Deck 23: Protein - Mineral - and Fluid Modified Diets for Kidney Diseases

Question 1

In oliguric patients, recovery from kidney injury may begin with a period of diuresis, during which the patient's fluid and electrolyte status are monitored.​

Answer 1

True

Question 2

A glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 29 indicates kidney failure and the need for dialysis.​

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The part of the kidney that acts like a sieve to filter wastes is the _____.​

A) ​filtrate
B) ​glomerulus
C) ​tubule
D) ​lobe
E) ​pelvis

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In patients with acute kidney injury, oliguria leads to _____.

A) ​bone loss due to hyperphosphatemia
B) ​edema due to increased urine production
C) ​an increase in blood potassium levels due to excessive excretion of parathyroid hormone
D) ​production of at least 800 mL of urine per day
E) blood alkalosis​

Question 5

Which dietary nutrient is controlled to alleviate edema in patients with nephrotic syndrome?​

A) ​sodium
B) ​protein
C) ​carbohydrate
D) ​calcium
E) ​water

Question 6

All of these factors are consequences of acute kidney injury except _____.​

A) ​oliguria
B) ​sodium retention
C) ​the inability to metabolize nutrients
D) ​elevated levels of potassium, phosphate, and magnesium
E) elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN)​

Question 7

Patients with nephrotic syndrome may require supplements of _____.​

A) ​vitamin D and calcium
B) ​essential fatty acids
C) ​essential amino acids
D) ​thiamin and magnesium
E) ​sodium and potassium

Question 8

One cause of nephrotic syndrome is _____.​

A) ​infections of the kidney
B) ​uremia
C) ​low blood lipids
D) ​dehydration
E) ​elevated sodium

Question 9

Supplementation of all fat-soluble vitamins is necessary in patients with chronic kidney disease.​

Question 10

Adults with chronic kidney disease frequently develop wasting and PEM.​

Question 11

Nephrotic syndrome is a result of _____.​

A) ​damage to the glomeruli.
B) ​damage to the tubules.
C) ​excessive protein intake.
D) ​excessive fat intake.
E) ​hypotension.

Question 12

Intradialytic parenteral nutrition is an option for supplying supplemental nutrients to dialysis patients.​

Question 13

Medical nutrition therapy for nephrotic syndrome helps to prevent protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), correct lipid abnormalities, and alleviate edema.​

Question 14

Heart failure that leads to acute renal failure is considered a(n) _____ factor.​

A) ​primary
B) ​prerenal
C) ​preventable
D) ​postrenal
E) intrarenal​

Question 15

One of the effects of nephrotic syndrome is a loss of vitamin D. This can result in _____ in children.​

A) ​growth failure
B) ​poor appetite
C) ​rickets
D) ​type 1 diabetes
E) ​acromegaly

Question 16

Predialysis chronic kidney disease patients have higher protein needs than those on hemodialysis.​

Question 17

Prior to the need for dialysis, most renal patients are unable to handle normal intakes of potassium.​

Question 18

Dialysis removes excess fluids and wastes from the blood by employing the principles of diffusion, osmosis, and ultrafiltration.​

Question 19

Which process is not a function of the kidneys?​

A) ​maintaining blood pressure
B) ​regulating electrolyte concentrations
C) ​maintaining acid-base balance
D) ​converting vitamin K to its active form
E) ​maintaining cholesterol levels

Question 20

Individuals at risk of PEM and wasting should consume foods with high energy density​

Question 21

Mrs. Clark weighs 59 kilograms, is in an early stage of chronic kidney disease, and is not yet on dialysis. How much protein should her daily diet include?​

A) ​24 - 30 grams
B) ​35 - 44 grams
C) ​47 - 71 grams
D) ​59 - 66 grams
E) ​75-100 grams

Question 22

Lasix is a drug used to _____.

A) ​mobilize fluids
B) ​lower cholesterol
C) ​prevent PEM
D) ​activate vitamin D
E) ​lower blood glucose

Question 23

Secondary complications of chronic kidney disease include _____.​

A) ​type 1 diabetes
B) ​bone disease
C) ​stroke
D) ​hypotension
E) ​type 2 diabetes

Question 24

The various symptoms and complications that develop in the final stages of chronic kidney disease are collectively referred to as _____.​

A) ​anemia
B) ​PEM
C) ​uremic syndrome
D) ​hyperkalemia
E) ​osteodystrophy

Question 25

Anorexia associated with chronic kidney disease may be caused by all of these factors except _____.​

A) ​hormonal disturbances
B) ​hypertension
C) ​restrictive diets
D) ​uremia
E) depression​

Question 26

The ideal renal diet provides enough protein to _____.

A) ​give the patient an adequate kcaloric intake
B) ​keep blood ammonia levels stable
C) ​decrease liver hyperactivity
D) ​meet the patient's needs and prevent wasting
E) ​maintain normal urea production

Question 27

In patients with chronic kidney disease, acidosis can worsen _____.

A) ​blood pressure
B) ​malnutrition
C) ​renal osteodystrophy
D) ​GFR
E) ​urine output

Question 28

A renal patient who shows an increase in weight gain and blood pressure is most likely _____.

A) ​retaining sodium and fluid
B) ​retaining calcium
C) ​experiencing salt wasting
D) ​retaining phosphorus
E) ​developing diabetes

Question 29

In acute kidney injury, fluid needs are determined by measuring urine output and adding _____ milliliters to account for fluid losses from skin, lungs, and perspiration.​

A) ​200 to 300
B) ​300 to 400
C) ​400 to 500
D) ​700 to 800
E) ​1,000 to 1,100

Question 30

Individuals with impaired kidney function due to acute kidney injury may show accumulation of _____ in the blood.​

A) ​ammonia
B) iron​
C) ​potassium
D) ​urea
E) proteins​

Question 31

The consequences of acute kidney injury include _____.

A) ​decreased BUN levels
B) ​increased serum creatine levels
C) ​azotemia, but not uremia
D) ​increased parathyroid hormone secretion
E) elevated sodium levels, which can lead to heart failure.​

Question 32

One of the most common causes of chronic kidney disease is _____.​

A) ​diabetes
B) ​infectious diseases
C) ​genetic disorders
D) ​inflammatory diseases
E) ​cancer

Question 33

Following acute kidney injury, protein is usually restricted to about _____ grams of protein per kilogram of body weight per day for those patients who are not on dialysis.

A) ​0.2-0.5
B) ​0.4-0.8
C) ​0.8-1.0
D) ​1.0-1.5
E) ​1.5-1.8

Question 34

About half of patients with acute kidney injury experience oliguria. This means that they produce less than _____ milliliters of urine per day.​

A) ​400
B) 600​
C) ​800
D) ​1,000
E) ​1,200

Question 35

Weight gain can become a problem when peritoneal dialysis continues for an extended period of time. This is likely due to _____.​

A) ​the kcalories contributed by the dialysate
B) ​a less restrictive diet
C) food cravings experienced by the patient​
D) ​the body's adaptation to dialysis
E) ​side-effects of dialysis medications

Question 36

All of these clinical symptoms are characteristic of uremic syndrome except _____.​

A) ​anemia
B) ​decreased erythropoietin production
C) ​heart muscle enlargement
D) ​hypokalemia
E) ​muscle cramping

Question 37

Which substance is given to patients with acute renal failure to correct elevated potassium levels?​

A) ​Lasix
B) ​antibiotics
C) ​binders
D) ​bicarbonate
E) ​insulin

Question 38

A patient on peritoneal dialysis may need to consume less dietary _____ than other kidney disease patients.​

A) ​fat
B) ​protein
C) ​vitamins
D) ​carbohydrate
E) ​water

Question 39

The treatment of _____ is critical for slowing the progression of chronic kidney disease and reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.​

A) ​anemia
B) ​gout
C) ​hypertension
D) ​depression
E) ​uremia

Question 40

One measure of chronic kidney disease is _____.​

A) ​GFR
B) ​the ratio of albumin to creatinine in a urine sample
C) ​BUN levels
D) ​the degree of proteinuria
E) ​urine output

Question 41

For patients on fluid-restricted diets who experience extreme thirst, you should suggest _____.

A) ​adding lemon juice to water to make it more refreshing
B) ​drinking black coffee, as it has no kcalories
C) ​eating salt-free saltines
D) ​eating ice, as it doesn't count as a liquid
E) eat popsicles

Question 42

Plant sources of protein are recommended for patients with kidney disease because they _____.

A) ​contain essential amino acids
B) ​are easy to digest
C) ​contain more kcalorie per gram
D) ​are high in phosphorus
E) ​place less demand on the kidneys

Question 43

Following kidney transplantation, dietary restrictions _____.

A) ​are more strict
B) ​are more liberalized
C) ​can replace immunosuppressive therapy
D) ​determine whether the body rejects the kidney
E) ​focus on restricting protein intake

Question 44

Compared to standard formulas, enteral formulas suitable for chronic kidney disease _____.

A) ​are more calorically dense
B) ​are higher in protein
C) ​are higher in electrolytes
D) ​contain more water
E) ​are less sterile

Question 45

Patients on a renal diet may want to increase intake of _____ to increase the energy content of meals.

A) ​margarine
B) ​fresh vegetables
C) ​whole milk
D) ​chocolate candy bars
E) ​dairy whipped toppings

Question 46

What is the most effective way to improve the iron status of patients undergoing dialysis?

A) ​oral iron supplements in conjunction with erythropoietin therapy
B) only intravenous iron administration
C) ​intravenous iron administration in conjunction with erythropoietin therapy
D) ​increased intake of iron-rich foods
E) ​blood transfusions

Question 47

Compared to a hemodialysis patient, a peritoneal dialysis patient is allowed a more liberal intake of _____.

A) ​kcalories
B) ​phosphorus
C) ​potassium
D) ​calcium
E) ​protein

Question 48

Patients with chronic kidney disease are often encouraged to consume high-fat foods to improve their energy intake. An appropriate high-fat food choice for a renal patient is _____.

A) ​fried fish
B) ​peanuts
C) ​cheese
D) ice cream
E) ​milk

Question 49

All of these factors can contribute to hypercalciuria except _____.

A) ​excessive calcium absorption
B) ​impaired calcium reabsorption
C) ​elevated serum levels of parathyroid hormone
D) ​impaired absorption of vitamin C
E) ​elevated vitamin D

Question 50

Foods high in oxalate include _____.

A) ​spinach
B) ​milk
C) ​bread
D) ​apples
E) ​red meat

Question 51

Once dialysis is initiated in a patient with chronic kidney disease, the recommended protein intake _____.

A) ​is less restrictive
B) ​is more restrictive
C) ​remains the same
D) ​emphasizes the addition of nonessential amino acid sources
E) ​emphasizes the addition of phosphorus and calcium

Question 52

Which food is high in phosphorus?

A) ​cornmeal
B) ​oatmeal
C) ​carrots
D) ​broccoli
E) ​oranges

Question 53

Calcium oxalate stones usually result from _____.

A) ​hypercalciuria
B) ​hyperkalemia
C) ​hyperphosphatemia
D) ​hypercholesterolemia
E) ​hypocalciuria

Question 54

Protein-restricted diets naturally curb the intake of _____.

A) ​sodium
B) ​phosphorus
C) ​potassium
D) ​vitamin B₆
E) ​calcium

Question 55

People with chronic kidney disease frequently develop vitamin and mineral deficiencies due to all of these reasons except _____.

A) ​restrictive diets
B) ​loss of vitamins during dialysis
C) ​steatorrhea
D) ​altered metabolism
E) ​blood loss associated with dialysis

Question 56

A patient with acute kidney injury has a urine output of 500 milliliters per day. The nurse determines his daily fluid needs to be about _____ milliliters.

A) ​500
B) ​800
C) ​900
D) ​1200
E) ​1500

Question 57

Supplements of _____ should be restricted in patients at risk for kidney stones.

A) ​fat-soluble vitamins
B) ​vitamin B₆
C) ​vitamin D
D) ​folic acid
E) ​vitamin C

Question 58

For most kidney transplant patients, dietary adjustments are required as a result of _____.

A) ​kidney dysfunction
B) ​metabolic changes
C) ​hypertension issues
D) ​healing issues
E) ​the side effects of immunosuppressive drugs

Question 59

All of these side effects are characteristic of immunosuppressive drug therapy except _____.

A) ​glucose intolerance
B) ​fluid retention
C) ​malabsorption of nutrients
D) ​foodborne infection
E) ​altered blood lipids

Question 60

The potassium content of vegetables can be reduced by a process called _____.

A) ​steaming
B) ​sautéing
C) ​leaching
D) ​boiling
E) ​starching

Question 61

Matching
a. a syndrome associated with kidney disorders characterized by urinary protein losses exceeding 3 to 3.5 g per day
b. functional unit of kidneys
c. the cluster of symptoms associated with inadequate kidney function; the symptoms reflect fluid, electrolyte, and hormonal imbalances; altered heart function; neuromuscular disturbances; and other metabolic derangements
d. crystalline masses that form in the urinary tract; also called renal calculi and nephrolithiasis
e. a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated uric acid in the blood and urine and the deposition of uric acid in and around the joints, causing acute joint inflammation
f. an inherited disorder characterized by elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
g. a bone disorder that develops in patients with chronic kidney disease as a consequence of increased secretion of parathyroid hormone, reduced serum calcium, acidosis, and impaired vitamin D activation by the kidneys
h. the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine
i. a hormone made by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production
j. nitrogen-containing compound found in skeletal muscle, blood levels used as marker for kidney function
kidney stones

Question 62

Matching
a. a syndrome associated with kidney disorders characterized by urinary protein losses exceeding 3 to 3.5 g per day
b. functional unit of kidneys
c. the cluster of symptoms associated with inadequate kidney function; the symptoms reflect fluid, electrolyte, and hormonal imbalances; altered heart function; neuromuscular disturbances; and other metabolic derangements
d. crystalline masses that form in the urinary tract; also called renal calculi and nephrolithiasis
e. a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated uric acid in the blood and urine and the deposition of uric acid in and around the joints, causing acute joint inflammation
f. an inherited disorder characterized by elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
g. a bone disorder that develops in patients with chronic kidney disease as a consequence of increased secretion of parathyroid hormone, reduced serum calcium, acidosis, and impaired vitamin D activation by the kidneys
h. the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine
i. a hormone made by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production
j. nitrogen-containing compound found in skeletal muscle, blood levels used as marker for kidney function
filtrate

Question 63

The most common method used to gauge the adequacy of dialysis treatment is _____.

A) ​pressure gradient
B) ​serum phosphorus
C) ​serum albumin
D) ​urea kinetic modeling
E) ​sodium retention

Question 64

One potential complication of hemodialysis is _____.

A) ​infections
B) ​hypertension
C) ​edema
D) ​hemochromatosis
E) ​increased risk of kidney cancer

Question 65

For people who are prone to kidney stones, the best way to prevent the formation of stones is to _____.

A) ​minimize calcium intake
B) eat less meat
C) ​eat fewer oxalate-containing vegetables
D) ​drink 12 to 16 cups of fluids per day
E) ​drink primarily sugar-sweetened drinks

Question 66

The likely cause of Mr. Wilson's chronic kidney disease is _____.

A) ​his history of type 1 diabetes
B) ​exposure to chemicals in the workplace
C) ​his history of smoking
D) ​his gender
E) ​his age

Question 67

Matching
a. a syndrome associated with kidney disorders characterized by urinary protein losses exceeding 3 to 3.5 g per day
b. functional unit of kidneys
c. the cluster of symptoms associated with inadequate kidney function; the symptoms reflect fluid, electrolyte, and hormonal imbalances; altered heart function; neuromuscular disturbances; and other metabolic derangements
d. crystalline masses that form in the urinary tract; also called renal calculi and nephrolithiasis
e. a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated uric acid in the blood and urine and the deposition of uric acid in and around the joints, causing acute joint inflammation
f. an inherited disorder characterized by elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
g. a bone disorder that develops in patients with chronic kidney disease as a consequence of increased secretion of parathyroid hormone, reduced serum calcium, acidosis, and impaired vitamin D activation by the kidneys
h. the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine
i. a hormone made by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production
j. nitrogen-containing compound found in skeletal muscle, blood levels used as marker for kidney function
renal osteodystrophy

Question 68

Matching
a. a syndrome associated with kidney disorders characterized by urinary protein losses exceeding 3 to 3.5 g per day
b. functional unit of kidneys
c. the cluster of symptoms associated with inadequate kidney function; the symptoms reflect fluid, electrolyte, and hormonal imbalances; altered heart function; neuromuscular disturbances; and other metabolic derangements
d. crystalline masses that form in the urinary tract; also called renal calculi and nephrolithiasis
e. a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated uric acid in the blood and urine and the deposition of uric acid in and around the joints, causing acute joint inflammation
f. an inherited disorder characterized by elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
g. a bone disorder that develops in patients with chronic kidney disease as a consequence of increased secretion of parathyroid hormone, reduced serum calcium, acidosis, and impaired vitamin D activation by the kidneys
h. the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine
i. a hormone made by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production
j. nitrogen-containing compound found in skeletal muscle, blood levels used as marker for kidney function
nephron

Question 69

Protein intake for Mr. Wilson should be _____.

A) ​restricted due to the lack of renal function
B) ​increased due to PEM
C) ​limited to plant protein foods
D) ​limited to animal protein foods
E) ​similar to the general population

Question 70

Mr. Wilson's laboratory reports indicate hyperkalemia; therefore, his intake of _____ should be restricted.​

A) ​protein
B) ​sodium
C) ​phosphorus
D) ​potassium
E) ​water

Question 71

Matching
a. a syndrome associated with kidney disorders characterized by urinary protein losses exceeding 3 to 3.5 g per day
b. functional unit of kidneys
c. the cluster of symptoms associated with inadequate kidney function; the symptoms reflect fluid, electrolyte, and hormonal imbalances; altered heart function; neuromuscular disturbances; and other metabolic derangements
d. crystalline masses that form in the urinary tract; also called renal calculi and nephrolithiasis
e. a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated uric acid in the blood and urine and the deposition of uric acid in and around the joints, causing acute joint inflammation
f. an inherited disorder characterized by elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
g. a bone disorder that develops in patients with chronic kidney disease as a consequence of increased secretion of parathyroid hormone, reduced serum calcium, acidosis, and impaired vitamin D activation by the kidneys
h. the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine
i. a hormone made by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production
j. nitrogen-containing compound found in skeletal muscle, blood levels used as marker for kidney function
uremic syndrome

Question 72

Matching
a. a syndrome associated with kidney disorders characterized by urinary protein losses exceeding 3 to 3.5 g per day
b. functional unit of kidneys
c. the cluster of symptoms associated with inadequate kidney function; the symptoms reflect fluid, electrolyte, and hormonal imbalances; altered heart function; neuromuscular disturbances; and other metabolic derangements
d. crystalline masses that form in the urinary tract; also called renal calculi and nephrolithiasis
e. a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated uric acid in the blood and urine and the deposition of uric acid in and around the joints, causing acute joint inflammation
f. an inherited disorder characterized by elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
g. a bone disorder that develops in patients with chronic kidney disease as a consequence of increased secretion of parathyroid hormone, reduced serum calcium, acidosis, and impaired vitamin D activation by the kidneys
h. the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine
i. a hormone made by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production
j. nitrogen-containing compound found in skeletal muscle, blood levels used as marker for kidney function
erythropoietin

Question 73

Mr. Wilson's GFR is indicative of stage _____ chronic kidney disease.

A) ​1
B) ​2
C) ​3
D) ​4
E) ​5

Question 74

Mr. Wilson's energy needs should be estimated using the guideline of _____ kcal/kg per day.

A) ​20
B) ​20
C) ​35
D) ​40
E) ​45

Question 75

Matching
a. a syndrome associated with kidney disorders characterized by urinary protein losses exceeding 3 to 3.5 g per day
b. functional unit of kidneys
c. the cluster of symptoms associated with inadequate kidney function; the symptoms reflect fluid, electrolyte, and hormonal imbalances; altered heart function; neuromuscular disturbances; and other metabolic derangements
d. crystalline masses that form in the urinary tract; also called renal calculi and nephrolithiasis
e. a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated uric acid in the blood and urine and the deposition of uric acid in and around the joints, causing acute joint inflammation
f. an inherited disorder characterized by elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
g. a bone disorder that develops in patients with chronic kidney disease as a consequence of increased secretion of parathyroid hormone, reduced serum calcium, acidosis, and impaired vitamin D activation by the kidneys
h. the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine
i. a hormone made by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production
j. nitrogen-containing compound found in skeletal muscle, blood levels used as marker for kidney function
cystinuria

Question 76

During dialysis, _____.​

A) ​the chemical composition of the dialysate does not affect the movement of solutes across the semipermeable membrane
B) ​bicarbonates are added to a dialysate for a person with acidosis
C) ​a substance will diffuse out of the blood when its concentration is higher in the dialysate than in the blood
D) ​the dialysate contains no urea or potassium
E) ​osmosis alone is an efficient process for removing fluids

Question 77

The primary goal(s) of medical nutrition therapy for Mr. Wilson at this time should be _____.

A) ​lowering his blood cholesterol level
B) ​preventing PEM and weight loss
C) ​treating him for iron-deficiency anemia
D) ​preventing osteoporosis
E) ​preventing kidney stones

Question 78

Matching
a. a syndrome associated with kidney disorders characterized by urinary protein losses exceeding 3 to 3.5 g per day
b. functional unit of kidneys
c. the cluster of symptoms associated with inadequate kidney function; the symptoms reflect fluid, electrolyte, and hormonal imbalances; altered heart function; neuromuscular disturbances; and other metabolic derangements
d. crystalline masses that form in the urinary tract; also called renal calculi and nephrolithiasis
e. a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated uric acid in the blood and urine and the deposition of uric acid in and around the joints, causing acute joint inflammation
f. an inherited disorder characterized by elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
g. a bone disorder that develops in patients with chronic kidney disease as a consequence of increased secretion of parathyroid hormone, reduced serum calcium, acidosis, and impaired vitamin D activation by the kidneys
h. the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine
i. a hormone made by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production
j. nitrogen-containing compound found in skeletal muscle, blood levels used as marker for kidney function
gout

Question 79

Matching
a. a syndrome associated with kidney disorders characterized by urinary protein losses exceeding 3 to 3.5 g per day
b. functional unit of kidneys
c. the cluster of symptoms associated with inadequate kidney function; the symptoms reflect fluid, electrolyte, and hormonal imbalances; altered heart function; neuromuscular disturbances; and other metabolic derangements
d. crystalline masses that form in the urinary tract; also called renal calculi and nephrolithiasis
e. a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated uric acid in the blood and urine and the deposition of uric acid in and around the joints, causing acute joint inflammation
f. an inherited disorder characterized by elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
g. a bone disorder that develops in patients with chronic kidney disease as a consequence of increased secretion of parathyroid hormone, reduced serum calcium, acidosis, and impaired vitamin D activation by the kidneys
h. the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine
i. a hormone made by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production
j. nitrogen-containing compound found in skeletal muscle, blood levels used as marker for kidney function
nephrotic syndrome

Question 80

Matching
a. a syndrome associated with kidney disorders characterized by urinary protein losses exceeding 3 to 3.5 g per day
b. functional unit of kidneys
c. the cluster of symptoms associated with inadequate kidney function; the symptoms reflect fluid, electrolyte, and hormonal imbalances; altered heart function; neuromuscular disturbances; and other metabolic derangements
d. crystalline masses that form in the urinary tract; also called renal calculi and nephrolithiasis
e. a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated uric acid in the blood and urine and the deposition of uric acid in and around the joints, causing acute joint inflammation
f. an inherited disorder characterized by elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
g. a bone disorder that develops in patients with chronic kidney disease as a consequence of increased secretion of parathyroid hormone, reduced serum calcium, acidosis, and impaired vitamin D activation by the kidneys
h. the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine
i. a hormone made by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production
j. nitrogen-containing compound found in skeletal muscle, blood levels used as marker for kidney function
creatine