Deck 21: Carbohydrate Controlled Diets for Diabetes Mellitus

Question 1

Which symptoms are associated with the acute complications of diabetes?

A) ​hyperglycemia, vomiting, dehydration
B) ​vomiting, polyuria, infections of the urinary tract
C) ​hyperglycemia, dehydration, polyuria
D) ​dehydration, polyuria, lack of thirst
E) vomiting, polyuria, infections of the urinary tract​

Answer 1

C

Question 2

All of these symptoms are characteristic of diabetes except _____.​

A) ​polyuria
B) ​polyphagia
C) ​polydipsia
D) hepatomegaly
E) ​glycosuria

Answer 2

D

Question 3

If a person does not produce sufficient insulin, he is prone to have _____.

A) ​hyperglycemia
B) ​poor appetite
C) ​low albumin levels
D) ​hypoglycemia
E) ​hypertension

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Glycosuria generally occurs when blood glucose exceeds _____ milligrams per deciliter.

A) 120​
B) ​140
C) ​160
D) ​200
E) ​300

Question 5

In severe cases of diabetic ketoacidosis, blood glucose levels can exceed 1000 mg/dL.​

Question 6

The primary defect in type 2 diabetes is autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta cells.​

Question 7

In people with diabetes, claudication may be due to polyuria.​

Question 8

The hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome is a complication of type 2 diabetes.​

Question 9

It is appropriate for clients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes to take oral antidiabetic agents and ignore their prescribed diet.

Question 10

People with diabetes are prone to _____ due to poor circulation and weakened immune function.

A) ​ketoacidosis
B) ​hyperglycemia
C) ​infections
D) ​fatigue
E) ​neuropathy

Question 11

The first sign of type 1 diabetes is often _____.

A) ​ketoacidosis
B) ​hypoglycemia
C) ​high blood lipids
D) ​albuminuria
E) ​gangrene

Question 12

Excessive urine production is called _____.

A) ​polydipsia
B) ​polyuria
C) ​ketonuria
D) ​glycosuria
E) ​polyphagia

Question 13

Prediabetes is diagnosed when a person has a fasting blood glucose level that falls between 100 and 125 mg/dL.​

Question 14

The prevalent form of diabetes _____.

A) ​usually results from an autoimmune disorder
B) ​develops most often in people over 40
C) ​is called type 1 diabetes
D) ​develops as a result of drastic weight loss
E) ​is characterized by decreased insulin production

Question 15

Routine checks for polydipsia can determine whether diabetes is affecting the eyes.

Question 16

Chronic complications of diabetes typically affect the blood vessels and the bones.

Question 17

Acetone breath is characteristic of hypoglycemia.

Question 18

Obesity alone can cause some degree of insulin resistance.

Question 19

Diabetes mellitus describes a group of metabolic disorders characterized by _____.

A) ​elevated blood glucose
B) ​low hemoglobin
C) ​dumping syndrome
D) ​lactose intolerance
E) ​low insulin levels

Question 20

Type 2 diabetes is associated with _____.

A) ​autoimmune diseases
B) ​insulin resistance
C) ​destruction of pancreatic beta cells
D) ​viral infection
E) ​low insulin secretion

Question 21

Type 2 diabetes often goes undiagnosed in overweight children and teens because _____.

A) ​their glucose levels vary with their stage of growth
B) ​there are frequently no symptoms
C) ​blood glucose tests are not accurate in children and teens
D) ​their lifestyles are not conducive to screening for the disease
E) ​it is a rare condition in children

Question 22

What are the recommendations for carbohydrate intake for diabetics?​

A) ​Low-carbohydrate diets are recommended.
B) ​All concentrated sweets should be avoided.
C) ​High-fiber, minimally processed carbohydrates should be emphasized.
D) ​Simple carbohydrates should be emphasized.
E) ​Glucose should be avoided.

Question 23

Good glycemic control requires _____.​

A) ​eating small amounts of food
B) ​restricting carbohydrate in the diet
C) ​self-monitoring of blood glucose
D) ​frequent visits to the doctor
E) ​frequent insulin injections

Question 24

Patients diagnosed with diabetes need to receive education in all of these areas except _____.

A) ​meal planning
B) ​blood glucose monitoring
C) ​physical activity
D) ​dialysis
E) ​appropriate physical activity

Question 25

A major cause of disability among people with diabetes is _____.

A) ​foot amputation
B) ​hypertension
C) ​hypoglycemia
D) ​foot ulcers
E) ​nephropathy

Question 26

Diabetic ketoacidosis is characterized by all of the following except _____.

A) ​severe ketosis
B) ​blood glucose >250 mg/dL
C) ​acidosis
D) ​blood cholesterol >250 mg/dL
E) ​dehydration

Question 27

Generally, the initial treatment for type 2 diabetes includes _____.

A) ​nutrition therapy and exercise
B) ​antidiabetic medications
C) ​insulin therapy
D) ​enzyme replacement therapy
E) ​insulin pumps

Question 28

An appropriate diet for diabetics includes all of these dietary adjustments except _____.​

A) ​low in carbohydrate
B) ​adequate in fiber
C) ​low in saturated fat
D) ​moderate in protein
E) ​use of sugar substitutes

Question 29

Intensive insulin therapy can cause _____.

A) ​hyperglycemia
B) ​a loss of appetite
C) ​weight gain
D) ​low albumin levels
E) ​alkalosis

Question 30

A disadvantage of intensive therapy for type 1 diabetes is _____.​

A) ​a greater risk of severe hypoglycemia
B) ​greater expense due to lack of insurance reimbursement
C) ​fewer incidences of severe hypoglycemia
D) ​more rapid progression of chronic complications
E) ​lack of glycemic control

Question 31

The HbA1C test is used to determine the _____.​

A) ​average blood glucose over the preceding two weeks
B) ​glycemic control for the preceding two to three months
C) ​level of fructose in the blood
D) ​presence of ketones in the blood
E) ​average plasma pH

Question 32

What is the most important goal for both medical and nutrition therapy for diabetics?

A) ​blood glucose control
B) ​blood pressure control
C) ​optimal blood lipid levels
D) ​prevention of complications
E) ​urine output control.

Question 33

In non-diabetes, glycated hemoglobin values are typically _____.

A) ​<6%
B) ​>6%
C) ​>7%
D) ​>8%
E) ​>9%

Question 34

A major cause of death in people with diabetes is _____.

A) ​neuropathy
B) ​cardiovascular disease
C) ​infections
D) ​gangrene
E) ​claudication

Question 35

The nutrient that has the greatest influence on blood glucose levels is _____.​

A) ​protein
B) ​fat
C) ​carbohydrate
D) ​calcium
E) ​ketones

Question 36

Hypoglycemia is frequently caused by _____.

A) ​overeating
B) ​skipping insulin doses
C) ​eating too many carbohydrates
D) ​poor management of diabetes
E) ​lack of insulin

Question 37

Type 2 diabetics who develop a serious illness or infection that worsens elevated glucose concentrations are prone to developing _____.

A) ​heart disease
B) ​weight loss
C) ​systemic inflammatory response syndrome
D) ​hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome
E) ​significant ketosiss

Question 38

Which condition is not a chronic complication of diabetes?

A) ​nephropathy
B) ​neuropathy
C) ​retinopathy
D) ​myopathy
E) ​sexual dysfunction

Question 39

People with diabetes are at increased risk for cardiovascular diseases because they _____.

A) ​tend to eat poorly
B) ​have an increased tendency for thrombosis and abnormal ventricle function
C) ​experience claudication and foot ulcers
D) ​are usually unable to participate in any form of physical activity
E) ​are less likely to form blood clots

Question 40

The risk of developing type 2 diabetes is increased by all of these conditions except _____.

A) ​abdominal obesity
B) ​aging
C) ​sedentary lifestyle
D) ​hypertension
E) ​genetic factors

Question 41

The Somogyi effect is also known as _____.

A) ​the fasting hyperglycemic effect
B) ​the dawn phenomenon
C) ​the weight gain effect
D) ​rebound hyperglycemia
E) ​the midnight effect

Question 42

To reduce the saturated fat content of the diabetic diet, all of these foods should be emphasized except _____.

A) ​lean meats
B) ​legumes
C) ​cheese
D) ​vegetable oils
E) ​dietary fibers

Question 43

The treatment of type 2 diabetes stresses _____ because of its beneficial effects on improving blood glucose control and blood lipids, and reducing blood pressure.​

A) ​physical activity
B) ​a low-fat diet
C) ​sulfonylureas
D) ​a sodium-controlled diet
E) ​dopamine agonists

Question 44

Consistent carbohydrate intake is required for patients who are _____.

A) ​using advanced carbohydrate counting
B) ​using the basic carbohydrate-counting method
C) ​overweight and inactive
D) ​using intensive insulin therapy
E) ​elderly and have other health concerns

Question 45

Which insulin preparation has the quickest onset of action?

A) ​lispro
B) ​regular
C) ​NPH
D) ​glargine
E) ​detemir

Question 46

A benefit to using the basic carbohydrate counting method is _____.

A) ​it is easier to learn than the advanced carbohydrate counting method
B) ​all portion sizes are the same for various foods
C) ​patients can consume unlimited amounts of carbohydrates
D) ​fiber content of the food does not need to be accounted for in the calculation
E) ​consistent carbohydrate intake is not required

Question 47

Women with gestational diabetes who are overweight or obese should be encouraged to _____.

A) ​engage in strenuous exercise
B) ​severely restrict carbohydrate intake
C) ​adjust energy intake as needed
D) ​limit protein intake
E) ​lose excess body weight

Question 48

Diet therapy for the pregnant woman with diabetes includes all of these dietary adjustments except _____.

A) ​weight loss
B) ​regular meals and snacks
C) ​an evening snack
D) ​monitoring of insulin therapy
E) ​preconception care and planning

Question 49

Which food should not be included in the diet of a person with diabetes?​

A) ​dried beans and peas
B) ​fruits
C) ​trans fats
D) ​whole-grain breads
E) ​sugar substitutes

Question 50

The diabetic diet should provide less than _____ milligrams of cholesterol per day.

A) ​100
B) ​200
C) ​300
D) ​500
E) ​600

Question 51

Mr. Joiner's blood glucose level meets the criteria for a diagnosis of _____.

A) ​type 1 diabetes
B) ​type 2 diabetes
C) ​prediabetes
D) ​ketoacidosis
E) ​hypoglycemia

Question 52

A patient with diabetes is allowed 60 grams of carbohydrate for lunch. This equals _____ portions of carbohydrate-containing foods.

A) ​2
B) ​3
C) ​4
D) ​5
E) ​6

Question 53

The mode of action of sulfonylureas is to _____.

A) ​stimulate insulin secretion by the pancreas
B) ​decrease insulin resistance
C) ​improve glucose utilization
D) ​delay carbohydrate digestion and absorption
E) ​increase insulin sensitivity

Question 54

All of these food portions represent one portion of a carbohydrate-containing food except _____.​

A) ​1 medium apple
B) ​1 slice of bread
C) ​1 cup cooked pasta
D) ​1 small baked potato
E) ​½ cup cooked oatmeal

Question 55

Which food would have the least effect on blood glucose levels?

A) fruit juice​
B) ​whole-grain cereal
C) ​biscuit
D) ​vanilla wafer
E) ​white rice

Question 56

Which drug suppresses glucagon secretion and delays stomach emptying?

A) ​biguanides
B) ​sulfonylureas
C) ​dopamine agonists
D) ​acarbose
E) ​amylin analogs

Question 57

Diabetics who use insulin or medications that promote insulin secretion should _____.

A) ​not consume alcohol
B) ​consume alcohol no more than 3-4 times/week
C) ​consume alcohol in moderation and always with meals
D) ​consume alcohol only on an empty stomach
E) ​restrict alcohol consumption to one beer per day

Question 58

A patient's diabetic diet prescription is for 1800 kcalories with 50% of kcalories from carbohydrate. How many carbohydrate portions is the patient allowed each day?

A) ​15
B) ​20
C) ​45
D) ​50
E) ​60

Question 59

Protein needs for people with diabetes are estimated using the DRI for adults, which is _____ g/kg body weight.

A) 0.6
B) ​0.8
C) ​1.0
D) ​1.2
E) ​1.5

Question 60

Which insulin preparation has the longest duration of action?

A) ​lispro
B) ​regular
C) ​NPH
D) ​glargine
E) ​aspart

Question 61

Matching
a. a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia and disordered insulin metabolism
b. elevated blood glucose concentrations
c. the condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes
d. a distinctive fruity odor on the breath of a person with ketosis
e. the presence of albumin in the urine; a sign of diabetic nephropathy
f. a coma that occurs in uncontrolled diabetes; may be due to diabetic ketoacidosis, the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, or severe hypoglycemia
g. extreme hyperglycemia that is associated with hyperosmolar blood, dehydration, and altered mental status
h. abnormally low concentrations of blood glucose
i. delayed stomach emptying
j. pain in the legs while walking; usually due to an inadequate supply of blood to the muscles
gastroparesis

Question 62

Though the exact cause of metabolic syndrome is unknown, it is believed to be associated with _____.

A) ​poverty
B) ​obesity
C) ​hypoglycemia
D) ​liver disease
E) ​smoking

Question 63

Matching
a. a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia and disordered insulin metabolism
b. elevated blood glucose concentrations
c. the condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes
d. a distinctive fruity odor on the breath of a person with ketosis
e. the presence of albumin in the urine; a sign of diabetic nephropathy
f. a coma that occurs in uncontrolled diabetes; may be due to diabetic ketoacidosis, the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, or severe hypoglycemia
g. extreme hyperglycemia that is associated with hyperosmolar blood, dehydration, and altered mental status
h. abnormally low concentrations of blood glucose
i. delayed stomach emptying
j. pain in the legs while walking; usually due to an inadequate supply of blood to the muscles
acetone breath

Question 64

Matching
a. a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia and disordered insulin metabolism
b. elevated blood glucose concentrations
c. the condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes
d. a distinctive fruity odor on the breath of a person with ketosis
e. the presence of albumin in the urine; a sign of diabetic nephropathy
f. a coma that occurs in uncontrolled diabetes; may be due to diabetic ketoacidosis, the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, or severe hypoglycemia
g. extreme hyperglycemia that is associated with hyperosmolar blood, dehydration, and altered mental status
h. abnormally low concentrations of blood glucose
i. delayed stomach emptying
j. pain in the legs while walking; usually due to an inadequate supply of blood to the muscles
hyperglycemia

Question 65

How many risk factors does Mr. Joiner have for type 2 diabetes?

A) ​2
B) ​3
C) ​4
D) ​5
E) ​6

Question 66

Which group of symptoms is characteristic of the metabolic syndrome?

A) ​abdominalobesity, reduced HDL cholesterol levels, hyperglycemia
B) ​hypertension, hypoglycemia, abdominal obesity
C) ​elevated liver enzymes, insulin resistance, albuminuria
D) ​polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
E) ​abdominalobesity, renal disease, reduced cholesterol, elevated HDL

Question 67

Matching
a. a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia and disordered insulin metabolism
b. elevated blood glucose concentrations
c. the condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes
d. a distinctive fruity odor on the breath of a person with ketosis
e. the presence of albumin in the urine; a sign of diabetic nephropathy
f. a coma that occurs in uncontrolled diabetes; may be due to diabetic ketoacidosis, the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, or severe hypoglycemia
g. extreme hyperglycemia that is associated with hyperosmolar blood, dehydration, and altered mental status
h. abnormally low concentrations of blood glucose
i. delayed stomach emptying
j. pain in the legs while walking; usually due to an inadequate supply of blood to the muscles
diabetic coma

Question 68

Matching
a. a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia and disordered insulin metabolism
b. elevated blood glucose concentrations
c. the condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes
d. a distinctive fruity odor on the breath of a person with ketosis
e. the presence of albumin in the urine; a sign of diabetic nephropathy
f. a coma that occurs in uncontrolled diabetes; may be due to diabetic ketoacidosis, the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, or severe hypoglycemia
g. extreme hyperglycemia that is associated with hyperosmolar blood, dehydration, and altered mental status
h. abnormally low concentrations of blood glucose
i. delayed stomach emptying
j. pain in the legs while walking; usually due to an inadequate supply of blood to the muscles
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome​

Question 69

The progression of metabolic syndrome is worsened by _____.

A) ​a sedentary lifestyle
B) ​low-carbohydrate diets
C) ​low blood lipids
D) ​drug therapy
E) ​celiac disease

Question 70

Matching
a. a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia and disordered insulin metabolism
b. elevated blood glucose concentrations
c. the condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes
d. a distinctive fruity odor on the breath of a person with ketosis
e. the presence of albumin in the urine; a sign of diabetic nephropathy
f. a coma that occurs in uncontrolled diabetes; may be due to diabetic ketoacidosis, the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, or severe hypoglycemia
g. extreme hyperglycemia that is associated with hyperosmolar blood, dehydration, and altered mental status
h. abnormally low concentrations of blood glucose
i. delayed stomach emptying
j. pain in the legs while walking; usually due to an inadequate supply of blood to the muscles
hypoglycemia

Question 71

Individuals with hypertriglyceridemia should reduce their intake of _____.

A) desserts
B) ​fruit
C) ​fatty fish
D) ​nuts
E) ​fiber

Question 72

After two months, Mr. Joiner has lost weight but his fasting blood glucose has risen to 140 mg/dL. Mr. Joiner's disease has progressed to _____.​

A) ​type 1 diabetes
B) ​type 2 diabetes
C) ​gestational diabetes
D) ​hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome
E) ​ketoacidosis

Question 73

To reduce his risk of developing diabetes, Mr. Joiner should follow all of these recommendations except _____.

A) ​lose weight
B) ​increase physical activity
C) ​learn to make better food choices at restaurants
D) ​learn to cook
E) ​cut down on the alcohol consumption

Question 74

Matching
a. a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia and disordered insulin metabolism
b. elevated blood glucose concentrations
c. the condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes
d. a distinctive fruity odor on the breath of a person with ketosis
e. the presence of albumin in the urine; a sign of diabetic nephropathy
f. a coma that occurs in uncontrolled diabetes; may be due to diabetic ketoacidosis, the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, or severe hypoglycemia
g. extreme hyperglycemia that is associated with hyperosmolar blood, dehydration, and altered mental status
h. abnormally low concentrations of blood glucose
i. delayed stomach emptying
j. pain in the legs while walking; usually due to an inadequate supply of blood to the muscles
abuminuria

Question 75

Metabolic syndrome consists of a cluster of disorders that increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and _____.

A) ​liver disease
B) ​cardiovascular disease
C) ​foot ulcers
D) ​renal failure
E) ​hypoglycemia

Question 76

Matching
a. a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia and disordered insulin metabolism
b. elevated blood glucose concentrations
c. the condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes
d. a distinctive fruity odor on the breath of a person with ketosis
e. the presence of albumin in the urine; a sign of diabetic nephropathy
f. a coma that occurs in uncontrolled diabetes; may be due to diabetic ketoacidosis, the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, or severe hypoglycemia
g. extreme hyperglycemia that is associated with hyperosmolar blood, dehydration, and altered mental status
h. abnormally low concentrations of blood glucose
i. delayed stomach emptying
j. pain in the legs while walking; usually due to an inadequate supply of blood to the muscles
diabetes mellitus

Question 77

How many of his risk factors for type 2 diabetes can Mr. Joiner control?

A) ​1
B) ​2
C) ​3
D) ​4
E) ​5

Question 78

The simplest and most flexible approach for Mr. Joiner to use for optimal management of his blood glucose level is _____.

A) ​carbohydrate counting
B) ​food lists
C) ​MyPyramid
D) ​a high-protein diet
E) ​the DASH diet

Question 79

Matching
a. a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia and disordered insulin metabolism
b. elevated blood glucose concentrations
c. the condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes
d. a distinctive fruity odor on the breath of a person with ketosis
e. the presence of albumin in the urine; a sign of diabetic nephropathy
f. a coma that occurs in uncontrolled diabetes; may be due to diabetic ketoacidosis, the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, or severe hypoglycemia
g. extreme hyperglycemia that is associated with hyperosmolar blood, dehydration, and altered mental status
h. abnormally low concentrations of blood glucose
i. delayed stomach emptying
j. pain in the legs while walking; usually due to an inadequate supply of blood to the muscles
claudication

Question 80

Matching
a. a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia and disordered insulin metabolism
b. elevated blood glucose concentrations
c. the condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes
d. a distinctive fruity odor on the breath of a person with ketosis
e. the presence of albumin in the urine; a sign of diabetic nephropathy
f. a coma that occurs in uncontrolled diabetes; may be due to diabetic ketoacidosis, the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, or severe hypoglycemia
g. extreme hyperglycemia that is associated with hyperosmolar blood, dehydration, and altered mental status
h. abnormally low concentrations of blood glucose
i. delayed stomach emptying
j. pain in the legs while walking; usually due to an inadequate supply of blood to the muscles
prediabetes