Deck 43: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation in Detail

Question 1

The satiety center of the brain is found in which area(s)of the hypothalamus?

A)bottom middle part
B)side portions
C)top part
D)direct center

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Carolyn was diagnosed with cancer of the stomach.Her stomach was surgically removed.After the operation,she will probably

A)feel hungrier and eat more.
B)starve unless force fed.
C)feel no hunger but will eat because she still feels thirst.
D)continue to feel hungry and eat regularly.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The satiety center of the brain is found in the hypothalamus.

A)lateral
B)ventromedial
C)cortical
D)endometrial

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following would have the LEAST effect on feelings of hunger?

A)removing a person's stomach
B)weight dropping below the body's "set point"
C)removing the hypothalamus
D)the sugar level of the blood being low

Question 5

When you are hungry,your stomach lining produces ghrelin,a hormone that activates your

A)lateral hypothalamus.
B)vertromedial hypothalamus.
C)cortical region of the pons.
D)corpus callosum.

Question 6

Regarding the mechanisms of hunger,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)When you are hungry,your stomach lining produces ghrelin.
B)Ghrelin activates parts of the brain involved in learning.
C)One should study immediately after eating,not before you eat.
D)Ghrelin is a hormone that activates a person's lateral hypothalamus.

Question 7

The most critical physiological factor controlling hunger is the

A)level of blood sugar.
B)presence of stomach contractions.
C)taste of food.
D)the stretching or distention of the abdomen.

Question 8

People who have had their stomachs surgically removed

A)report they still have hunger pangs.
B)may fail to eat regularly.
C)must be force fed.
D)still experience hunger.

Question 9

Clarence suffered a stroke that destroyed his lateral hypothalamus (LH).This damage is likely to cause Clarence to

A)refuse to eat.
B)never feel full.
C)overeat.
D)experience massive weight gain without overeating.

Question 10

Which part of the brain regulates hunger by responding to blood sugar levels as well as combining neural messages received from the liver and stomach?

A)thalamus
B)hypothalamus
C)midbrain
D)hippocampus

Question 11

The feeding center of the brain is found in the hypothalamus.

A)lateral
B)ventromedial
C)cortical
D)endometrial

Question 12

Which of the following scientists performed an experiment that conisted of one of the scientists swallowing a balloon that was inflated so that the movements of the stomach could be recorded?

A)Dollard and Miller
B)Yerkes and Dodson
C)Cannon and Washburn
D)James and Lange

Question 13

The feeding center of the brain is found in which area(s)of the hypothalamus?

A)bottom middle part
B)side portions
C)top and bottom parts
D)center

Question 14

Cutting sensory nerves from the stomach,or removing it entirely,causes

A)a total loss of appetite.
B)eating based on recognized need,not internal feelings of hunger.
C)little change with the person experiencing the feeling of hunger and eating regularly.
D)the need for patients to be "trained" to eat;otherwise,they would inadvertently starve to death.

Question 15

In an early experiment by Cannon and Washburn,Washburn swallowed a balloon so that

A)the balloon could prevent hunger by filling up the stomach.
B)the balloon could be inflated and allow the recording of stomach contractions.
C)the balloon would stop digestion,allowing the stomach to be examined.
D)hunger could be controlled by controlling the stomach contractions.

Question 16

Which area of the brain contains both the feeding center and the satiety center?

A)amygdala
B)medulla
C)hypothalamus
D)hippocampus

Question 17

When you are hungry,your stomach lining produces a hormone that activates your lateral hypothalamus,with this hormone called

A)oxytocin.
B)throxin.
C)ghrelin.
D)insulin.

Question 18

If the lateral hypothalamus is destroyed in a starving animal,the animal will

A)overeat drastically.
B)become unusually sensitive to external cues for eating.
C)become unusually sensitive to internal cues for eating.
D)refuse to eat.

Question 19

Regarding hunger,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Eating is encouraged and increases when the stomach is stretched or distended.
B)The stomach is not essential for feeling hunger.
C)The brain receives many signals from parts of the digestive system,ranging from the tongue and stomach to the intestines and liver.
D)For many people,hunger produces an overall feeling of weakness or shakiness,rather than a "growling" stomach.

Question 20

Electrically stimulating the lateral hypothalamus will cause a rat to

A)start eating.
B)stop eating.
C)go to sleep.
D)become so manic it will be unable to sleep.

Question 21

An animal will eat until it cannot hold another bite,if which substance is present in large amounts?

A)leptin
B)GLP-1
C)glucagon
D)NPY

Question 22

The critical proportion of body fat below which a person would feel hungry most of the time is called the

A)obesity limit.
B)set point.
C)critical weight.
D)weight standard.

Question 23

Regarding the control of hunger,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)You are less likely to overeat if you eat quickly.
B)After you eat a meal,GLP-1 is released by the intestines.
C)If NPY is present in large amounts,an animal will eat until it cannot hold another bite.
D)The hypothalamus responds to a chemical in marijuana,which can produce intense hunger.

Question 24

Researchers electrically activated Snippy the rat's ventromedial hypothalamus.This activation will likely cause Snippy to

A)refuse to eat.
B)drink large amounts of sweet liquid.
C)eat moderately.
D)overeat and become obese.

Question 25

To control your weight over the long-term,the brain monitors the amount of fat stored in your body in specialized fat cells,thus maintaining a(n)

A)set point.
B)obesity limit.
C)critical weight.
D)weight standard.

Question 26

The proportion of body fat that tends to be maintained by changes in hunger or eating is called the

A)set point.
B)obesity limit.
C)critical weight.
D)weight standard.

Question 27

The "stop mechanism" for eating is

A)located in the lateral hypothalamus.
B)called the satiety center.
C)activated by the hormone ghrelin.
D)characterized by all of these.

Question 28

Regarding the set point,fat cells,and obesity,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Radical diets can raise the set point for fat.
B)Your leptin levels are partly under genetic control.
C)When your body goes below its set point,you will not feel hungry and will eat less.
D)Leptin is released from fat cells and tells your brain that you need to eat less.

Question 29

Regarding the mechanisms of hunger,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)When you are hungry,your stomach lining produces ghrelin.
B)Ghrelin activates parts of the brain involved in learning.
C)One should study before you eat,not immediately after.
D)Ghrelin is an amino acid that activates a person's ventromedial hypothalamus.

Question 30

Eating will cease when a chemical is released by the intestines called

A)NPY.
B)GLP-1.
C)BMI.
D)insulin.

Question 31

The satiety center has been destroyed in Ricky the rat's brain.Ricky will

A)eat until he becomes obese.
B)refuse to eat until forced to do so.
C)drink only sweet liquids.
D)refuse to drink until forced to do so.

Question 32

The weight you maintain when you are making no effort to gain or lose weight is known as your

A)critical weight.
B)obesity limit.
C)set point.
D)weight standard.

Question 33

If the ventromedial area of a rat's hypothalamus is destroyed,the rat will

A)eat until it becomes obese.
B)refuse to eat until forced to do so.
C)drink only a salty liquid.
D)refuse to drink until forced to do so.

Question 34

Which part of the hypothalamus helps keep blood sugar levels steady and is very sensitive to neuropeptide Y (NPY)?

A)lateral hypothalamus
B)paraventricular nucleus
C)ventromedial hypothalamus
D)leptinous nucleus

Question 35

Which of the following substances is released from the intestines,causes eating to cease,and shows promise in the treatment of obesity?

A)neuropeptide Y
B)glucagon-like peptide 1
C)BMI
D)insulin

Question 36

Regarding the control of hunger,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)The hypothalamus responds to a chemical in marijuana,which will cause intense hunger.
B)GLP-1 pills show promise in the treatment of obesity.
C)It takes at least ten minutes for the hypothalamus to respond after you begin eating.
D)If NPY is present in large amounts,an animal will stop eating.

Question 37

Regarding the set point,fat cells,and obesity,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)There is currently no known way to lower your set point for fat since the number of fat cells remains unchanged throughout adult life.
B)Your set point is the weight you maintain when you are making no effort to gain or lose weight.
C)When your body goes below its set point,you will feel hungry most of the time.
D)Leptin is released from fat cells and tells your brain that you need to eat more.

Question 38

Damage to the hunger satiety system can produce a very fat rat,a condition called

A)acquired bulimia.
B)hipocampal obesity.
C)hypothalamic hyperphagia.
D)acromegaly.

Question 39

You are less likely to overeat if you eat slowly because it takes at least how long for the hypothalamus to respond after you begin eating?

A)10 minutes
B)20 minutes
C)30 minutes
D)45 minutes

Question 40

When people put on weight,their fat cells release a substance,which is carried in the bloodstream to the brain,where it will tell us to eat less.This substance is

A)GLP-1.
B)ghrelin.
C)leptin.
D)NPY.

Question 41

Eighteen­year­old Marie has gained weight since starting college because she tends to eat with her friends at "all­ you­can­eat" buffets near campus.Her weight gain is most likely due in this case to

A)external eating cues.
B)depression.
C)her set point.
D)her lowered basal metabolism.

Question 42

Emotions,such as anxiety,anger,or sadness,often cause peole with weight problems to

A)overeat.
B)stop eating.
C)go on fad diets.
D)go on realistic weight-loss diets.

Question 43

If you eat more when food is highly visible and plentiful,then you are being influenced by

A)your emotions.
B)your satiety system.
C)external eating cues.
D)a lowered basal metabolism.

Question 44

Many cancer patients suffer taste aversions long after the nausea of their drug treatments has passed.These lasting taste aversions are acquired through

A)operant conditioning.
B)classical conditioning.
C)latent learning.
D)observational learning.

Question 45

Taste aversions develop through

A)cognitive learning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)classical conditioning.
D)behavioral dieting.

Question 46

Taste aversions are a type of classical conditioning,and if there is a long delay between the CS and US,conditioning is usually prevented.The fact that people and animals can develop taste aversions,even though sickness occurs long after eating,indicates that

A)taste aversions are really a type of systematic desensitization.
B)taste aversions can be unlearned as well.
C)there is a biological tendency to associate sickness with any food eaten earlier.
D)there is less aversion associated with the actual sickness than with whatever caused the sickness in the first place.

Question 47

Concerning how taste and taste aversions are related to hunger,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Taste aversions are developed through operant conditioning.
B)Psychologists theorize that we have a biological tendency to associate an upset stomach with foods eaten earlier,which usually protects us from eating unhealthy foods.
C)When you are full,you tend to lose your taste for sweet foods.
D)Taste aversions may help people avoid severe nutritional imbalances.

Question 48

Your friend Janie keeps going on these "fad" diets and each time has gained back even more weight.You should warn her that radical diets may even raise which of the following?

A)attribution level
B)satiety level
C)GLP-1 point for glucose
D)set point for fat

Question 49

There is a rare genetic defect in which a person becomes obese because he or she has reduced levels of

A)GLP-1.
B)leptin.
C)gherlin.
D)NPY.

Question 50

If you go on a fad diet and eat only grapefruit,you will eventually begin to feel ill.In time,associating your discomfort with grapefruit may restore nutritional balance to your diet by creating

A)a taste aversion.
B)homeostasis.
C)acquired anorexia.
D)systematic desensitization.

Question 51

Vending machines display the food they sell because many people are sensitive to

A)external eating cues.
B)internal eating cues.
C)the set point.
D)their satiety system.

Question 52

Sol became very ill after eating bran muffins.The next time he sees bran muffins,he experiences nausea by just looking at them.Sol's taste aversion is an example of

A)an instinct.
B)an incentive.
C)classical conditioning.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 53

When you are full,you tend to lose your "sweet tooth" because which substance dulls the tongue's sensitivity to sweet tastes?

A)NPY
B)GLP-1
C)leptin
D)ghrelin

Question 54

An active dislike for a particular food is known as a(n)

A)acquired anorexia.
B)taste aversion.
C)psychosomatic illness.
D)hypochondrial illness.

Question 55

Regarding factors that influence eating,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)If you are well fed,leptin dulls the tongue's sensitivity to sweet tastes.
B)People with weight problems are prone to overeat when they are anxious,angry,or sad.
C)If you eat too much of any particular food,it will become more appealing and be eaten habitually.
D)Cultural values greatly affect the incentive value of foods.

Question 56

If a particular food causes sickness,or simply precedes sickness caused by something else,which of the following may result?

A)an acquired anorexia
B)a learned taste aversion
C)a psychosomatic illness
D)a hypochondrial illness

Question 57

Susan has been undergoing chemotherapy.Because the drugs used in this treatment cause nausea,Susan may experience

A)a taste aversion.
B)homeostasis.
C)bulimia nervosa.
D)anorexia nervosa

Question 58

Emotional distress that sometimes occurs as a result of being obese makes weight control difficult because it often leads to

A)higher metabolic rates.
B)lower metabolic rates.
C)additional overeating.
D)greater sensitivity to external cues.

Question 59

Regarding factors that influence eating,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)The availability of a variety of tasty foods can lead to overeating and obesity in societies where such foods are plentiful.
B)Leptin tends to enhance the tongue's sensitivity to sweet tastes.
C)If you eat too much of any particular food,it will become less appealing.
D)The presence of others can affect whether people overeat or undereat depending on how much everyone else is eating and how important it is to impress them.

Question 60

Cultural values influence hunger primarily by affecting

A)one's genetic leptin levels.
B)the incentive value of various foods.
C)the set point of a person's body fat.
D)our innate sense of what constitutes good food.

Question 61

In a comparison of the United States and France,the people in the France

A)are more likely to become obese that people in the United States.
B)eat faster than people in the United States.
C)eat smaller portions than people in the United States.
D)exhibit all of these characteristics.

Question 62

A diet of cheese,peanut butter,cookies,bananas,marshmallows,and chocolate is referred to as a " " diet.

A)Yo-Yo
B)freshman
C)supermarket
D)preschool

Question 63

Although eating the eyes out of the steamed head of a monkey is considered a delicacy in some parts of the world,the vast majority of Americans would have great difficulty eating this "delicacy," even if they were very hungry,which illustrates how which of the following affects hunger?

A)genetic factors
B)set point
C)cultural values
D)homeostatic mechanisms

Question 64

Choosing to become a vegan or a vegetarian usually occurs because of

A)genetic factors.
B)taste aversions.
C)cultural values.
D)nutritional imbalances.

Question 65

Regarding overeating,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Restaurant foods in the United States are higher in fat and calories than meals made at home.
B)If internal needs alone controlled eating,fewer people would overeat.
C)Dieting speeds up the body's rate of metabolism.
D)People are sensitive to dietary content with sweetness,high fat content,and variety tending to encourage overeating.

Question 66

Approximately what proportion of adults in the United States would be considered obese?

A)one-tenth
B)one-third
C)one-half
D)two-thirds

Question 67

Although horse meat is regularly eaten in some parts of the world,the vast majority of Americans would have great difficulty eating horse meat,even if they were very hungry.This illustrates how which of the following affects hunger?

A)genetic factors
B)set points
C)cultural values
D)homeostatic mechanisms

Question 68

In a comparison of the United States and France,the people in the United States

A)are less likely to become obese that people in France.
B)eat slower than people in France.
C)eat larger portions than people in France.
D)exhibit all of these characteristics.

Question 69

People in North America would be less likely to become obese if they

A)prepared more meals at home rather than going to a restaurant.
B)had more variety available in the foods they eat.
C)ate their meals in a shorter amount of time.
D)did all of these.

Question 70

With regard to various foods,cultural values tend to greatly affect their

A)incentive value.
B)homeostasic value.
C)drive potential.
D)set point potential.

Question 71

Your current diet is best defined as the

A)proportion of food you are presently eating compared to the proportion you ate in the past.
B)amount of carbohydrate to fat content in the foods you are currently eating compared to those eaten in the past.
C)amount of weight that you are plannong to lose.
D)types and amounts of food you regularly eat.

Question 72

In general,all of the following tend to encourage overeating EXCEPT for

A)sweetness.
B)taking longer to eat.
C)high fat content.
D)variety.

Question 73

In one classic experiment,rats were given meals of chocolate chip cookies,salami,cheese,bananas,marshmallows,milk chocolate,peanut butter,and fat.The rats

A)lost weight because of the nutritional imbalance in the foods provided.
B)overate,gaining about three times as much weight as rats fed laboratory rat chow.
C)did not gain or lose weight,since sweetness and fat content only encourage humans to overeat.
D)chose to eat only the salami,cheese,and bananas.

Question 74

The "supermarket diet" often encourages

A)overeating.
B)weight loss.
C)taste aversions.
D)homeostasis.

Question 75

Regarding obesity,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Childhood obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the United States,having tripled in prevalence since 1980.
B)In 2010,First Lady Michelle Obama launched "Let's Move," her national program to confront childhood obesity head on.
C)In Westernized societies,obesity has become a major health risk and a source of social stigma and low self- esteem.
D)Currently,approximately forty-five percent of adults in the United States are overweight with about one fourth being considered obese.

Question 76

Which of the following is overtaking smoking as the major cause of needless deaths?

A)alcoholism
B)obesity
C)sexually-transmitted diseases
D)car accidents

Question 77

Regarding diets,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Restaurant foods in the United States are lower in fat and calories than meals made at home.
B)Food portions at restaurants in the United States are 25 percent larger,or more,than they are in France.
C)Far fewer people are obese in France because they eat less and take longer to eat a meal.
D)In general,sweetness,high fat content,and variety tend to encourage overeating.

Question 78

What percent of adults in the United States are overweight?

A)33 percent
B)50 percent
C)65 percent
D)80 percent

Question 79

Regarding obesity,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)A lack of variety in one's diet tends to encourage obesity.
B)Obesity is overtaking smoking as a major cause of needless deaths.
C)In Westernized societies,obesity has become a source of social stigma and low self-esteem.
D)Sixty-five percent of adults in the United States are overweight with more than one third being obese.

Question 80

Overeating tends to be encouraged by all of the following EXCEPT for

A)the larger food portions.
B)taking less time to eat.
C)the sweetness or high fat content.
D)a lack of variety in one's foods.