Deck 65: Therapies: Treating Psychological Distress

Question 1

Trepanning,as a primitive procedure,involved boring a hole into the skull to

A)relieve pressure or release "evil spirits."
B)shock patients into a remission of symptoms.
C)coerce and control disruptive patients.
D)punish those who had committed crimes.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

During the Middle Ages,abnormal behavior was blamed on supernatural forces,such as possession by the devil and on curses from witches and wizards.Thus,treatments for mental illness in Europe during this time period focused on what is known as

A)demonology.
B)asceticism.
C)Gestaltism.
D)psychodrama.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Regarding exorcism,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Exorcism was a religious ritual.
B)Exorcism was used to "cast out" evil spirits.
C)Exorcism often involved some type of physical torture.
D)Exorcism is similar to the procedure called psychodrama.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Modern analysis of "demonic possession" suggest that many victims were suffering from which of the following conditions?

A)epilepsy or Tourette's syndrome
B)schizophrenia or depression
C)dissociative disorders
D)any one of these disorders

Question 5

As a modern procedure,trepanning,also called trephining,involves

A)the use of computer-generated images to present fear stimuli in the desensitization process.
B)the suppression of an undesirable response by associating it with aversive stimuli.
C)passing an electric shock directly through the brain to induce a convulsion.
D)any surgical procedure in which a hole is bored into the skull.

Question 6

Who is credited with developing the first true psychotherapy a little more than 100 years ago to treat what he called cases of hysteria?

A)Sigmund Freud
B)Fritz Perls
C)Hans Eysenck
D)Victor Frankl

Question 7

Which of the following was a primitive procedure that was used to "release evil spirits" and consisted of boring,chipping,or bashing holes in the patients' heads?

A)ergotism
B)trepanning
C)ECT
D)REBT

Question 8

Sigmund Freud became convinced that the "hysteria" his patients were suffering from was caused by

A)a faulty self-image.
B)unconscious conflicts.
C)bizarre dreams.
D)transference.

Question 9

Many of Freud's first patients had physical symptoms,such as paralysis or numbness,for which no physical causes could be found.Freud called this condition

A)schizophrenia.
B)an organic psychosis.
C)hysteria.
D)ergotism.

Question 10

Regarding the ancient approaches for treating mental illness,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Archaeological findings dating to the Stone Age suggest that most ancient approaches to treating mental illness were marked by fear and the superstitious belief in witchcraft and magic.
B)In ancient times,when holes were drilled into the skull to release evil spirits,no person ever survived this procedure.
C)During the Middle Ages when mental illness focused on demonology,physical torture was used to make the body an inhospitable place for the devil to reside.
D)Exorcism,which was used to "cast out evil spirits" was considered a religious ritual.

Question 11

Humane treatment for the mentally ill was brought about by the work of which of the following,who literally unchained the "patients" in a European asylum in 1793?

A)Victor Frankl
B)Philippe Pinel
C)Fritz Perls
D)Joseph Wolpe

Question 12

Regarding trepanning,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)As a primitive technique,it was done to relieve pressure or release evil spirits.
B)Some "patients" actually survived the primitive treatment of trepanning.
C)The procedure of trepanning is also called trephining.
D)Trepanning has not been used as a medical treatment since the early 1800s.

Question 13

A psychological technique used to facilitate positive changes in a person's personality,behavior,or personal adjustment defines

A)pharmacotherapy.
B)somatotherapy.
C)psychotherapy.
D)psychosurgery.

Question 14

Which of the following believed that emotional problems,which he called "hysteria," originated from unconscious conflicts?

A)Victor Frankl.
B)Fritz Perls.
C)Carl Rogers.
D)Sigmund Freud.

Question 15

In 1793,a French doctor changed the Bicêtre Asylum in Paris from a squalid "madhouse" into a mental hospital by unchaining the inmates and treating them humanely and compassionately.This French doctor was

A)Alfred Binet.
B)Philippe Pinel.
C)Jean-Martin Charcot.
D)Paul Sollier.

Question 16

In what way are trephining and exorcism alike?

A)Both cause mental illness.
B)Both were used as treatments by Pinel in the Bicêtre Asylum.
C)Both were considered approaches for removing evil spirits.
D)Both are considered Gestalt therapies.

Question 17

A little more than 100 years ago,the first true psychotherapy was developed by

A)Freud to treat hysteria.
B)Pinel to treat psychosis.
C)Eysenck to treat neurosis.
D)Frankl to treat anxiety.

Question 18

During the Middle Ages,the treatment for abnormal behavior often involved physical torture in order to "cast out the evil spirits," which was part of a procedure known as

A)psychodrama.
B)exorcism.
C)ergotism.
D)asceticism.

Question 19

For what is Philippe Pinel most famous?

A)changing an asylum in Paris into a mental hospital
B)discovering that the grain fungus ergot caused a psychotic-like condition
C)developing the technique of trephining to alleviate pressure in the brain
D)developing the psychotherapy known as existentialism

Question 20

Which of the following would be the best definition of psychotherapy?

A)The use of drugs and other medical techniques to alleviate the symptoms of emotional disturbance.
B)A technique in which improvement is caused not by the process but by the client's expectation.
C)A psychological technique used to facilitate positive changes in a person's personality,behavior,or personal adjustment.
D)A technique in which a group of people discuss their problems in person or through social networking sites.

Question 21

Regarding psychotherapy,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Therapy is not equally effective for all problems with chances of improvement being fairly good for phobias,low self-esteem,some sexual problems,and marital conflicts.
B)For many people,the major benefit of psychotherapy is that it provides comfort,support,and a way to make constructive changes.
C)Some therapies encourage personal growth for people who are functioning effectively.
D)Therapy can provide most individuals with a complete personal transformation of the psyche.

Question 22

Which of the following is the most likely outcome for psychotherapy?

A)a complete personal transformation
B)a renewal of intellectual and creative abilities
C)overcoming the effects of early psychologically damaging experiences
D)learning skills to better cope with stress

Question 23

Which group of psychologists started out following the teachings of psychoanalysis,but broke away and were the initiators of the dramatic changes in psychotherapy that have taken place over the last 100 years?

A)positive psychologists
B)neo-Freudians
C)cognitive-behaviorists
D)structuralists

Question 24

Therapists seek to restore or promote

A)the capacity to forgive oneself for mistakes.
B)adaptive coping skills.
C)interpersonal communication skills.
D)all of these.

Question 25

Psychotherapy is best viewed as

A)the most effective way to undo the past in order to correct severe problems.
B)a major overhaul of the psyche.
C)a way to make constructive changes.
D)applicable only to those with psychological problems.

Question 26

Regarding psychotherapy,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Psychotherapy can be hard work for both clients and therapists.
B)Chances for improvement through psychotherapy are fairly good for phobias,low self-esteem,and marital conflicts.
C)Therapists in the positive psychology movement try to fix people's weaknesses so that they can attain their personal goals.
D)Even when problems are severe and require medical treatment,psychotherapy may help the person gain a new perspective or learn behavior to better cope with life.

Question 27

Which of the following is an element of positive mental health?

A)insensitivity to the demands of others
B)achievement motivation
C)capacity to forgive others and oneself
D)extroversion

Question 28

Michelle has gained a great deal of weight since her divorce.Although she left an abusive relationship,she still feels that she is not worthy to enter into another relationship.Michelle would most likely benefit from a therapist who tries to facilitate which elements of positive mental health?

A)good habits of physical health and feelings of personal worth
B)autonomy and honesty in personal relationships
C)self-awareness and nurturance
D)self-control and personal responsibility

Question 29

A therapy does not always have to be used to solve problems and crises;it can also be used to

A)help people make use of their personal strengths and for personal growth.
B)"fix weaknesses" that cause "roadblocks" in people's lives.
C)reduce the symptoms of long-standing severe psychotic disorders.
D)"overhaul" the psyche and undo the past.

Question 30

A sense of identity,a purpose in life,and adaptive coping strategies are cited in your textbook as the

A)elements of positive mental health.
B)goals of somatic therapy.
C)results of deinstitutionalization.
D)goals of encounter groups.

Question 31

Freud became convinced that hysteria was related to deeply hidden unconscious conflicts and developed a "talking cure," to help patients gain insight into those conflicts.This "talking cure" is called

A)existential therapy.
B)rational-emotive behavior therapy.
C)client-centered therapy.
D)psychoanalysis.

Question 32

The first true psychotherapy was developed to help people suffering from what was then called hysteria,a condition which is now known as

A)dissociative disorder.
B)schizophrenia.
C)bipolar disorder.
D)somatic symptom disorder.

Question 33

The goal of psychotherapy is to

A)undo a person's past so that these events will cease to cause emotional harm to the person.
B)bring about positive changes in personality,behavior,or personal adjustment.
C)treat mental disorders using psychiatric drugs and other physical approaches.
D)help a person to develop ego defenses that can be used to resolve emotional conflicts.

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT an element of positive mental health?

A)increased sensitivity and trust
B)increased self-awareness and self-control
C)increased dependence on other people
D)increased fulfillment and satisfaction in work

Question 35

Miranda wants to begin therapy because she has frequent conflicts with her boyfriend,and she has been feeling very stuck in her current job situation.Miranda is most likely to benefit from a therapist who tries to facilitate which of the elements of positive mental health?

A)creative problem solving and assertive decision-making
B)developing a dependence on others and learning to be less critical of others
C)leadership skills and nurturance of one's personal identity
D)better personal relationships and fulfillment and satisfaction at work

Question 36

Sigmund Freud developed the first true psychotherapy,which he called

A)logotherapy.
B)psychoanalysis.
C)client-centered therapy.
D)transactional analysis.

Question 37

Therapists in the positive psychology movement utilize techniques designed to

A)fix a person's weaknesses and reduce vulnerability.
B)enhance self-awareness and personal strengths.
C)help people with similar problems to cope through mutual interdependence.
D)reduce depression and rebuild self-esteem.

Question 38

Therapists of which current therapeutic movment utilize techniques designed to enhance personal strengths,rather than "fix" weaknesses?

A)social learning
B)self-validation
C)positive psychology
D)cognitive-behavioral

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT considered a possible outcome of psychotherapy?

A)providing comfort and support
B)learning new coping skills
C)promoting personal growth
D)undoing a person's past history

Question 40

Years of research and clinical experience have made it clear that psychotherapy is not equally effective for all problems.Psychotherapy would most likely be effective with all of the following EXCEPT

A)phobias.
B)low self-esteem.
C)marital problems.
D)bipolar disorder.

Question 41

Which type of psychotherapy is an insight therapy whose strength is the productive use of conflict?

A)existential
B)Gestalt
C)brief psychodynamic
D)cognitive

Question 42

Regarding how therapies are conducted,the basic aspects described in your textbook include whether the psychotherapy is

A)face-to-face versus distance.
B)chronic versus acute.
C)intermittent versus continuous.
D)reflective versus confrontational.

Question 43

Which of the following is usually based on a dialogue between therapists and their clients,although learning principles can also be used to directly alter troublesome behaviors?

A)psychotherapy
B)meta-analysis
C)pharmacotherapy
D)somatic therapy

Question 44

Psychotherapy,as it is most often used,implies the use of

A)psychiatric drugs.
B)somatic approaches.
C)verbal interactions.
D)all of these.

Question 45

Constructive reenactments are provided by

A)psychodrama.
B)existential therapy.
C)psychoanalysis.
D)brief psychodynamic therapy.

Question 46

The strength of rational-emotive behavior therapy involves

A)acceptance and empathy.
B)shared responsibility for problems.
C)a clarity of thinking and goals.
D)its emphasis on the resolution of "unfinished business."

Question 47

Jared's therapist uses an action therapy to help Jared to manage his anger.The therapist expects to see observable changes in Jared's reactions to frustrations and disappointments that in the past led to violent outbursts.Jared's therapist is most likely a

A)psychoanalyst.
B)Gestalt therapist.
C)behavior therapist.
D)client-centered therapist.

Question 48

Which directive approach is used both in individual and group therapies and focuses on a person's immediate awareness?

A)Gestalt therapy
B)psychodrama
C)rational-emotive behavior therapy
D)brief psychodynamic therapy

Question 49

Which type of individual,insight,directive psychotherapy has as its strength that of "searching honesty"?

A)existential
B)Gestalt
C)psychoanalytic
D)client-centered

Question 50

Regarding how therapies are conducted,the basic aspects described in your textbook include whether the psychotherapy is

A)open-ended versus time-limited.
B)intermittent versus continuous.
C)chronic versus acute.
D)reflective versus confrontational.

Question 51

An individual,action-oriented,directive therapy that is known for providing constructive guidance is therapy.

A)Gestalt
B)existential
C)cognitive
D)brief psychodynamic

Question 52

Regarding how therapies are conducted,the basic aspects described in your textbook include all of the following EXCEPT whether the psychotherapy is

A)insight versus action.
B)reflective versus confrontational.
C)open-ended versus time-limited.
D)nondirective versus directive.

Question 53

In terms of its approach,which of the following types of psychotherapy is considered a nondirective therapy?

A)psychoanalysis
B)client-centered therapy
C)Gestalt therapy
D)brief psychodynamic therapy

Question 54

Jan's therapist uses an insight therapy in helping Jan to deal with her fears and anxieties.Her therapist is intent on having Jan focus on her immediate awareness and not indulge in the past.Jan's therapist is most likely a

A)psychoanalyst.
B)Gestalt therapist.
C)behavior therapist.
D)cognitive therapist.

Question 55

Personal empowerment is the strength of the insight therapy known as

A)existential therapy.
B)psychoanalysis.
C)behavior therapy.
D)psychodrama.

Question 56

Regarding how therapies are conducted,the basic aspects described in your textbook include all of the following EXCEPT whether the psychotherapy is

A)nondirective versus directive.
B)insight versus action.
C)chronic versus acute.
D)individual versus group.

Question 57

Psychotherapy includes all of the following EXCEPT

A)the use of medical and other somatic approaches.
B)verbal interactions between therapists and clients.
C)the use of learning principles to directly alter troublesome behaviors.
D)the use of different concepts and methods with different clients.

Question 58

A shared responsibility for dealing with problems is encouraged by therapy.

A)family
B)existential
C)cognitive
D)behavior

Question 59

Gestalt therapy,client-centered therapy,psychoanalysis,and behavioral therapies are all forms of

A)psychotherapy.
B)meta-analysis.
C)pharmacotherapy.
D)somatic therapy.

Question 60

Which of the following therapies is considered a nondirective therapy whose strength involves acceptance and empathy?

A)behavior therapy
B)client-centered therapy
C)family therapy
D)Gestalt therapy

Question 61

Traditional psychoanalysis was

A)open-ended and required three to five therapy sessions a week,often for many years.
B)found through research to only be effective in treating somatic symptom and dissociative disorders.
C)too nondirective in its approach and placed too much responsibility on the client.
D)characterized by all of these statements.

Question 62

Which type of therapy is designed to bring about direct changes in troublesome thoughts and behavior,without seeking an understanding into the origins of these thoughts and behaviors?

A)directive
B)nondirective
C)action
D)insight

Question 63

Since psychoanalysis and the humanistic therapies seek to lead clients to a deeper understanding of their thoughts,emotions,and behaviors,they would both be considered therapies.

A)directive
B)nondirective
C)action
D)insight

Question 64

Which form of therapy places responsibility for the course of therapy on the client?

A)insight therapy
B)action therapy
C)directive therapy
D)nondirective therapy

Question 65

Dr.Gibbs believes that his clients will get better if they can gain a deeper understanding of their thoughts,emotions,and behaviors.Dr.Gibbs most likely utilizes a(n)therapy.

A)directive
B)nondirective
C)insight
D)action

Question 66

In the therapeutic approach known as reality therapy,clients sign contracts in which they agree to make constructive changes in their behavior and relationships.Therefore,reality therapy would best be described as a(n) __________ therapy.

A)action
B)insight
C)nondirective
D)supportive

Question 67

Dr.Caradon is a psychologist,who believes that her clients can learn to change their troublesome thoughts,so she has her clients practice thought-stopping procedures at home between sessions.Dr.Caradon would best be described as a(n)psychologist.

A)action-oriented,directive
B)action-oriented,nondirective
C)insight-oriented,directive
D)insight-oriented,nondirective

Question 68

Connie has signed up to participate in a divorce recovery group that will also include eight sessions of individual therapy.This individual therapy would best be described as therapy.

A)time-limited
B)insight
C)action
D)nondirective

Question 69

Mr.Barlow is seeking a therapist to help him cope with his son's drug abuse.He wants to see someone who will give him clear,direct advice about his problems and will help him accomplish goals in a few sessions.Mr.Barlow would probably be most satisfied with a(n)approach.

A)time-limited,nondirective
B)open-ended,insight-oriented
C)nondirective,action-oriented
D)time-limited,directive

Question 70

A therapist helps her clients by giving instructions,interpretations,or solutions,and by making decisions.This therapist's approach can be described as therapy.

A)directive
B)supportive
C)nondirective
D)time-limited

Question 71

Dr.Bryant is a psychologist.He has his clients sign contracts and gives them "homework," which they must complete and then report the results of these actions to him at the next session.Dr.Bryant's type of therapy would best be described as therapy.

A)supportive
B)somatic
C)insight
D)directive

Question 72

In which type of therapy do the clients assume responsibility for solving their own problems,while the therapist assists,but does not guide or give advice?

A)action
B)nondirective
C)directive
D)somatic

Question 73

Elizabeth is a psychologist who facilitates her clients in discovering insight into their condition by providing a psychologically safe environment and by acting as a psychological "mirror" to reflect their thoughts and feelings.However,Elizabeth does not give advice or provide strong guidance during this process.Therefore,Elizabeth would be considered a(n)therapist.

A)action
B)somatic
C)nondirective
D)desensitization

Question 74

After the initial consultation regarding the client's problems with his boss and coworkers,the psychotherapist tells the client that they will be meeting for no more than 10 sessions regarding his workplace difficulties.This type of therapy is referred to as therapy.

A)time-limited
B)action
C)insight
D)nondirective

Question 75

Dr.Hendon is a psychologist,who believes that his clients can solve their own problems if they can become aware and understand their emotions and behaviors.In order to reach this goal,Dr.Hendon assists her clients,but she does not give advice or strong guidance.Dr.Hendon would best be described as a(n)therapist.

A)action-oriented,directive
B)action-oriented,nondirective
C)insight-oriented,directive
D)insight-oriented,nondirective

Question 76

The goal of which type of therapy is to lead clients to a deeper understanding of the origins of their thoughts,emotions,and behaviors?

A)directive
B)nondirective
C)action
D)insight

Question 77

Dr.Markus is a psychoanalyst,who believes that his clients will improve if they understand the unconscious conflicts that are occurring in their lives.So,he interprets his clients' free associations and dreams and explains to them the conflicts they are experiencing.Dr.Markus would be described as a(n)therapist.

A)action-oriented,directive
B)action-oriented,nondirective
C)insight-oriented,directive
D)insight-oriented,nondirective

Question 78

After the initial consultation,a psychotherapist agrees to conduct marriage counseling with a couple.The psychotherapist tells the couple that the number of sessions will be determined by how much progress the couple makes each week toward the goals they have set and the homework exercises they complete.This type of therapy would be considered

A)time-limited.
B)open-ended.
C)insight-oriented.
D)nondirective.

Question 79

Since cognitive and behavioral therapies change troublesome thoughts and behaviors,respectively,without looking for the origins of these thoughts and behaviors,these therapies would be considered therapies.

A)directive
B)nondirective
C)action
D)insight

Question 80

Gaining understanding is to making direct changes as

A)directive therapy is to nondirective therapy.
B)action therapy is to insight therapy.
C)nondirective therapy is to directive therapy.
D)insight therapy is to action therapy.