Deck 4: Society

Question 1

Agriculture differs from horticulture because it makes use of animal-drawn plows that can cultivate much more land.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Agrarian societies have more similarities with one another than hunting and gathering societies.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Gerhard Lenski used the concept "sociocultural evolution" to refer to how technological innovation changes the shape of societies.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The industrial era was underway in parts of Europe by the time the explorer Christopher Columbus reached the Americas in 1492.

Question 5

The subordination of women by men is clearly evident in hunting and gathering societies.

Question 6

Agrarian societies typically have dramatic social inequality.

Question 7

Hunting and gathering societies generate a productive surplus.

Question 8

Hunting and gathering societies around the world contain a large and increasing share in the global population.

Question 9

Hunting and gathering societies have elected leaders.

Question 10

Horticultural societies typically form permanent settlements.

Question 11

Hunting and gathering societies are nomadic.

Question 12

Pastoral and horticultural societies are not capable of a productive surplus.

Question 13

Industrial technology tends to weaken the family, reducing its importance as the center of social life.

Question 14

Many pastoral societies are nomadic.

Question 15

Compared to hunting and gathering societies, horticultural and pastoral societies have more productive specialization and greater social inequality.

Question 16

Gerhard Lenski claims that the invention of horticultural or pastoral technology is a clear case of societal progress towards a better way of life.

Question 17

Gerhard Lenski dismissed technology as being of little importance in shaping cultural patterns.
REMEMBER;

Question 18

Huge empires-such as the Roman Empire that included tens of millions of people and several million square miles-were based on agrarian technology.

Question 19

Forces of nature have the greatest effect on societies with the simplest technology.

Question 20

Industrial societies use powerful sources of energy to drive large machinery.

Question 21

Marx thought capitalism would bring class conflict more out in the open.

Question 22

For Max Weber, an "ideal type" meant something that was the very best of its kind.

Question 23

Max Weber used the concept "rationalization of society" to point to historical change from tradition to rationality as the dominant mode of human thought.

Question 24

A postindustrial society uses computers and other information technology to operate much of the economy.

Question 25

The Information Revolution has been most evident in the poor nations of the world.

Question 26

In general, industrialization results in more schooling and a sharp increase in the share of the population that is illiterate.

Question 27

Marx claimed that capitalism alienated workers from their work as well as from each other.

Question 28

Karl Marx and Max Weber agreed that modern society generates alienation, although they each concluded that it was for different reasons.

Question 29

According to Weber, rational, modern societies were becoming more personal.

Question 30

According to Karl Marx, the foundation of society is the family.

Question 31

Marx looked forward to the transformation of capitalism into a more equal and humane society that he called socialism.

Question 32

Industrial technology has raised the living standards in a number of societies.

Question 33

In hopes of winning salvation, Calvinists were quick to share their wealth with the poor.

Question 34

Karl Marx argued that society's infrastructure and superstructure are always in conflict.

Question 35

Karl Marx claimed that societies were defined by patterns of social conflict.

Question 36

Gerhard Lenski argues that, eventually, we can expect technological invention to solve problems of peace and justice around the world.

Question 37

Weber believed that people living in preindustrial societies hold strongly to rationality, while members of industrial societies celebrate tradition.

Question 38

Marx believed that proletarians could never overcome their false consciousness.

Question 39

Marx argued that industrial-capitalist societies had two main divisions: capitalists and proletarians.

Question 40

Weber argued that the development of industrial capitalism had its roots in a set of religious ideas linked to Calvinism.

Question 41

The story of the Tuareg nomads, that begins chapter 4 in the text, shows us that

A)all human societies are mostly the same.
B)some societies change faster than our own.
C)some societies don't have newspapers, cellular phones, or other things that are familiar to us in the United States.
D)some societies have more advanced and powerful technology than our own.

Question 42

Durkheim pointed to the functions of social patterns for the operation of society as a whole.

Question 43

Today, hunting and gathering societies

A)are quickly spreading around the world.
B)represent about half the world's population.
C)are few in number, but are found on every continent.
D)are close to disappearing from the world.

Question 44

According to Gerhard Lenski, which of the following has the greatest power to shape a society?

A)technology
B)social conflict
C)human ideas
D)human desire for change

Question 45

Horticultural societies are those in which people

A)are nomadic.
B)hunt animals and gather vegetation.
C)have learned to raise animals.
D)use simple hand tools to raise crops.

Question 46

Which of the following concepts refers to people who interact in a defined territory and who share a culture?

A)culture
B)society
C)nation
D)state

Question 47

The social standing of women and men in hunting and gathering societies is

A)unequal, with men controlling farming.
B)fairly equal, with men and women each making a vital contribution to survival.
C)unequal, with women raising the young while men secure food.
D)equal, because both men and women perform the same tasks.

Question 48

Durkheim claimed that, in a modern society such as the United States, people with the strongest social bonds had the highest rates of suicide.

Question 49

Modern societies typically provide individuals with less moral regulation than do traditional societies.

Question 50

In hunting and gathering societies

A)men and women do almost entirely the same tasks.
B)men hunt animals while women gather vegetation.
C)women hunt animals while men gather vegetation.
D)men and women work together as hunters.

Question 51

Modern societies are mostly held together by shared moral sentiments.

Question 52

Which of the following factors would Lenski's approach highlight as bringing about change in society?

A)the telephone
B)conflict between workers and factory owners
C)new religious movements
D)the extent to which people share moral values

Question 53

According to Lenski, the term "sociocultural evolution" refers to

A)changes brought about by new ways of thinking.
B)changes created by ideas coming from other societies.
C)change that results from social conflict.
D)changes that occur as a society acquires new technology.

Question 54

Emile Durkheim viewed society as an external, objective reality.

Question 55

A great danger to hunting and gathering societies is

A)global warfare.
B)growing more food than they can carry.
C)the forces of nature, including storms and droughts.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 56

Which of the following is true of hunting and gathering societies?

A)Population is small; they are nomadic.
B)Population is large; they live in villages.
C)Population is small; they raise crops and animals.
D)Population is large; most people are farmers.

Question 57

Durkheim used the concept "anomie" to mean the same thing as Marx's concept of "alienation."

Question 58

Weber viewed rationality as a liberating force that would free the human spirit.
REMEMBER;

Question 59

Hunting and gathering societies were the only human species on the Earth from the origins of man some 3 million years ago until about

A)250,000 years ago.
B)100,000 years ago.
C)12,000 years ago.
D)2,500 years ago.

Question 60

Modern societies differ from traditional societies because they have more productive specialization-that is, a more complex division of labor.

Question 61

Karl Marx argued that the dominant social institution is

A)the family.
B)religion.
C)politics.
D)the economy.

Question 62

In terms of social inequality, agrarian societies generally

A)have much more inequality than less productive societal types.
B)have about the same amount of social inequality as less productive societal types.
C)have less social inequality than less productive societal types.
D)come very close to being egalitarian societies.

Question 63

Which of the following types of society has the most productive specialization?

A)hunting and gathering
B)horticultural and pastoral
C)agrarian
D)industrial

Question 64

Which type of human society has existed only since about the year 1750?

A)industrial societies
B)agrarian societies
C)horticultural and pastoral societies
D)hunting and gathering societies

Question 65

Karl Marx believed that the industrial-capitalist system was

A)very productive.
B)concentrating wealth in the hands of a few.
C)giving rise to the concepts of capitalists and proletarians.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 66

Around 100 C.E., the Roman Empire was what type of society?

A)hunting and gathering
B)horticultural and pastoral
C)agrarian
D)industrial

Question 67

Gerhard Lenski claims that the development of more complex technology

A)is entirely positive.
B)has both positive and negative effects.
C)is entirely negative.
D)has no effect on the quality of human life.

Question 68

Assume you are studying a society that has just invented cities, has increasing specialization, and has just started using money to buy and sell goods and services.It is likely that the society is at which stage of sociocultural evolution?

A)hunting and gathering
B)horticultural and pastoral
C)agrarian
D)industrial

Question 69

The driving force of social change, according to Marx, is

A)advancing technology.
B)social conflict between classes.
C)dominant ideas.
D)the way in which society is held together.

Question 70

Industrialization changes societies in many ways.All of the following except for one are changes that are brought on by industrialization.Which is NOT such a change?

A)A larger share of a society's people lives in cities.
B)There are fewer types of jobs and fewer people work for income.
C)The rate of social change increases.
D)Advances in communication and transportation make society seem smaller.

Question 71

As societies generate a greater productive surplus, their people generally

A)become more socially equal.
B)engage in more productive specialization.
C)become less warlike.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 72

The mass media, in films from Frankenstein

A)technology has only positive consequences for human societies.
B)pastoral societies have more advanced technology than industrial societies.
C)advanced technology can not only serve us, but it can also harm us.
D)our society holds little interest in advancing technology.

Question 73

Compared to an industrial society, a postindustrial society is based on

A)an information-based economy.
B)a factory-based economy.
C)an immigrant labor force.
D)a less productive economy.

Question 74

Many people have marveled at the Great Wall in China and the Great Pyramids in Egypt.These monuments stand as evidence of the productive power of which type of society?

A)hunting and gathering
B)horticultural and pastoral
C)agrarian
D)industrial

Question 75

What type of society engages in large-scale farming based on the use of plows drawn by animals or more powerful energy sources?

A)hunting and gathering
B)horticultural
C)pastoral
D)agrarian

Question 76

The first type of society to generate a material surplus was

A)hunting and gathering.
B)horticultural and pastoral.
C)agrarian.
D)industrial.

Question 77

Where in the world did large-scale cultivation or farming first develop?

A)southeast Asia
B)the Middle East
C)North America
D)Africa

Question 78

Humans first planted gardens in which region of the world?

A)Africa
B)Asia
C)Latin America
D)the Middle East

Question 79

Agrarian technology developed based on the use of

A)the plow.
B)animal power.
C)the development of metals.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 80

The birth of sociology took place during the early development of which type of society?

A)pastoral
B)horticultural
C)industrial
D)agrarian