Deck 9: Water and the Minerals

Question 1

According to the DRI committee, the adequate intake for total water for a female is:

A)2 cups per day.
B)2.7 L per day.
C)3.7 L per day.
D)24 ounces per day.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A person must have water in his or her diet:

A)because the kidneys exert no control over the amount of water excreted in the urine.
B)to prevent vitamin imbalances in the body.
C)because the kidneys must excrete a minimum amount of water as urine to rid the body of wastes.
D)in order to prevent water intoxication.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Electrolytes in the body function to:

A)maintain fluid balance.
B)stimulate enzyme action.
C)synthesize protein.
D)maintain the health of cell membranes.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What percentage of an adult's body is water?

A)30
B)40
C)60
D)90

Question 5

The most reliable food source of chloride is:

A)meats and whole-grain cereals.
B)salt.
C)dark green vegetables.
D)drinking water.
E)milk and milk products.

Question 6

The hormone that stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water rather than excrete it is

A)thyroxine.
B)ADH.
C)cortisone.
D)epinephrine.

Question 7

Water is involved in all of the following except:

A)regulating body temperature.
B)converting lipids to amino acids.
C)serving as a solvent for minerals and vitamins.
D)acting as a lubricant around joints.

Question 8

Body sodium levels are largely regulated through:

A)changes in intestinal absorption, depending on need.
B)changes in fecal excretion.
C)storage of excess sodium in the liver.
D)excretion of excess sodium by the kidneys.

Question 9

The primary regulator of extracellular fluid volume is:

A)chlorine.
B)sodium.
C)magnesium.
D)potassium.

Question 10

The major negative ion of the extracellular fluid is:

A)sodium.
B)potassium.
C)chloride.
D)calcium.

Question 11

Which of the following groups of people would have the lowest sodium intakes?

A)those who avoid adding salt to their food
B)those who exercise strenuously on a regular basis
C)those who eat mostly processed foods
D)those who eat mostly whole, unprocessed foods

Question 12

Which of the following is a trace mineral?

A)iron
B)sulfur
C)calcium
D)potassium

Question 13

Which of the following foods is low in sodium?

A)pickles
B)fresh carrots
C)processed cheese
D)bologna

Question 14

The UL for sodium intake for adults is set at:

A)1200 mg.
B)1500 mg.
C)2300 mg.
D)3000 mg.

Question 15

Which of the following organ systems plays the primary role in maintaining acid-base balance?

A)lungs
B)skin
C)GI tract
D)kidneys

Question 16

What is the minimum amount of urine the body must excrete each day to remove waste products?

A)500 mL
B)700 mL
C)2300 mL
D)3000 mL

Question 17

In regard to caffeine, the DRI committee determined that:

A)beverages that contain caffeine do not count toward meetings one's fluid needs.
B)a person should not consume more than three cups of caffeine-containing beverages a day.
C)caffeinated beverages contribute to daily total water intake similarly to non-caffeinated beverages.
D)caffeine causes a net deficit of fluid in the body; therefore, caffeine-containing beverages should be avoided by athletes particularly.

Question 18

The largest percentage of sodium in people's diets comes from:

A)salt added during cooking.
B)salt added to foods by manufacturers.
C)salt added at the table.
D)the natural salt content of foods.

Question 19

An important function of chloride in the body is to:

A)maintain fluid balance.
B)regulate metabolism.
C)develop bone cells.
D)control blood glucose levels.

Question 20

Potassium:

A)is directly necessary for protein synthesis in cells.
B)protects bone structure against degeneration.
C)is the body's principal electrolyte inside the cells.
D)is necessary for wound healing.
E)helps maintain gastric acidity.

Question 21

Calcium is found in the most abundance in:

A)dark green vegetables.
B)milk.
C)meats.
D)cereal grains.

Question 22

When blood calcium falls too low, a regulatory system acts in three locations to raise it.Which of the following is not one of those locations?

A)stomach
B)small intestine
C)bones
D)kidneys

Question 23

In many people, chronic high intakes of _____ raise blood pressure.

A)sodium
B)potassium
C)calcium
D)phosphorus
E)zinc

Question 24

Which of the following body processes is not dependent upon the presence of calcium in the body fluids?

A)blood clotting
B)muscle contractions
C)transmission of nerve impulses
D)secretion of hormones
E)transport of oxygen in the blood

Question 25

The typical U.S.diet provides _____ potassium.

A)adequate
B)excessive
C)inadequate
D)no

Question 26

Heart failure related to potassium loss may occur:

A)with diets low in fresh fruits and vegetables.
B)as a result of severe diarrhea.
C)in persons with diabetes.
D)due to an excessive intake of protein.

Question 27

Almost all (99%) of the calcium in the body is used to:

A)provide energy for cells.
B)provide rigidity for the bones.
C)regulate the transmission of nerve impulses.
D)regulate muscle contraction.

Question 28

Which of these foods are richest in potassium?

A)fresh fruits and vegetables
B)milk and dairy products
C)meats and meat substitutes
D)bread and cereals

Question 29

People who regularly take prescription drugs such as steroids and diuretics are at risk for a deficiency of:

A)potassium.
B)chloride.
C)iodine.
D)selenium.

Question 30

All of the following foods are good sources of bioavailable calcium except:

A)milk.
B)sardines.
C)cheddar cheese.
D)spinach.

Question 31

Which mineral is a principal component of cell membranes?

A)iron
B)phosphorus
C)potassium
D)iodine

Question 32

Bones continuously gain and lose minerals.This ongoing process is called:

A)reorganization.
B)remodeling.
C)reorienting.
D)redesigning.

Question 33

Osteoporosis is more prevalent in women due to all of the following reasons except:

A)women consume less calcium.
B)women have lower bone mass.
C)women have smaller bodies.
D)bone loss begins later in women.

Question 34

All of the following are true of phosphorus except that it:

A)participates in the transfer of energy during cellular respiration.
B)is necessary for growth.
C)is found with calcium in bones and teeth.
D)aids in blood glucose regulation.

Question 35

Blood calcium levels can be increased by all of the following except:

A)increased absorption of calcium in the intestine.
B)retention of calcium by the kidneys.
C)release of calcium from the bones.
D)manufacture of calcium from albumin.

Question 36

Of the foods listed, the best source of phosphorus is:

A)tofu.
B)chicken.
C)noodles.
D)cheese.

Question 37

Which of the following enhances calcium absorption from the GI tract?

A)vitamin D
B)vitamin C
C)protein
D)linoleic acid

Question 38

Which of the following is not a good source of potassium?

A)orange juice
B)bananas
C)potatoes
D)broccoli
E)cheese

Question 39

Of the following, the mineral that is least likely to be deficient in anyone's diet is:

A)calcium.
B)phosphorus.
C)iron.
D)iodine.

Question 40

Osteoporosis is found in:

A)young women; they have porous and thin bones.
B)older women; they have large bones.
C)older women; they have porous, thin, and fragile bones.
D)young children; they have bowed legs.
E)men; they have thick bones.

Question 41

Magnesium deficiency may occur as a result of all of the following except:

A)vomiting.
B)diarrhea.
C)constipation.
D)alcohol abuse.

Question 42

Magnesium's major functions in the body include all of the following except:

A)assisting the operation of hundreds of enzymes.
B)synthesis of protein in the soft tissues.
C)allowing muscles to relax after contraction.
D)regulation of body temperature.

Question 43

Which of the following is not an iron storage or transport compound?

A)transferrin
B)ferritin
C)hemosiderin
D)hepcidin

Question 44

Iodine deficiency is associated with all of the following except:

A)weight gain.
B)cretinism.
C)suffocation.
D)goiter.

Question 45

Worldwide, the most common nutrient deficiency is:

A)zinc deficiency.
B)selenium deficiency.
C)iron deficiency.
D)iodine deficiency.

Question 46

Zinc is most abundant in foods with a high _____ content.

A)alcohol
B)protein
C)carbohydrate
D)fat

Question 47

Which mineral is essential for wound healing?

A)potassium
B)sulfate
C)zinc
D)iodine

Question 48

Keshan disease is related to a deficiency of:

A)fluoride.
B)iodine.
C)selenium.
D)iron.

Question 49

Pica is a behavior seen in some people who are deficient in:

A)sodium.
B)potassium.
C)chromium.
D)iron.

Question 50

A person who is severely lacking in _____ may experience a sulfur deficiency.

A)carbohydrate
B)fatty acids
C)protein
D)vitamins

Question 51

Iron is a component of the protein _____, which transports oxygen in the bloodstream.

A)myoglobin
B)transferrin
C)hemosiderin
D)hemoglobin

Question 52

Which of the following is a poor food source of iron?

A)dried fruits
B)enriched cereals
C)legumes
D)cheese

Question 53

The percentage of dietary iron normally absorbed is about:

A)10-15%.
B)25-50%.
C)35-65%.
D)70-80%.

Question 54

In the U.S., low iron intake is often associated with:

A)high sugar and fat intakes.
B)high protein intake.
C)low carbohydrate intake.
D)low intake of fruits and vegetables.

Question 55

In order to increase the amount of iron absorbed from a meal, you would:

A)consume tea as a beverage with the meal.
B)eat a calcium-rich food with the meal.
C)consume orange juice as a beverage with a meal.
D)avoid eating foods rich in vitamin C with the meal.

Question 56

The hallucinations commonly experienced during withdrawal from alcohol intoxication are believed to be due to a deficiency of:

A)magnesium.
B)phosphorus.
C)iron.
D)calcium.

Question 57

Iron is important in the body because it is:

A)needed for blood clotting.
B)an integral part of bones and teeth.
C)an antioxidant.
D)an integral constituent of hemoglobin.

Question 58

Which of the following food components or nutrients does not contribute to iron deficiency?

A)tannins
B)calcium
C)phytates
D)vitamin C

Question 59

The best food sources of magnesium include:

A)legumes, whole grains, and chocolate.
B)milk, rice, and apples.
C)oranges, beef, and cheese.
D)oils, bananas, and pork.

Question 60

Amino acids containing the mineral _____ help to form the shape of proteins.

A)sulfur
B)sodium
C)phosphorous
D)selenium

Question 61

Nutrient supplements in amounts consistent with the RDA should be taken in all of the following circumstances except:

A)when your energy intake is low.
B)when you are a vegan.
C)when you have an illness that takes away your appetite.
D)when you depend primarily on grocery-store foods.

Question 62

Describe how the body regulates blood calcium levels.

Question 63

Matching

Question 64

Describe the major causes of iron deficiency in the U.S.

Question 65

Fluoride seems to be helpful in preventing:

A)cancer.
B)diabetes.
C)dental decay.
D)heart disease.
E)goiter.

Question 66

A diabetes-like condition may develop when _____ is lacking in the diet.

A)iron
B)zinc
C)chromium
D)molybdenum

Question 67

Identify four groups of individuals in the U.S.who are at risk for developing zinc deficiency and briefly describe why these groups are more vulnerable than others.

Question 68

Describe the body's mechanism for regulating water excretion.

Question 69

All of the following supplement preparations should be avoided except those:

A)containing carnitine or inositol.
B)claiming to be "high-potency" or a "therapeutic dose."
C)containing a balance of vitamins and minerals.
D)claiming to be "organic" or "natural" preparations with added substances.

Question 70

The best way to ensure an adequate intake of trace minerals is to:

A)eat foods containing the major minerals.
B)make sure your diet is sufficient in vitamins.
C)consume a variety of foods.
D)practice dietary adequacy.

Question 71

The best advice to give a healthy person eating a typical diet who is considering a supplement to improve his health is:

A)Choose a supplement that has been approved by the FDA.
B)Spend your money on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean meats, and milk products instead.
C)Buy supplements that have the USP symbol on the label for assurance of safety and effectiveness.
D)Choose a supplement that contains the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for maximum effectiveness.

Question 72

When selecting a vitamin-mineral supplement, choose one in which the nutrient levels are:

A)at or very close to the RDA.
B)all the same.
C)at least 200 percent of the RDA.
D)at least 300 percent of the RDA.

Question 73

Discuss the functions of copper in the body.

Question 74

High intakes of _____ interfere with copper absorption and can lead to a deficiency.

A)zinc
B)iron
C)chromium
D)manganese

Question 75

Discuss the role of sodium in fluid balance and describe how it affects blood pressure.

Question 76

_____ is a cofactor for many enzymes, but can cause brain-disease-like toxicity symptoms if inhaled in dust.

A)Copper
B)Magnesium
C)Molybdenum
D)Manganese

Question 77

Supplement users are more likely to have excessive intakes of:

A)the B vitamins.
B)iron, zinc, vitamin A, and niacin.
C)vitamins A, D, E, and K.
D)calcium, iron, vitamin C, and thiamin.

Question 78

A good food source of iodine is:

A)bananas.
B)seafood.
C)broccoli.
D)pork.

Question 79

The leading cause of accidental ingestion fatalities among children is an overdose of:

A)iron.
B)vitamin D.
C)zinc.
D)niacin.

Question 80

How does fluoride exert a caries-reducing effect?