Deck 9: Vitamin Overview and Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Question 1

________ are water-soluble vitamins.

A)Niacin,riboflavin,and thiamin
B)Vitamins K,D,and E
C)Pantothenic acid,vitamin A,and choline
D)Vitamins B-12,B-6,and E

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Paulette takes a supplement containing 10 μg of vitamin D.  This is equivalent to ________ IU of vitamin D.

A)400
B)40
C)200
D)20

Answer 2

A

Question 3

________ prevent or limit the ability of free radicals to damage polyunsaturated fatty acids and DNA in cells.

A)Phosphates
B)Oxidizing agents
C)Antidotes
D)Antioxidants 

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The fact that babies can grow and thrive on synthetic infant formula supports the hypothesis that all the vitamins have been discovered.

Question 5

All vitamins are amines.

Question 6

The term vitamin comes from vita (necessary for life),and amine (a type of nitrogen-containing substance).

Question 7

Which of the following vitamins is most important for bone health?

A)Vitamin D
B)Vitamin B-12
C)Biotin
D)Folate

Question 8

Why is taking excess amounts of fat-soluble vitamins more likely to cause toxicity than taking excesses of water-soluble vitamins?

A)The body has higher requirements for water-soluble vitamins.
B)In general,excesses of fat-soluble vitamins cannot be excreted as easily as water-soluble vitamins.
C)The body has higher requirements for fat-soluble vitamins.
D)In general,water-soluble vitamins are more likely to be stored in the body than fat-soluble vitamins.

Question 9

To conserve the vitamin content of foods,________.

A)cook slowly in large amounts of water
B)peel vegetables and cut into small pieces before cooking in water
C)store in warm conditions,and expose to sunlight and air
D)stir-fry instead of boil

Question 10

A team of chemists have isolated an organic,water-soluble chemical from a rare kind of mushroom.The researchers determine that the chemical donates electrons to other substances in the environment that are missing electrons.Based on this information,the chemists are likely to have discovered a/an ________.

A)amino acid
B)precursor
C)antioxidant
D)auto-analyzing agent

Question 11

Which of the following vitamins is most important as an antioxidant?

A)Vitamin E
B)Niacin
C)Vitamin B-6
D)Vitamin K

Question 12

Darrell suffers from frequent diarrhea as a result of IBS.  Because of the frequent diarrhea,the bioavailability of vitamins in his diet ________.

A)is reduced
B)is increased
C)stays the same

Question 13

Choline is an example of a ________.

A)vitamin-like substance
B)fat-soluble vitamin
C)water-soluble vitamin
D)mineral

Question 14

________ are fat-soluble vitamins.

A)Niacin,riboflavin,and thiamin
B)Vitamins B-12,B-6,and E
C)Pantothenic acid,vitamin E,and choline
D)Vitamins K,D,and A

Question 15

Adding a small amount of ________ to cooked vegetables can enhance the intestinal tract's ability to absorb the fat-soluble vitamins they contain.

A)water
B)red wine
C)olive oil
D)sugar

Question 16

Most vitamins are more bioavailable from synthetic sources than from natural food sources.

Question 17

Which of the following vitamins is most important for red blood cell formation?

A)Folate
B)Thiamin
C)Vitamin D
D)Vitamin C

Question 18

Which of the following statements is true? 

A)People can survive for years by consuming formulas that contain all known vitamins. 
B)Biotin is a vitamin-like substance for humans. 
C)Vitamins are classified as being soluble in either alcohol or fat. 
D)Scientists are conducting research on plants to discover more vitamins that are essential for human beings.

Question 19

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Energy metabolism is an important function of fat-soluble vitamins.
B)Fat-soluble vitamins are generally more toxic than water-soluble vitamins.
C)It is easier for the body to eliminate water-soluble vitamins compared to fat-soluble vitamins.
D)Vitamins A,D,E,and K are digested and absorbed with fats in the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 20

Which of the following cooking methods can result in major losses of water-soluble vitamins?

A)Stir-frying in a small amount of oil
B)Boiling in a saucepan of water
C)Steaming in a vegetable steamer
D)Microwaving in little or no water

Question 21

According to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans,which of the following vitamins is a nutrient of public health concern?

A)Vitamin K
B)Vitamin A
C)Vitamin D
D)Vitamin B-6

Question 22

Which of the following substances is a fat-soluble vitamin that has antioxidant activity?

A)E
B)D
C)B-6
D)B-12

Question 23

In the body,vitamin A helps ________.

A)reduce collagen synthesis
B)insulin enter cells
C)maintain epithelial cells
D)the small intestine absorb calcium and phosphorus

Question 24

The ________ is the primary site of vitamin absorption.

A)small intestine
B)large intestine
C)stomach
D)liver

Question 25

Vitamin A is involved in production of white blood cells.

Question 26

Vitamins A,D,E,and K from plant sources are less soluble than vitamins A,D,E,and K from animal sources.

Question 27

Which of the following foods is the best source of preformed vitamin A?

A)Carrots
B)Liver
C)Soybeans
D)Apples

Question 28

Taking a vitamin A supplement has been linked to reduced risk of cardiovascular disease.

Question 29

Ten-month old baby Gabe loves to eat pureed sweet potatoes,squash,and carrots.Recently,Gabe's mother noticed that his skin had a yellow color,particularly his cheeks and hands.The yellowing of the skin Gabe has experienced is likely ________.

A)carotenemia
B)rickets
C)pellagra
D)retinosis

Question 30

Diets supplying large amounts of the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin can lower the risk of age-related macular degeneration.

Question 31

An early symptom of vitamin A deficiency is ________.

A)night blindness
B)headaches
C)hair loss
D)swollen tongue

Question 32

Retinol,retinal,and retinoic acid are all forms of preformed vitamin A.

Question 33

Barry is a vegan.His diet does not include foods that contain preformed vitamin A,and he does not take any vitamin A supplements.Nevertheless,his body has adequate vitamin A stores.Which of the following statements provides the best explanation for Barry's adequate vitamin A status?

A)He eats plenty of foods that contain beta-carotene.
B)His body does not require sources of vitamin A.
C)He consumes foods that supply tryptophan,which his liver converts to preformed vitamin A.
D)His fat cells synthesize preformed vitamin A from essential fatty acids.

Question 34

Vitamins A,D,E,and K all have hydrocarbon chains that make them soluble in fats.

Question 35

A deficiency of vitamin ________ results in deterioration of epithelial cells.

A)B-6
B)A
C)B-12
D)K

Question 36

________ is the most biologically active form of vitamin A in the body.

A)Alpha-tocopherol
B)Lutein
C)Beta-carotene
D)Retinol 

Question 37

Activation of vitamin D from food sources requires a healthy liver and kidneys.

Question 38

Which of the following is the best source of beta-carotene?

A)Grilled sweet potatoes
B)Baked chicken
C)Non-fat milk
D)Scrambled eggs

Question 39

Which of the fat-soluble vitamins are involved in growth and development?

A)A and D
B)D and K
C)A and E
D)E and K

Question 40

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Excessive intakes of vitamin D cause rickets in children.
B)Skin can form prohormone vitamin D after being exposed to sunlight.
C)Pellagra is the vitamin D deficiency disorder in adults.
D)Vitamin D is necessary for proper collagen formation. 

Question 41

Excessive vitamin D intakes can result in ________.

A)deposition of calcium in soft tissues
B)increased blood clot formation
C)megaloblastic anemia
D)no particular health problems,because the vitamin is rapidly excreted in urine

Question 42

Which of the following foods is a natural source of vitamin D?

A)Fatty fish and fish oils
B)Dark orange and yellow vegetables
C)Whole-grain breads and cereals
D)Fresh fruit

Question 43

Both alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol are found in food sources.

Question 44

Kesha is lactose intolerant and avoids all dairy foods.  She also doesn't like the taste of rice,soy,or almond milk so consumes very little calcium in her diet.  As a result of her low calcium intake,________ will be secreted in response to low blood calcium levels. 

A)parathyroid hormone
B)calcitonin
C)calcitriol
D)insulin

Question 45

The most biologically active form of vitamin D,calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitaminD),is made in the ________.

A)kidneys
B)liver
C)bones
D)small intestine

Question 46

________ is a condition associated with vitamin D deficiency in adults that is characterized by softening of the bones.

A)Rickets
B)Osteoporosis
C)Osteomalacia
D)Melanin

Question 47

Long-term trials have shown that high intakes of vitamin E reduce the risk of lung cancer in smokers.

Question 48

The biological activity of gamma-tocopherol is significantly higher than that of alpha-tocopherol.

Question 49

Jameela is an Iranian woman living in poverty.She is not seen in public places without being covered almost completely in heavy veils.Her usual diet is comprised of legumes,small amounts of yogurt,whole-grain breads and rice,fruits,and a few vegetables.Based on this information,Jameela is most at risk of ________.

A)pellagra
B)beriberi
C)scurvy
D)osteomalacia

Question 50

Vitamin ________ protects polyunsaturated fatty acids from being damaged by free radicals.

A)B-12
B)E
C)D
D)K

Question 51

Vitamin D helps the body absorb ________.

A)iron and copper
B)sodium and potassium
C)phosphorus and calcium
D)magnesium and iodine

Question 52

Vitamin E is involved in maintaining immune system function.

Question 53

Which of the following foods is not a good source of vitamin E?

A)Safflower oil
B)Sunflower seeds
C)Ground beef
D)Whole grains 

Question 54

Which of the following foods contains the highest amount of vitamin E per serving?

A)Sardines (3 oz)
B)Almonds (1 oz)
C)Peanuts (1 oz)
D)Mango (1 raw)

Question 55

Taking high doses of vitamin E supplements can impair blood clotting.

Question 56

Long-term vitamin E deficiency can result in nerve damage and blindness.

Question 57

Which of the following foods are reliable dietary sources of vitamin D?

A)Fresh fruits
B)Fortified dairy products
C)Enriched breads and cereals
D)Processed luncheon meats

Question 58

Isaac is an 8-year-old child who has African ancestry.He lives in Chicago and does not spend much time outdoors.He does not like to consume dairy foods because he has lactose intolerance.His diet consists primarily of enriched white bread,peanut butter,chicken,pork,apples,bananas,and green vegetables.Based on this information,Isaac has a high risk of __________.

A)pellagra
B)beriberi
C)scurvy
D)rickets

Question 59

Which of the following hormones acts to increase calcium absorption and decrease urinary calcium excretion?

A)Parathyroid hormone
B)Glucagon
C)Antidiuretic hormone
D)Insulin

Question 60

Vitamin D is often referred to as the "sunshine vitamin."  This is because exposure to UV light can convert a substance in skin,________,into vitamin D₃.

A)7-dehydrocholesterol
B)ergocalciferol
C)calcidiol
D)calcitriol

Question 61

The liver needs vitamin K to ________.

A)process calcium
B)store glycogen
C)synthesize prothrombin
D)metabolize alcohol

Question 62

Cystic fibrosis is an inherited respiratory disease that interferes with absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.

Question 63

The synthetic form of vitamin K is called ________.

A)menadione
B)menaquinone
C)phyllodione
D)phylloquinone

Question 64

Long-term trials have shown that high intakes of vitamin E reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in women.

Question 65

A low level of salt in sweat is a sign of cystic fibrosis.

Question 66

Vitamins that are involved in bone health include all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A)vitamin A
B)vitamin D
C)vitamin E
D)vitamin K

Question 67

Which of the following foods is a good source of vitamin K?

A)Green leafy vegetables
B)Enriched breads
C)Processed poultry products
D)Citrus fruit

Question 68

Low blood levels of vitamin K are associated with increased risk of osteoporosis.

Question 69

Which of the following are signs or symptoms of cystic fibrosis?

A)All of the choices are correct.
B)Abdominal pain,bloating,and gassiness
C)Foul-smelling feces that contain mucus
D)Chronic cough with significant mucus accumulation

Question 70

For maximum benefit,pancreatic enzyme pills,prescribed to improve digestion and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins in cystic fibrosis patients,should be taken between meals.

Question 71

Water-soluble forms of vitamin E are often recommended for cystic fibrosis patients.

Question 72

Consuming high amounts of vitamins E and K in foods has not been associated with any negative effect on health.

Question 73

Which of the following foods is the best source of vitamin K?

A)Enriched breads
B)Ground beef
C)Soybean oil
D)Citrus fruit

Question 74

In the United States,newborns receive an injection of ________ to prevent ________.

A)vitamin K;bleeding
B)vitamin C;collagen breakdown
C)niacin;pellagra
D)thiamin;beriberi

Question 75

The human body needs vitamin K to ________.

A)absorb phosphorus from foods
B)release the energy stored in glucose
C)synthesize DNA
D)form active blood clotting factors

Question 76

The human body can absorb some of the ________ that is synthesized by intestinal bacteria.

A)vitamin K
B)riboflavin
C)thiamin
D)vitamin A