
C) schizophreniform disorder
D) folie a deux

Question 49

Mark was diagnosed with schizophrenia many years ago. Most recently, he has been exhibiting some bizarre behaviors. For example, he stands for hours in unusual postures. Mark's motor dysfunction is called __________________.

A) cognitive slippage
B) inappropriate affect
C) catatonic immobility
D) hebephrenia

Question 50

At various times, individuals have been arrested for stalking celebrities who they believed were in love with them. This condition is called a(n) delusion.

A) jealous
B) erotomanic
C) somatic
D) persecutory

Question 51

Marshall has suffered from several symptoms that indicate a schizophrenia-related condition, but his symptoms have only been present for 4 months. Which of the following would be the appropriate diagnosis?

A) Brief psychotic disorder
B) Delusional disorder
C) Schizoaffective disorder
D) Schizophreniform disorder

Question 52

In which of the following disorders are hallucinations and delusions NOT part of the symptom pattern?

A) Schizotypal personality disorder
B) Schizoaffective disorder
C) Schizophreniform disorder
D) Brief psychotic disorder

Question 53

How do the delusions in delusional disorder differ from the delusions in paranoid schizophrenia?

A) In delusional disorder, the imagined events could really be happening but there is no evidence that they are happening.
B) In paranoid schizophrenia, the imagined events have actually happened or are now happening.
C) In delusional disorder, the imagined events are so bizarre that they could never have happened and never will happen.
D) There is no difference. Delusions are defined similarly for all conditions.

Question 54

Research studies focusing on genetic factors in schizophrenia have found that e.g., paranoid, the other family members inherit a predisposition for that subtype only.

A) an individual with a schizophrenic identical twin has the highest risk factor (almost 50%) of developing schizophrenia.
B) in family studies of schizophrenia, the genetic influence can be separated from the environmental impact.
C) if one person in a family has a particular subtype of schizophrenia,
D) the more severe a parent's schizophrenic disorder, the less likely the children were to develop it.

Question 55

Research studies on the genetic basis of schizophrenia have focused on high-risk individuals including all of the following EXCEPT

A) healthy twins of schizophrenic patients.
B) adopted children of schizophrenic parents.
C) family members or relatives of schizophrenics.
D) children adopted by schizophrenic mothers.

Question 56

Marta, a hospitalized schizophrenic patient, shows an unusual form of catatonia. If someone moves one of her arms or legs into a different position, it just stays that way. Marta's bizarre behavior is called .

A) postural dysfunction
B) aerobic mobility
C) waxy flexibility
D) schizophrenic movement disorder

Question 57

Schizophrenia appears to be more frequently diagnosed in minorities in a number of countries. An explanation for this is that

A) people from devalued ethnic minority groups may be victims of bias and stereotyping.
B) they may be the result of misdiagnosis.
C) the levels of stress associated with stigma and isolation.
D) all of the above.

Question 58

James is a security guard at the mall who seems lost in his own world. Often, he feels the presence of his dead mother nearby. He knows it is an illusion and that she is not real. Her presence does give him comfort. James probably would be diagnosed with

A) schizoaffective disorder.
B) schizotypal disorder.
C) schizoid disorder.
D) brief psychotic disorder.

Question 59

Which of the following defines the persecutory type of delusional disorder?

A) Believing that one is loved by an important person or celebrity
B) Falsely believing that one's sexual partner is unfaithful
C) Believing in one's inflated worth, identity, or special relationship
D) Believing one is being malevolently treated in some way

Question 60

Which of the following statistical data are NOT accurate regarding schizophrenia?

A) The lifetime prevalence rate is 3%.
B) Life expectancy is less than average due to suicides and accidents.
C) Men with schizophrenia have a poorer prognosis than women with schizophrenia.
D) More women than men develop schizophrenia later in life.

Question 61

Which of the following statements contradicts the dopamine theory of schizophrenia?

A) Many people with schizophrenia are not helped by dopamine antagonists.
B) Olanzapine, one of the weakest dopamine antagonists, reduces schizophrenic symptoms in those patients who were not helped by stronger dopamine antagonists.
C) Both of these statements contradict the dopamine theory of schizophrenia.
D) Neither of these statements contradicts the dopamine theory of schizophrenia.

Question 62

In regard to the ways that drugs affect neurotransmitters, which of the following is TRUE?

A) A drug that is an agonist occupies the receptor sites, blocking the neurotransmitter.
B) A drug that is an antagonist helps increase the release of the neurotransmitter.
C) Both of these are correct.
D) Neither of these is correct.

Question 63

Manuella would respond coolly when her daughter embraced her, but when the child tried to pull away Manuella would say, "Don't you love me anymore?" This is an example of

A) a schizophrenogenic mother.
B) double-bind communication.
C) expressed emotion.
D) none of the above

Question 64

With regard to research on schizophrenia involving the offspring of twins, all of the following are accurate statements EXCEPT

A) the child of a schizophrenic identical twin has the same risk (17%) of having the disorder as the child of the non-schizophrenic identical twin.
B) the child of a non-schizophrenic fraternal twin has about a 2% risk of having the disorder.
C) a mentally healthy individual with a schizophrenic parent cannot pass on a genetic predisposition for the disorder to his or her offspring.
D) an individual can be free from schizophrenia but still be a "carrier."

Question 65

Influenza infection during the second trimester of pregnancy has been linked to

A) the mother developing schizophrenia.
B) the child developing schizophrenia.
C) both of the above .
D) neither of the above.

Question 66

The famous case of the Genain sisters, identical quadruplets all diagnosed with schizophrenia, points out that siblings raised in the same household may experience their environment very differently, a concept called a(n)

A) variable home structure.
B) unshared environment.
C) environmental phenomenon.
D) unique perceptive interpretation.

Question 67

Of the various genetic linkage and association studies, the one that seems to be a possible "marker" for schizophrenia involves .

A) eye-tracking
B) dopamine sites
C) unusual facial features
D) blood type

Question 68

Endophenotyping refers to looking for

A) a gene or genes that cause the symptoms or behaviors of schizophrenia.
B) basic processes that contribute to symptoms of the disorder.
C) basic processes that contribute to behaviors of schizophrenia.
D) all of the above.

Question 69

The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are most closely associated with activity.

A) serotonin
B) dopamine
C) norepinephrine
D) acetylcholine

Question 70

Which of the following statements counters the "circumstantial evidence" for the dopamine theory of schizophrenia?

A) Antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics) act as dopamine agonists, increasing the amount of dopamine in the brain.
B) A significant number of people with schizophrenia are not helped by dopamine antagonists.
C) The drug L-dopa, a dopamine agonist, is used to treat schizophrenic symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease so it cannot be used for schizophrenia.
D) Amphetamines, which activate dopamine, can lessen psychotic symptoms in people with schizophrenia.

Question 71

Which of the following drugs can cause psychotic symptoms in those who do not have schizophrenia and can exacerbate such symptoms in those who do?

A) Marijuana
B) PCP
C) Cocaine
D) LSD

Question 72

Which of the following occurs when drugs are administered to schizophrenic patients?

A) Drugs that increase dopamine (agonists) cause an increase in schizophrenic behavior.
B) Drugs that decrease dopamine (antagonists) decrease schizophrenic symptoms.
C) Both of these statements are accurate
D) Neither of these statements is accurate

Question 73

What is the evidence for structural damage in the brains of schizophrenic patients?

A) All schizophrenic patients have smaller ventricles in their brains.
B) In some schizophrenic patients, there is an excess amount of "gray matter" in the cerebral cortex.
C) The majority of schizophrenic patients have enlarged ventricles in their brains.
D) Many schizophrenic patients have increased activity in the frontal lobes of the brain.

Question 74

New research on schizophrenia suggests that

A) only D2 receptors are involved in schizophrenia.
B) D2 receptors may be involved when D1 receptors are less active.
C) D2 receptors may be involved when D1 receptors are more active.
D) dopamine is not actually involved in schizophrenia.

Question 75

Which of the following is TRUE in regard to the genetic basis of schizophrenia?

A) Researchers have discovered the gene responsible for causing schizophrenia.
B) Genes are responsible for making some individuals vulnerable to schizophrenia.
C) Both of these statements are true.
D) Neither of these statements is true.

Question 76

Which of the following neurotransmitters has recently been linked to schizophrenia?

A) Glutamate
B) Glycine
C) GABA
D) Serotonin

Question 77

Recent research into the causes of schizophrenia, including studies of schizophrenic patients who had been exposed prenatally to influenza epidemics, suggests that there might be a cause of schizophrenia.

A) viral
B) bacterial
C) parasitic
D) metabolic

Question 78

Which of the following statements reflects "circumstantial evidence" for the dopamine theory of schizophrenia?

A) Antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics) act as dopamine agonists, increasing the amount of dopamine in the brain.
B) Antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics) can produce symptoms similar to those of Parkinson's disease (a disorder ^{due to insufficient dopamine).}
C) The drug L-dopa, a dopamine agonist, is used to treat schizophrenic symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease.
D) Amphetamines, which activate dopamine, can lessen psychotic symptoms in people with schizophrenia.

Question 79

Which of the following neurotransmitters has recently been linked to schizophrenia?

A) Deficiency in the stimulation of prefrontal dopamine D1 receptors
B) Excessive stimulation of striatal dopamine D2 receptors
C) Alterations in prefrontal activity involving glutamate transmissions
D) All of the above

Question 80

In which of the following situations would the risk of developing schizophrenia be the LOWEST for a child?

A) A child's schizophrenic parent has a non-schizophrenic identical twin
B) A child's non-schizophrenic parent has a schizophrenic identical twin
C) A child's schizophrenic parent has a non-schizophrenic fraternal twin
D) A child's non-schizophrenic parent has a schizophrenic fraternal twin