Deck 8: Metabolism

Question 1

ATP synthesis occurs in which of the following organelles?

A)Mitochondrion
B)Golgi apparatus
C)Endoplasmic reticulum
D)Lysosome

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Energy is defined as ________.

A)the capacity to perform work
B)movement
C)change
D)transformation

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A large quantity of ATP molecules is produced during ________.

A)aerobic metabolism when adequate oxygen is present in the cell
B)anaerobic metabolism when adequate oxygen is present in the cell
C)aerobic metabolism when there isn't sufficient oxygen present in the cell
D)both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Series of specific chemical reactions in the cell are known as ________.

A)chemical pathways
B)chemical transformations
C)transformative changes
D)energy expenditures

Question 5

ATP is converted into ________ when the last high-energy bond on the ATP molecule is cleaved.

A)ADP
B)AMP
C)adenosine
D)NAD

Question 6

________ is a component of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.

A)Niacin
B)Vitamin B-6
C)Riboflavin
D)Thiamin

Question 7

The organic cofactors that help enzymes catalyze reactions are called ________.

A)coenzymes
B)cosubstrates
C)reactants
D)products

Question 8

Which of the following chemical pathways of glucose catabolism produces the highest amount of ATP molecules?

A)Electron chain transport
B)Glycolysis
C)Citric acid cycle
D)Fermentation

Question 9

________ contains riboflavin and can pick up two hydrogen ions and two electrons.

A)FAD
B)NAD
C)TPP
D)Coenzyme A

Question 10

Which of the following statements are true?  Check all that apply.

A)ATP is a high-energy phosphate compound
B)Enzymes are changed during the chemical reactions they catalyze
C)ATP can be broken down to ADP to release energy for cells to use
D)ATP can be formed from ADP through phosphorylation

Question 11

The breakdown of glycogen into individual glucose molecules is an example of ________.

A)catabolism
B)anabolism
C)homeostasis
D)glycogenesis

Question 12

If niacin is not available for the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD),which of the following would occur to the reaction that requires NAD?  Check all that apply.

A)The enzymatic reaction cannot proceed
B)NAD would use another B vitamin
C)The enzymatic reaction will still be able to proceed at a regular rate
D)It is not possible to predict what will happen

Question 13

Which of the following forms of metabolism releases the lower amount of energy in the cell?

A)Anaerobic metabolism 
B)Aerobic metabolism 
C)Aerobic metabolism and anaerobic metabolism release about the same amount of energy.

Question 14

During glucose catabolism,pyruvate is produced during which of the following metabolic pathways?

A)Glycolysis
B)Citric acid cycle
C)Electron transport chain
D)Cytochrome C

Question 15

Which of the following compounds can be used for energy?  Check all that apply.

A)Carbohydrates
B)Proteins
C)Water
D)Nucleic acids

Question 16

________ is a component of coenzyme A.

A)Pantothenic acid
B)Niacin
C)Folate
D)Thiamin

Question 17

________ involves metabolic reactions that build larger molecules from smaller ones.

A)Anabolism
B)Catabolism
C)Edentualism
D)Polymorphism

Question 18

________ is a component of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP).

A)Vitamin B-6
B)Niacin
C)Thiamin
D)Pantothenic acid

Question 19

Which of the following compounds can human cells metabolize for energy?  Check all that apply.

A)Lipids
B)Alcohol
C)Water
D)Proteins

Question 20

Metabolic reactions that break down larger molecules into smaller ones are classified as ________.

A)catabolic
B)anabolic
C)dynamic
D)metaphysic

Question 21

Following the release of lactate into the bloodstream,liver cells remove the lactate from the bloodstream and recycle it into ________ through the Cori Cycle.

A)glucose
B)acetyl CoA
C)NADH
D)pyruvate

Question 22

The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors including glycerol,lactate,pyruvate,and most amino acids is called ________.

A)gluconeogenesis
B)glycolysis
C)beta-oxidation
D)glycogenesis

Question 23

________ is a chemical pathway involved in the catabolism of an activated fatty acid and occurs in the mitochondria.

A)Beta-oxidation
B)Glycogenesis
C)Ketogenesis
D)Glycogenolysis

Question 24

The citric acid cycle is a/an ________ process.

A)aerobic
B)anaerobic

Question 25

The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is a/an ________ process.

A)irreversible
B)reversible

Question 26

________ is necessary to assist in the passing of fatty acids through the outer and inner mitochondrial membrane during the process of beta-oxidation.

A)Carnitine
B)Coenzyme A
C)Palmitate
D)NAD

Question 27

Which of the following statements describes lactic acid? 

A)Lactic acid is made under anaerobic conditions.
B)Lactic acid is made from acetyl CoA.
C)Lactic acid is a two-carbon molecule.
D)Lactic acid is a primary source of energy in the human body.

Question 28

Through the process of glycolysis,glucose is converted into two molecules of ________.

A)pyruvate
B)oxaloacetate
C)acetyl CoA
D)fructose

Question 29

The higher the number of carbon atoms in a fatty acid,the higher the number of acetyl CoA produced via beta-oxidation. 

Question 30

Obtaining energy from fat depends on the ________.  Check all that apply.

A)availability of hormone-sensitive lipase
B)quantity of triglycerides stored in the adipocytes
C)activation of fatty acids by binding to coenzyme A
D)action of the carnitine

Question 31

Which of the following compounds enters the citric acid cycle?

A)Acetyl CoA
B)Pyruvate
C)Cytochrome C
D)Glucose

Question 32

Check any accurate statement from the list below.

A)Glycogenolysis is the reverse of glycolysis.
B)Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles.
C)Glycogenolysis occurs both in the liver and muscles and releases glucose into the bloodstream.
D)Glycogen catabolism proceeds at a higher rate when excess glucose is available.

Question 33

Ketoacidosis is a condition that occurs when the blood's pH drops due to ________.  Check all that apply.

A)excess of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate
B)uncontrolled blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes mellitus
C)excessive fat catabolism
D)absence of ketogenesis

Question 34

For each two carbon segment removed from a fatty acid via beta-oxidation,two reduced electron carriers are produced.

Question 35

________ can be broken down through the process of glycogenolysis to help replenish a person's blood glucose levels.

A)Liver glycogen
B)Muscle glycogen
C)Liver and muscle glycogen
D)Liver,muscle,and pancreatic glycogen

Question 36

What is the net gain of ATP molecules produced during glycolysis?

A)2
B)4
C)30
D)32

Question 37

________ is the formation of ketone bodies in liver cells from the excess of acetyl CoA produced.

A)Ketogenesis
B)Ketone diet
C)Beta-oxidation
D)Ketoacidosis

Question 38

During beta-oxidation,fatty acids are broken down into two-carbon molecules that are converted into ________.

A)acetyl CoA
B)pyruvate
C)oxaloacetate
D)glycerol

Question 39

________ is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose molecules.

A)Glycogenolysis 
B)Glucogenesis
C)Glycolysis
D)Ketogenesis

Question 40

Fat cells contain the enzyme ________,which facilitates the process of lipolysis.

A)hormone sensitive lipase
B)insulin
C)coritsol
D)fatty tissue lipase

Question 41

Lipogenesis uses the same enzymes and metabolic pathways as beta-oxidation.

Question 42

Which of the following hormones increases gluconeogenesis in the liver?

A)Cortisol
B)Insulin
C)Cholecystokinin
D)Gastrin

Question 43

Consuming excessive amounts of protein can lead to increased accumulation of body fat.

Question 44

What process must amino acids undergo before they can be used for energy?  Check all that apply.

A)Deamination
B)Denaturation
C)Transamination
D)Beta-oxidation

Question 45

Which of the following organs are primary sites for glycogen storage?  Check all that apply.

A)Liver
B)Adipocytes
C)Muscles
D)Kidneys

Question 46

The greatest storage site for potential energy in the average healthy adult is ________.

A)adipose cell triglycerides
B)muscle glycogen
C)liver glycogen
D)pancreatic triglycerides

Question 47

All the following hormones promote catabolic pathways EXCEPT ________.

A)insulin
B)glucagon
C)epinephrine
D)cortisol

Question 48

When a person consumes more protein than needed,the excess amino acids can be converted into glucose or fat.

Question 49

The synthesis of fatty acids is known as ________.

A)lipogenesis
B)glycogenesis
C)beta-oxidation
D)lipolysis

Question 50

Which catabolic hormone is made in the adrenal glands and is often called the "stress hormone?"

A)Cortisol
B)Insulin
C)Glucagon
D)Epinephrine

Question 51

The primary function of adipocytes is ________.

A)triglyceride storage
B)glucose storage
C)glycogen synthesis
D)protein synthesis

Question 52

Starvation is a highly catabolic state characterized by gluconeogenesis,lipolysis,and ketogenesis.

Question 53

The consequences of insulin resistance include which of the following?  Check all that apply.

A)Hyperglycemia
B)Excess of fatty acids circulating in blood
C)Nonalcoholic fatty acid liver
D)Inhibition of lipolysis in the adipocytes

Question 54

________ is a chemical pathway that enables muscle cells and liver to store glucose as glycogen.

A)Glycogenesis
B)Lipogenesis
C)Gluconeogenesis
D)Glycolysis

Question 55

The human body can withstand short-term fasting,because the glycogen stored in the liver and muscles can be used as a source of energy.

Question 56

Glucogenic amino acids,through metabolic pathways,are broken down into pyruvate or intermediates of the citric acid cycle.

Question 57

Human cells can convert acetyl CoA into pyruvate.

Question 58

What vitamin is necessary as part of the coenzyme that facilitates transamination and deamination reactions?

A)Vitamin B-6
B)Vitamin B-12
C)Riboflavin
D)Niacin

Question 59

Consuming excessive amounts of carbohydrates can lead to increased accumulation of body fat.

Question 60

Ketogenic amino acids are amino acids that enter the catabolic pathways as acetyl CoA.

Question 61

The ability to metabolize alcohol is dependent on the activity of the aldehyde dehydrogenase.

Question 62

The ________ gland produces the primary hormone that controls the metabolic rate.

A)hypothalamus
B)thyroid
C)adrenal
D)salivary

Question 63

Which of the following physiological and/or psychological effects often occurs when a person reaches a BAC of 0.20?

A)Cannot walk without assistance,mental confusion,and/or may pass out
B)Loss of consciousness and/or coma
C)Some loss of good judgement and altered mood/relaxation
D)Slower-than-normal reaction time,loss of balance,and/or impaired memory

Question 64

The average 170 lb male would achieve a BAC of 0.08 after consuming approximately ________ standard alcoholic drinks per hour on an empty stomach.

A)4-5
B)2-3
C)6-7
D)8 or more

Question 65

Which of the following alcohol-containing beverages contains approximately the same amount of alcohol that is in two 12-ounce bottles of beer?

A)10 ounces of red wine
B)5 ounces of whiskey
C)3 ounces of white wine
D)1 ounce of vodka

Question 66

John has three alcoholic drinks per day,he is classified as a ________.

A)heavy drinker
B)binge drinker
C)moderate drinker
D)light drinker

Question 67

An alcohol detoxification rate is dependent on personal characteristics such as ________.  Check all that apply.

A)body size and composition
B)age
C)genetic background
D)sex

Question 68

Karen has type 1 diabetes,and she often forgets to administer insulin to herself.Why does her breath usually have a fruity odor?

A)An excessive amount of glucose has accumulated on her teeth,which eventually contributes to dental decay and "bad breath."
B)Her liver synthesizes too much bile,which is blocking her bile duct and interfering with fatty acid digestion.
C)She has hyperglycemia,which results in ketosis as her body catabolizes an excessive amount of fatty acids.
D)Her diabetic condition causes fermentation in her small intestine,which results in faulty digestion of certain kinds of fruit.

Question 69

________ is an enzyme that detoxifies alcohol in the stomach.

A)Gastric alcohol dehydrogenase
B)Pancreatic amylase
C)Lipase
D)Peptidase

Question 70

________ is a condition characterized by the accumulation of scar tissue in the liver leading to its irreversible damage.

A)Cirrhosis of the liver
B)Metabolic syndrome
C)Type 2 diabetes
D)BAC