Deck 12: Nutrition Through the Life Span: Later Adulthood

Question 1

Zinc intake is commonly low in older adults.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Moderate energy restriction results in all of the following changes except:

A)reduced body weight.
B)reduced body fat.
C)reduced blood pressure.
D)reduced insulin sensitivity.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Iron-deficiency anemia is more common in older adults than in young people.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Which statement is false?

A)Aging is an inevitable, natural process.
B)Aging is programmed into the genes at conception.
C)Aging can be slowed by a healthy lifestyle.
D)Aging can be slowed with the use of appropriate supplements.

Question 5

The fastest growing age group in the U.S.population is people over:

A)50.
B)65.
C)75.
D)85.

Question 6

The known connection between osteoarthritis and nutrition is related to:

A)milk.
B)fish oil.
C)overweight.
D)sugar.

Question 7

Research supports the notion that an overload of minerals in the body causes Alzheimer's disease.

Question 8

Which of the following health behaviors is the strongest predictor of continued mobility in the later years?

A)not smoking
B)low to moderate alcohol consumption
C)maintenance of moderate body weight
D)frequent physical activity

Question 9

Vision problems in older adults may be due to dietary factors such as:

A)underweight.
B)low intake of vitamins D and E.
C)overweight.
D)low intake of vitamins C and E.

Question 10

The elderly are more likely to have medical conditions or to take medications that may compromise folate status.

Question 11

As people grow older, the use of medicines becomes commonplace, thus increasing the potential for diet-medication interactions.

Question 12

Being physically active can reduce your physiological age, in part because:

A)it reduces appetite and kcal intake.
B)it promotes muscle atrophy.
C)it increases blood flow to the brain.
D)it reduces energy expenditure.

Question 13

The protein needs of older adults appear to be about the same as those of younger people.

Question 14

Older adults spend more money per person on foods to eat at home than other age groups.

Question 15

All of the following seem to be related to the development of Alzheimer's disease except:

A)genetic factors.
B)obesity.
C)low levels of homocysteine.
D)free-radical damage.

Question 16

Studies suggest that a diet providing ample carotenoids, vitamin C, and vitamin E may help to prevent the early onset of cataracts.

Question 17

Increasing evidence suggests that overweight and obesity in middle age are associated with Alzheimer's disease.

Question 18

The benefits of physical activity in older adults include all of the following except:

A)increased blood flow to the brain.
B)decreased risk of falling.
C)improved balance.
D)decreased muscle mass.

Question 19

Life expectancy in the U.S.is _____ years.

A)68
B)72
C)75
D)78

Question 20

Rheumatoid arthritis may respond to a dietary intervention involving a diet:

A)low in saturated fat and high in omega-3 fatty acids.
B)high in vitamins A, C, and E.
C)restricted in kcalories.
D)low in carbohydrates.

Question 21

Which of the following sources of protein are most appropriate for older adults?

A)milk and cheese
B)legumes and fish
C)whole grains and legumes
D)nonfat milk and peanut butter

Question 22

The estimated energy requirements for adults decrease steadily after age:

A)19.
B)30.
C)40.
D)51.

Question 23

Protein is especially important for older adults to:

A)increase muscle mass.
B)rebuild aging bones.
C)support a healthy immune system.
D)prevent macular degeneration.

Question 24

Severe fat restriction among older adults may lead to:

A)nutrient deficiencies.
B)weight gain.
C)greater risk of cancer.
D)dehydration.

Question 25

The most important nutrition concern for the person with Alzheimer's disease is:

A)being allowed to choose his own foods.
B)a strict eating schedule.
C)maintaining appropriate body weight.
D)a regimen of dietary supplements.

Question 26

An adequate calcium intake throughout life helps protect against:

A)cancer.
B)osteoporosis.
C)diabetes.
D)cardiovascular disease.

Question 27

The best choice for older adults with small energy allowances is to:

A)take vitamin-mineral supplements.
B)select nutrient-dense foods.
C)consume less food.
D)moderate alcohol consumption.

Question 28

The older adult's intake of fiber-rich fruits and vegetables may be limited due to all of the following except:

A)chewing problems.
B)transportation problems.
C)limited cooking facilities.
D)bladder control problems.

Question 29

An estimated _____% of adults 51 years and older lose the ability to absorb vitamin B₁₂.

A)5 to 10
B)10 to 30
C)15 to 35
D)20 to 35

Question 30

Dehydrated older adults are more susceptible to all of the following except:

A)disorientation.
B)emphysema.
C)urinary tract infections.
D)pressure ulcers.

Question 31

Sarcopenia refers to:

A)loss of muscle mass.
B)a vitamin deficiency.
C)bone loss.
D)malnutrition associated with aging.

Question 32

Energy needs decline with advancing age due to all of the following reasons except:

A)sarcopenia can be significant in later years.
B)basal metabolic rate declines as people age.
C)older people usually reduce their physical activity.
D)older people are better able to absorb energy from foods.

Question 33

Older adults are predisposed to fluid imbalances due to all of the following reasons except:

A)they do not pay attention to their thirst.
B)they may find it difficult to obtain water.
C)their thirst sensation is reduced.
D)their total body water increases as they age.

Question 34

All of the following factors increase an older person's risk of iron deficiency except:

A)antacid use.
B)reduced stomach acid secretion.
C)limited intake of milk.
D)chronic blood loss due to disease or medicines.

Question 35

Many older people consume less than the recommended amount of all these nutrients except:

A)vitamin A.
B)vitamin D.
C)folate.
D)zinc.

Question 36

Physical changes of aging that affect nutrition include all of the following except:

A)swallowing disorders.
B)sluggish intestinal motility.
C)diminished vision.
D)increased sense of smell.

Question 37

Fat intakes should be moderate in the diets of most older adults because:

A)cutting fat helps alleviate constipation.
B)cutting fat helps retard the development of atherosclerosis.
C)cutting fat helps reduce the risk of osteoporosis.
D)cutting fat helps increase lean body mass.

Question 38

Your grandfather is having trouble with his short-term memory.You suggest that he may be experiencing symptoms of a deficiency of:

A)aluminum.
B)vitamin D.
C)DHA.
D)protein.

Question 39

One nutrient that is underconsumed by many elderly people is:

A)vitamin A.
B)protein.
C)vitamin D.
D)vitamin C.

Question 40

Older adults face a greater risk of vitamin D deficiency than young people due to:

A)low consumption of meat.
B)low intake of vegetables.
C)limited exposure to sunlight.
D)low intake of fiber.

Question 41

Few older adults consume the recommend amount of _____ due to complaints about stomach discomfort.

A)meat
B)fruit
C)milk
D)bread

Question 42

The DRI committee recommends that adults aged 51 years and older obtain 2.4 micrograms of vitamin B₁₂ daily and that vitamin B₁₂-fortified foods (such as fortified cereals) or supplements be used to meet much of the DRI recommended intake.Mrs.Wylie should be placed on a vitamin B₁₂ supplement because:

A)she has neurologic symptoms consistent with vitamin B₁₂ deficiency.
B)she has a history of antacid use.
C)of her age.
D)all of the above

Question 43

An older adult complains about the expense of cooking for one.You suggest:

A)purchasing large bags of frozen vegetables.
B)purchasing large bags of shredded cheese.
C)purchasing eggs in large quantities.
D)stocking up on fresh produce when in season.

Question 44

Which of the following groups of older adults is most likely to be poorly nourished?

A)those living with their children in federally-funded housing
B)those with the least education
C)those who have recently experienced lifestyle changes
D)men who live alone

Question 45

The most common drug that can affect nutrition in older people is:

A)alcohol.
B)laxatives.
C)antacids.
D)aspirin.

Question 46

The largest federal food assistance program is:

A)WIC.
B)SNAP.
C)WHO.
D)USDA.

Question 47

The RDA for calcium for adults >70 is:

A)800 mg/day.
B)1000 mg/day.
C)1200 mg/day.
D)1500 mg/day.

Question 48

Which of the following relationships has not been established by nutrition research?

A)Ample intakes of fruits and vegetables may prevent cancer development.
B)Appropriate energy intake helps prevent obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.
C)A low insoluble fiber intake prevents colon cancer.
D)An adequate intake of potassium helps prevent hypertension.

Question 49

The doctor addresses the importance of hydration with Mrs.Wylie.Dehydration can cause all the following except:

A)compromised mental status.
B)altered effects of medications.
C)increased susceptibility to urinary tract infections.
D)increased susceptibility to atrophic gastritis.

Question 50

Given only the information provided, how many DETERMINE risk factors for malnutrition does Mrs.Wylie have? (DETERMINE = disease; eating poorly; tooth loss or oral pain; economic hardship; reduced social contact; multiple medications; involuntary weight loss or gain; needs assistance with self-care; elderly person older than 80 years.)

A)3
B)4
C)5
D)6

Question 51

The following statement by Mrs.Wylie indicates she will take measures to maintain hydration status:

A)"I will try to drink more often throughout the day."
B)"I will try to drink a measured amount of water, juice, or milk each day."
C)"I will have my hydration status monitored at each medical appointment."
D)"I will drink water, juice, or milk each time I am thirsty."

Question 52

Which food assistance program would most likely improve the intake of fruits and vegetables among low-income older adults?

A)OAA Nutrition Program
B)Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
C)Meals on Wheals
D)Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program

Question 53

The primary cause of hunger in developed countries is:

A)poverty.
B)war.
C)mental illness.
D)politics.

Question 54

Which of the following is not a common risk factor for malnutrition in older adults?

A)disease
B)eating disorders
C)economic hardship
D)reduced social contact
E)multiple medications

Question 55

Older adults at risk nutritionally, such as Mrs.Wylie, should have their diets assessed at medical appointments for:

A)total energy and protein.
B)calcium, iron, and zinc.
C)vitamin B₆, vitamin B₁₂, folate, and vitamin D.
D)all of the above

Question 56

Major factors that contribute to food insecurity include all of the following except:

A)alcohol abuse.
B)lack of knowledge about food assistance programs.
C)physical and mental disabilities.
D)lack of insurance.

Question 57

Matching

Question 58

Iron status in women generally improves:

A)after menopause.
B)with daily exercise.
C)as muscle mass decreases.
D)during perimenopause.

Question 59

A food recovery program might involve all of the following except:

A)taking leftover food from a fundraiser to a local shelter.
B)picking berries in an already harvested field.
C)the delivery of day-old bread to a soup kitchen.
D)collecting unused WIC vouchers.
Use the following case study to answer questions 46-50.
Mrs)Wylie is a 78-year-old Caucasian woman who lives alone in a small, one-story home she and her husband purchased several ago before he died.She lives on social security income and her deceased husband's corporate pension, and is financially secure.Though she is in relatively good health, she has been having increasing difficulty walking for the past several years, which has been attributed to peripheral vascular disease.She complains of weakness and pain in her legs, and a loss of feeling in her fingers and feet.She also suffers from occasional constipation.She is happiest just doing her activities of daily living, such as preparing breakfast, lunch, and a late-afternoon snack, then relaxing in her living room until it is time for bed.She has a good relationship with her adult children, who have been discussing with her the possibility of hiring a visiting nurse as her mobility declines.Her children takes turns visiting on Sundays, when they help with her shopping, laundry, and other tasks, but none live close enough to visit daily, and Mrs.Wylie sometimes goes a week without seeing another person.Lately, Mrs.Wylie has been cutting back on drinking water (or any beverages) to save trips to the bathroom.When mild dehydration was noted at a recent visit to the doctor, Mrs.Wylie told her doctor she would try to drink more often, but she is rarely thirsty.She takes seven different prescription and/or over-the-counter medications daily, including a proton pump inhibitor drug for long-standing GERD, and a calcium with vitamin D supplement.

Question 60

Characteristics of foods preferred by many older adults include all of the following except:

A)easy-to-open packaging.
B)single-serving packages.
C)inclusion of new recipes.
D)labels that are easy to read.

Question 61

Describe factors in many older people's lives that increase the likelihood of iron deficiency.

Question 62

Why are some elderly people at risk of developing vitamin D deficiency?

Question 63

Why is dehydration a risk for older adults?

Question 64

Discuss ways that older adults can stretch their food dollars.

Question 65

Describe possible relationships between cataracts and nutrition.

Question 66

Discuss the possible roles of nutrition in the prevention of Alzheimer's disease.

Question 67

Describe why energy needs decline with advancing age.