Deck 5: Digestion and Absorption

Question 1

Digestion is completed in the large intestine.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Some partially digested nutrients can be caught in the microvilli, but they cannot be further digested.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Immediately before passing into the large intestine, the food mass must pass though the ____.

A) ​pyloric sphincter
B) ​lower esophageal sphincter
C) ​ileocecal valve
D) ​bolus
E) ​pancreas

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The stomach empties into the ____.

A) ​ileum
B) ​cecum
C) ​jejunum
D) ​duodenum
E) ​gallbladder

Question 5

Saliva protects tooth surfaces and the linings of the mouth, esophagus, and stomach from attack by molecules that might be harmful.

Question 6

The digestive tract begins at the ____ and ends at the ____.

A) ​stomach; large intestine
B) ​pharynx; rectum
C) ​lower esophageal sphincter; rectum
D) ​mouth; anus
E) ​tongue; renal glands

Question 7

Pepsin cannot function in the strong acidic environment of the stomach.

Question 8

People should not eat certain food combinations at the same meal because the digestive system cannot handle more than one task at a time.

Question 9

A nutrient or other substance must pass through the cells of the digestive tract wall before it actually enters the body.

Question 10

The ____ prevents food from entering the lungs.

A) ​lower esophageal sphincter
B) ​pharynx
C) ​ileocecal valve
D) ​epiglottis
E) ​esophagus

Question 11

Another name for the digestive tract is the ____.

A) ​urinary tract
B) ​exocrine system
C) ​gastrointestinal tract
D) ​muscular system
E) ​bolus reduction system

Question 12

Chyme is a(n) ____.

A) ​semiliquid mass of partially digested food
B) ​portion of food swallowed at one time
C) ​enzyme in the stomach needed for the digestion of protein
D) ​esophageal secretion
E) ​digesting liquid, similar to pepsin

Question 13

Two organs that secrete digestive juices into the small intestine are the ____ and the ____.

A) ​gallbladder; pancreas
B) ​pancreas; liver
C) ​gallbladder; liver
D) ​duodenum; pancreas
E) ​appendix; prostate

Question 14

A bolus is a(n) ____.

A) ​sphincter muscle separating the stomach from the small intestine
B) ​portion of food swallowed at one time
C) ​enzyme that hydrolyzes starch
D) ​portion of partially digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum
E) ​small, indigestible portion of food that can get stuck in the large intestine

Question 15

The movement of chyme from the stomach into the small intestine is regulated by the ____.

A) ​pancreas
B) ​pyloric sphincter
C) ​ileocecal valve
D) ​duodenum
E) ​epiglottis

Question 16

The mouth initiates the liquefying process to reduce the food to a coarse mash suitable for swallowing.

Question 17

Drinking plenty of water in conjunction with eating foods high in fiber supplies fluid for the fiber to take up, thus relieving constipation.

Question 18

The ____ is formed in the mouth.

A) ​bile
B) ​bolus
C) ​chyme
D) ​villus
E) ​sphincter

Question 19

Of all the organs in the GI tract, the small intestine has the thickest walls and strongest muscles.

Question 20

Segmentation propels or pushes food through the GI tract, while peristalsis mixes the food, with a more gradual pushing motion.

Question 21

The gallbladder ____.

A) ​reabsorbs water and salts
B) ​churns food to chyme
C) ​performs enzymatic digestion
D) ​stores bile
E) ​produces gall stones that aid in the digestion of fiber

Question 22

"Peristalsis" is a term that refers to the ____.

A) ​circulation of blood in the blood vessels
B) ​absorption of food in the intestines
C) ​mixing and moving of food through the lymphatic system
D) ​action of the involuntary muscles of the digestive tract
E) ​breakdown of food in the stomach

Question 23

In addition to hydrochloric acid, the stomach cells also secrete ____.

A) ​mucus
B) ​bile
C) ​amylase
D) ​lipoproteins
E) ​lactase

Question 24

Which organ contributes juices to the GI tract during digestion?

A) ​mesenchyme
B) ​colon
C) ​renal glands
D) ​pancreas
E) ​esophagus

Question 25

If the gallbladder becomes diseased, the digestion of ____ can become compromised.

A) ​fat
B) ​protein
C) ​carbohydrate
D) ​fiber
E) ​minerals

Question 26

Enzymes ____.

A) ​facilitate chemical reactions
B) ​draw water into the small intestine
C) ​are present in all parts of the GI tract
D) ​encourage bacterial growth
E) ​discourage water removal by the duodenum

Question 27

The nutrients that are digested in the small intestine are ____.

A) ​carbohydrate, fat, and protein
B) ​fat, water, and fiber
C) ​protein, vitamins, and fiber
D) ​water, fiber, and minerals
E) ​carbohydrate, fiber, and minerals

Question 28

The major digestive enzyme secreted by the stomach is ____.

A) ​amylase
B) ​lipase
C) ​pepsin
D) ​disaccharidase
E) ​pepsid

Question 29

The main function of bile is to ____.

A) ​emulsify fats
B) ​stimulate the activity of protein digestive enzymes
C) ​neutralize the intestinal contents
D) ​decrease the acidity of the contents of the stomach
E) ​increase the acidity of the contents of the stomach

Question 30

Which enzyme breaks down starch in the mouth?

A) ​carbohydrase
B) ​lipase
C) ​salivary amylase
D) ​gastric protease
E) ​salivary chymylase

Question 31

Which organ is the primary source of digestive enzymes?

A) ​pancreas
B) ​gallbladder
C) ​small intestine
D) ​liver
E) ​spleen

Question 32

The major digestive work in the stomach is the initial breakdown of ____.

A) ​starch
B) ​proteins
C) ​fat
D) ​vitamins
E) ​minerals

Question 33

Involuntary muscle contractions move food through the intestinal tract. The movement that forces the contents back a few inches before pushing it forward again is called ____.

A) ​segmentation
B) ​rotation
C) ​peristalsis
D) ​liquefaction
E) ​digestion

Question 34

Which substance is not found in gastric juice?

A) ​water
B) ​lipase
C) ​chylomicrons
D) ​hydrochloric acid
E) ​pepsin

Question 35

The digestion of proteins begins in the ____ and ends in the ____.

A) ​stomach; pancreas
B) ​pancreas; small intestine
C) ​stomach; small intestine
D) ​small intestine; liver
E) ​mouth; liver

Question 36

The liver ____.

A) ​reabsorbs water and salts
B) ​secretes bile
C) ​churns food to chyme
D) ​performs enzymatic digestion
E) ​shunts bloods away from the stomach during digestion

Question 37

The normal pH of the stomach is ____.

A) ​very acidic
B) ​slightly acidic
C) ​neutral
D) ​slightly alkaline
E) ​strongly alkaline

Question 38

The function of mucus in the stomach is to ____.

A) ​neutralize stomach acid
B) ​activate pepsinogen to pepsin
C) ​protect stomach cells from gastric juices
D) ​emulsify fats
E) ​denature proteins

Question 39

The products of amylase digestion in the mouth are ____.

A) ​proteins
B) ​monosaccharides and lactose
C) ​polysaccharides and maltose
D) ​polysaccharides and sucrose
E) ​lipids and proteins

Question 40

After the pancreatic juices have mixed with chyme in the intestine, the resulting mixture is ____.

A) ​very acidic
B) ​slightly acidic
C) ​strongly alkaline
D) ​slightly alkaline
E) ​very basic

Question 41

A component of pancreatic juice which functions to neutralize acidic chyme as it enters the small intestine is called ____.

A) ​bile
B) ​a bolus
C) ​an emulsifier
D) ​intestinal flora
E) ​bicarbonate

Question 42

Fats present in the GI tract ____.

A) ​slow down the process of digestion and absorption
B) ​cause difficulty in digestion
C) ​stimulate and hasten digestion and absorption
D) ​are carriers of thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin
E) ​stimulate the absorption of minerals

Question 43

Which food would be digested most quickly?

A) ​sugar cookies
B) ​peanut butter sandwich and milk
C) ​stew and cornbread
D) ​hamburger
E) ​milkshake

Question 44

Which substance is not found in a chylomicron?

A) ​phospholipid
B) ​protein
C) ​triglyceride
D) ​water-soluble vitamins
E) ​cholesterol

Question 45

In the GI tract, bacteria produce ____.

A) ​amylase
B) ​pepsin
C) ​mucus
D) ​vitamin K
E) ​bile

Question 46

Which food would be digested the slowest?

A) ​a piece of toast with strawberry jam
B) ​a grilled steak
C) ​a green salad with low-fat salad dressing
D) ​a cup of green beans
E) ​a cup of yams

Question 47

A benefit of fiber is that it ____.

A) ​promotes mineral absorption
B) ​aids in keeping stools soft
C) ​inhibits peristalsis
D) ​keeps individual foods from getting mixed together
E) ​speeds excretion of toxins

Question 48

Which nutrient(s) is/are absorbed into the lymphatic system?

A) ​fat-soluble vitamins
B) ​water
C) ​amino acids
D) ​glucose
E) ​glucosamine

Question 49

After absorption, the larger fats and fat-soluble vitamins are first released into the ____ transport system.

A) ​excretory
B) ​mesentery
C) ​vascular
D) ​lymphatic
E) ​digestible

Question 50

Fiber functions to ____.

A) ​aid in the absorption of vitamins
B) ​produce GI bacteria
C) ​stimulate the GI tract muscles
D) ​stimulate the absorption of nutrients
E) ​produce chyme

Question 51

Which food would be digested most quickly?

A) ​a scoop of lemon sherbet
B) ​an apple
C) ​a baked potato with sour cream
D) ​a piece of cheese on a cracker
E) ​peanut butter on celery

Question 52

Which nutrient takes the longest to digest?

A) ​fat
B) ​sugar
C) ​vitamin C
D) ​iron
E) ​magnesium

Question 53

After digestion, lipids are packaged for transport as lipoproteins known as ____.

A) ​HDL
B) ​VLDL
C) ​LDL
D) ​chylomicrons
E) ​triglycerides

Question 54

Which substance contains no digestive enzymes?

A) ​saliva
B) ​gastric juice
C) ​intestinal juice
D) ​bile
E) ​pancreatic juice

Question 55

Villi are found in the ____.

A) ​esophagus
B) ​stomach
C) ​small intestine
D) ​large intestine
E) ​colon

Question 56

​Once the digestive process is complete, the colon retrieves ____, which the body must recycle.

A) ​water and dissolved salts
B) ​iron and water
C) ​protein and sodium
D) ​water and fiber
E) ​urea and bile

Question 57

After absorption, the water-soluble nutrients are released directly into the ____.

A) ​bloodstream
B) ​kidneys
C) ​liver
D) ​lymph
E) ​nephrons

Question 58

The primary site of nutrient absorption is the ____.

A) ​stomach
B) ​pancreas
C) ​small intestine
D) ​large intestine
E) ​duodenum

Question 59

The microscopic hairs that cover the surface of each cell lining the small intestine are called ____.

A) ​intestinal folds
B) ​villi
C) ​microvilli
D) ​lymphatics
E) ​microcilia

Question 60

Which nutrients must be broken down in order to be absorbed?

A) ​vitamins, minerals, and water
B) ​carbohydrate, vitamins, and minerals
C) ​fat, protein, and minerals
D) ​carbohydrate, protein, and fat
E) ​carbohydrate, protein, and vitamins

Question 61

Leftovers should be eaten within ____ days.

A) ​5-7
B) ​3-4
C) ​2-3
D) ​1-2
E) ​8-10

Question 62

Matching
a. the oral cavity containing the tongue and teeth.
b. the passageway leading from the nose and mouth to the larynx and esophagus, respectively.
c. a cartilage structure in the throat that prevents fluid or food from entering the trachea when a person swallows.
d. the passageway from the mouth and nose to the lungs.
e. the conduit from the mouth to the stomach.
f. the sphincter muscle at the junction between the esophagus and the stomach.
g. the sphincter muscle separating the stomach from the small intestine.
h. the organ that stores and concentrates bile.
i. a gland that secretes enzymes and digestive juices into the duodenum.
j. a 10-foot length of small-diameter (1-inch diameter) intestine that is the major site of digestion of food and absorption of nutrients.
k. the top portion of the small intestine.
l. the first two-fifths of the small intestine beyond the duodenum.
m. the last segment of the small intestine.
n. the sphincter muscle separating the small and large intestines.
o. the last portion of the intestine, which absorbs water.
p. a narrow blind sac extending from the beginning of the large intestine; stores lymphocytes.
q. the muscular terminal part of the GI tract extending from the sigmoid colon to the anus.
r. the terminal sphincter muscle of the GI tract.
appendix

Question 63

Cold food should be stored at ____ or less.

A) ​40° F
B) ​55° F
C) ​80° F
D) ​140° F
E) ​100° F

Question 64

Matching
a. the oral cavity containing the tongue and teeth.
b. the passageway leading from the nose and mouth to the larynx and esophagus, respectively.
c. a cartilage structure in the throat that prevents fluid or food from entering the trachea when a person swallows.
d. the passageway from the mouth and nose to the lungs.
e. the conduit from the mouth to the stomach.
f. the sphincter muscle at the junction between the esophagus and the stomach.
g. the sphincter muscle separating the stomach from the small intestine.
h. the organ that stores and concentrates bile.
i. a gland that secretes enzymes and digestive juices into the duodenum.
j. a 10-foot length of small-diameter (1-inch diameter) intestine that is the major site of digestion of food and absorption of nutrients.
k. the top portion of the small intestine.
l. the first two-fifths of the small intestine beyond the duodenum.
m. the last segment of the small intestine.
n. the sphincter muscle separating the small and large intestines.
o. the last portion of the intestine, which absorbs water.
p. a narrow blind sac extending from the beginning of the large intestine; stores lymphocytes.
q. the muscular terminal part of the GI tract extending from the sigmoid colon to the anus.
r. the terminal sphincter muscle of the GI tract.
anus

Question 65

Matching
a. the oral cavity containing the tongue and teeth.
b. the passageway leading from the nose and mouth to the larynx and esophagus, respectively.
c. a cartilage structure in the throat that prevents fluid or food from entering the trachea when a person swallows.
d. the passageway from the mouth and nose to the lungs.
e. the conduit from the mouth to the stomach.
f. the sphincter muscle at the junction between the esophagus and the stomach.
g. the sphincter muscle separating the stomach from the small intestine.
h. the organ that stores and concentrates bile.
i. a gland that secretes enzymes and digestive juices into the duodenum.
j. a 10-foot length of small-diameter (1-inch diameter) intestine that is the major site of digestion of food and absorption of nutrients.
k. the top portion of the small intestine.
l. the first two-fifths of the small intestine beyond the duodenum.
m. the last segment of the small intestine.
n. the sphincter muscle separating the small and large intestines.
o. the last portion of the intestine, which absorbs water.
p. a narrow blind sac extending from the beginning of the large intestine; stores lymphocytes.
q. the muscular terminal part of the GI tract extending from the sigmoid colon to the anus.
r. the terminal sphincter muscle of the GI tract.
ileocecal valve

Question 66

Which recommendation is appropriate for preventing foodborne illnesses?

A) ​Fresh produce should be washed before it is eaten.
B) ​Only new sponges and towels should be used in the kitchen.
C) ​Leftovers can safely be covered and left at room temperature until the next meal.
D) ​Meats should be marinated at room temperature.
E) ​Vegetables should be cooked and never eaten raw.

Question 67

The lymphatic system ____.

A) ​contains fluid with the same composition as blood
B) ​eventually drains into the blood circulatory system
C) ​carries chylomicrons to the intestines
D) ​is where metabolism of nutrients takes place
E) ​drains directly into the appendix

Question 68

Which factor is most instrumental to the optimal health and performance of the digestive system?

A) ​bicarbonate
B) ​adequate sleep
C) ​the glycemic index
D) ​hepatic shunting
E) ​enzyme supplements

Question 69

To prevent bacterial growth, cooked foods should be kept at ____° F or higher until served.

A) ​40
B) ​140
C) ​165
D) ​200
E) ​100

Question 70

When nutrients enter the blood vessels from the small intestine, they are first transported to the ____.

A) ​kidney
B) ​liver
C) ​cells throughout the body
D) ​thoracic duct
E) ​spleen

Question 71

Which item(s) can cause a foodborne infection?

A) ​foods containing toxin-producing microbes
B) ​Clostridium botulinum
C) ​Campylobacter jejuni
D) ​Staphylococcus aureus
E) ​too much magnesium

Question 72

The lipoprotein that contains the greatest proportion of triglycerides is the ____.

A) ​HDL
B) ​LDL
C) ​VLDL
D) ​chylomicron
E) ​lymph

Question 73

Matching
a. the oral cavity containing the tongue and teeth.
b. the passageway leading from the nose and mouth to the larynx and esophagus, respectively.
c. a cartilage structure in the throat that prevents fluid or food from entering the trachea when a person swallows.
d. the passageway from the mouth and nose to the lungs.
e. the conduit from the mouth to the stomach.
f. the sphincter muscle at the junction between the esophagus and the stomach.
g. the sphincter muscle separating the stomach from the small intestine.
h. the organ that stores and concentrates bile.
i. a gland that secretes enzymes and digestive juices into the duodenum.
j. a 10-foot length of small-diameter (1-inch diameter) intestine that is the major site of digestion of food and absorption of nutrients.
k. the top portion of the small intestine.
l. the first two-fifths of the small intestine beyond the duodenum.
m. the last segment of the small intestine.
n. the sphincter muscle separating the small and large intestines.
o. the last portion of the intestine, which absorbs water.
p. a narrow blind sac extending from the beginning of the large intestine; stores lymphocytes.
q. the muscular terminal part of the GI tract extending from the sigmoid colon to the anus.
r. the terminal sphincter muscle of the GI tract.
esophagus

Question 74

Matching
a. the oral cavity containing the tongue and teeth.
b. the passageway leading from the nose and mouth to the larynx and esophagus, respectively.
c. a cartilage structure in the throat that prevents fluid or food from entering the trachea when a person swallows.
d. the passageway from the mouth and nose to the lungs.
e. the conduit from the mouth to the stomach.
f. the sphincter muscle at the junction between the esophagus and the stomach.
g. the sphincter muscle separating the stomach from the small intestine.
h. the organ that stores and concentrates bile.
i. a gland that secretes enzymes and digestive juices into the duodenum.
j. a 10-foot length of small-diameter (1-inch diameter) intestine that is the major site of digestion of food and absorption of nutrients.
k. the top portion of the small intestine.
l. the first two-fifths of the small intestine beyond the duodenum.
m. the last segment of the small intestine.
n. the sphincter muscle separating the small and large intestines.
o. the last portion of the intestine, which absorbs water.
p. a narrow blind sac extending from the beginning of the large intestine; stores lymphocytes.
q. the muscular terminal part of the GI tract extending from the sigmoid colon to the anus.
r. the terminal sphincter muscle of the GI tract.
duodenum

Question 75

Elevated LDL concentrations are associated with a high risk of heart disease because they ____.

A) ​transport cholesterol and triglycerides from the liver to the tissues
B) ​carry excessive amounts of fat that is deposited around the heart
C) ​encourage high levels of iron in the blood
D) ​take excess cholesterol back to the liver, which increases the production of cholesterol
E) ​transport cholesterol and triglycerides away from the liver

Question 76

Elevated HDL concentrations are associated with a low risk of heart disease because they ____.

A) ​transport newly absorbed lipids from intestinal cells to the rest of the body
B) ​carry cholesterol and triglycerides from the liver to the rest of the body
C) ​carry lipids around in the blood more than LDL
D) ​take excess cholesterol and phospholipids from the tissues and return them to the liver
E) ​take excess cholesterol and phospholipids to the tissues and away from the liver

Question 77

Matching
a. the oral cavity containing the tongue and teeth.
b. the passageway leading from the nose and mouth to the larynx and esophagus, respectively.
c. a cartilage structure in the throat that prevents fluid or food from entering the trachea when a person swallows.
d. the passageway from the mouth and nose to the lungs.
e. the conduit from the mouth to the stomach.
f. the sphincter muscle at the junction between the esophagus and the stomach.
g. the sphincter muscle separating the stomach from the small intestine.
h. the organ that stores and concentrates bile.
i. a gland that secretes enzymes and digestive juices into the duodenum.
j. a 10-foot length of small-diameter (1-inch diameter) intestine that is the major site of digestion of food and absorption of nutrients.
k. the top portion of the small intestine.
l. the first two-fifths of the small intestine beyond the duodenum.
m. the last segment of the small intestine.
n. the sphincter muscle separating the small and large intestines.
o. the last portion of the intestine, which absorbs water.
p. a narrow blind sac extending from the beginning of the large intestine; stores lymphocytes.
q. the muscular terminal part of the GI tract extending from the sigmoid colon to the anus.
r. the terminal sphincter muscle of the GI tract.
ileum

Question 78

Matching
a. the oral cavity containing the tongue and teeth.
b. the passageway leading from the nose and mouth to the larynx and esophagus, respectively.
c. a cartilage structure in the throat that prevents fluid or food from entering the trachea when a person swallows.
d. the passageway from the mouth and nose to the lungs.
e. the conduit from the mouth to the stomach.
f. the sphincter muscle at the junction between the esophagus and the stomach.
g. the sphincter muscle separating the stomach from the small intestine.
h. the organ that stores and concentrates bile.
i. a gland that secretes enzymes and digestive juices into the duodenum.
j. a 10-foot length of small-diameter (1-inch diameter) intestine that is the major site of digestion of food and absorption of nutrients.
k. the top portion of the small intestine.
l. the first two-fifths of the small intestine beyond the duodenum.
m. the last segment of the small intestine.
n. the sphincter muscle separating the small and large intestines.
o. the last portion of the intestine, which absorbs water.
p. a narrow blind sac extending from the beginning of the large intestine; stores lymphocytes.
q. the muscular terminal part of the GI tract extending from the sigmoid colon to the anus.
r. the terminal sphincter muscle of the GI tract.
​epiglottis

Question 79

The ____ is the body's major metabolic organ.

A) ​pancreas
B) ​small intestine
C) ​gallbladder
D) ​liver
E) ​thyroid

Question 80

Matching
a. the oral cavity containing the tongue and teeth.
b. the passageway leading from the nose and mouth to the larynx and esophagus, respectively.
c. a cartilage structure in the throat that prevents fluid or food from entering the trachea when a person swallows.
d. the passageway from the mouth and nose to the lungs.
e. the conduit from the mouth to the stomach.
f. the sphincter muscle at the junction between the esophagus and the stomach.
g. the sphincter muscle separating the stomach from the small intestine.
h. the organ that stores and concentrates bile.
i. a gland that secretes enzymes and digestive juices into the duodenum.
j. a 10-foot length of small-diameter (1-inch diameter) intestine that is the major site of digestion of food and absorption of nutrients.
k. the top portion of the small intestine.
l. the first two-fifths of the small intestine beyond the duodenum.
m. the last segment of the small intestine.
n. the sphincter muscle separating the small and large intestines.
o. the last portion of the intestine, which absorbs water.
p. a narrow blind sac extending from the beginning of the large intestine; stores lymphocytes.
q. the muscular terminal part of the GI tract extending from the sigmoid colon to the anus.
r. the terminal sphincter muscle of the GI tract.
gallbladder