Deck 6: Protein: Amino Acids

Question 1

Amino means containing ________.

A) oxygen 
B) sulfur 
C) carbon 
D) hydrogen 
E) nitrogen

Answer 1

E

Question 2

In what part of the GI tract is pepsin active? 

A) Mouth 
B) Stomach 
C) Pancreas 
D) Small intestine 
E) Liver

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What is the simplest amino acid? 

A) Phenylalanine 
B) Glycine 
C) Glutamine 
D) Lysine 
E) Tryptophan

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Of all the amino acids,how many must be supplied by the diet? 

A) two 
B) five 
C) nine 
D) 13 
E) 17

Question 5

Intestinal tripeptidases cleave ________.

A) polypeptides 
B) oligopeptides 
C) tripeptides 
D) dipeptides 
E) amino acids

Question 6

Which term refers to the change in a protein's shape due to the application of heat or acid? 

A) Oxygenation 
B) Condensation 
C) Denaturation 
D) Destabilization 
E) Hydrolization

Question 7

The tangled shape of a polypeptide is its ________ structure,which gives it maximum stability.

A) primary 
B) secondary 
C) tertiary 
D) quaternary 
E) denaturalized

Question 8

What happens when pepsin enters the small intestine? 

A) It activates HCl. 
B) It is digested due to the high pH. 
C) It cleaves proteins into smaller peptides and some free amino acids. 
D) It inhibits pepsinogen synthesis. 
E) It denatures protein structures.

Question 9

Which of the following is an essential amino acid? 

A) Cysteine 
B) Valine 
C) Glutamine 
D) Glycine 
E) Aspartic acid

Question 10

What type of chemical reaction connects amino acids? 

A) Hydrolysis 
B) Oxidation 
C) Denaturation 
D) Condensation 
E) Polymerization

Question 11

Which of the following terms describes an amino acid that is normally dispensable,but must be supplied by the diet in special circumstances when the need for it exceeds the body's ability to make it? 

A) Conditionally nonessential amino acid 
B) Conditionally essential amino acid 
C) Nonessential amino acid 
D) Essential amino acid 
E) Circumspect amino acid

Question 12

Which digestive enzyme hydrolyzes protein in the stomach? 

A) Elastase 
B) Pepsin 
C) Trypsin 
D) Enteropeptidase 
E) Chymotrypsin

Question 13

Which statement accurately describes amino acid supplements? 

A) They are whole proteins. 
B) They keep the digestive system from overworking. 
C) The digestive system handles whole proteins better than supplements. 
D) They save the body from having to digest proteins. 
E) They are rapidly excreted through the digestive system.

Question 14

What element of their chemical structure differentiates one amino acid from another? 

A) The side group 
B) The central carbon atom 
C) The amino group 
D) The acid group 
E) The presence of a central hydrogen atom

Question 15

Digestive enzymes are ________ and function optimally at their specific pH.

A) lipids 
B) carbohydrates 
C) sterols 
D) proteins 
E) supplements

Question 16

Which of the following is a nonessential amino acid? 

A) Serine 
B) Histidine 
C) Valine 
D) Tryptophan 
E) Phenylalanine

Question 17

Human insulin consists of 51 amino acids chemically bonded together,which classifies it a/n ________.

A) unipeptide 
B) dipeptide 
C) tripeptide 
D) oligopeptide 
E) polypeptide

Question 18

Which substance denatures protein structures and activates pepsinogen? 

A) Hydrochloric acid 
B) Pepsin 
C) Trypsin 
D) Enteropeptidase 
E) Chymotrypsin

Question 19

Which protein has a quaternary polypeptide structure and carries 80% of the body's iron? 

A) Serine 
B) Valine 
C) Hemoglobin 
D) Insulin 
E) Tryptophan

Question 20

Enzymes that hydrolyze protein are called ________.

A) proteases 
B) naturalizers 
C) transcriptors 
D) sequencers 
E) bases

Question 21

Transamination produces a new nonessential amino acid and a new ________.

A) uric acid 
B) keto acid 
C) folic acid 
D) gluco acid 
E) phyto acid

Question 22

Scars are made from which type of protein? 

A) Ferritin 
B) Albumin 
C) Collagen 
D) Hemoglobin 
E) Enzyme

Question 23

How do proteins regulate fluid balance? 

A) Proteins attract water. 
B) Water attracts proteins. 
C) Water degrades proteins. 
D) Proteins form polymers of water. 
E) Proteins repel water.

Question 24

What is fibrin? 

A) An antigen 
B) An antibody 
C) A light-sensitive protein 
D) A blood clotting protein 
E) A sterol

Question 25

Ribosome is composed of RNA and protein and can be thought of as ________.

A) a template for protein synthesis 
B) a protein transportation machine 
C) a protein-making machine 
D) an immune booster 
E) a protein pool

Question 26

Proteins acts as buffers because they ________.

A) help emulsify fats 
B) help maintain a constant pH 
C) facilitate chemical reactions 
D) help protect against plaque buildup 
E) prevent degradation of proteins

Question 27

When nitrogen losses exceed the amount of nitrogen taken into the body,the person is in ________.

A) a healthy state 
B) nitrogen equilibrium 
C) positive nitrogen balance 
D) negative nitrogen balance 
E) nitrogen homeostasis

Question 28

The degradation and synthesis of protein is called ________.

A) protein turnover 
B) nitrogen balance 
C) amino acid pool 
D) immunity 
E) transamination

Question 29

Which disease is caused by a sequencing error in the structure of hemoglobin,which changes its shape and characteristics? 

A) Diabetes 
B) Marasmus 
C) Phenylketonuria 
D) Sickle-cell anemia 
E) Hemolytic anemia

Question 30

Viruses,bacteria,and toxins are examples of ________.

A) antigens 
B) antibodies 
C) buffers 
D) acidosis 
E) alkalosis

Question 31

The process whereby messenger RNA directs the sequence of amino acids and synthesis of proteins is ________.

A) expression 
B) sequencing 
C) transcription 
D) ribosome assembly 
E) translation

Question 32

If a nonessential amino acid is not available,cells can make it from a keto acid if ________ source is available.

A) a carbonyl 
B) a nitrogen 
C) an ammonia 
D) a carbon 
E) an oxygen

Question 33

The process of messenger RNA being made from a template of DNA is ________.

A) expression 
B) sequencing 
C) transcription 
D) ribosome assembly 
E) translation

Question 34

When amino acids are deaminated,the immediate products are ________ and often a keto acid.

A) uric acid 
B) ammonia 
C) vitamin B6 enzyme 
D) a new side group 
E) phyto acid

Question 35

For whom is nitrogen balance typically positive? 

A) Pregnant women 
B) Starving children 
C) Burn victims 
D) Febrile children 
E) Adult men

Question 36

Which statement about protein transporters is FALSE? 

A) Hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to the cells. 
B) Some transport proteins act as "pumps." 
C) Iron is captured in an intestinal cell by a protein. 
D) Transport proteins within a cell membrane pick up and release sodium and potassium across the membrane. 
E) Active transport systems require no energy.

Question 37

What amino acid is used to synthesize the neurotransmitter epinephrine and the pigment melanin? 

A) Glycine 
B) Tyrosine 
C) Methionine 
D) Tryptophan 
E) Valine

Question 38

Which protein,acting as a hormone,regulates blood glucose? 

A) Oxytocin 
B) Prolactin 
C) Thyroxine 
D) Antidiuretic 
E) Insulin

Question 39

Antibodies are ________.

A) buffers 
B) Edema-causing 
C) giant protein molecules 
D) large peptide molecules 
E) carbons

Question 40

To build a bone or tooth,cells first lay down a ________ and then fill it with crystals of calcium,phosphorus,magnesium,fluoride,and other minerals.

A) matrix 
B) enzyme grid 
C) buffer 
D) fluid regulator 
E) transporter

Question 41

The protein RDA for adults is ________ grams per kilogram.

A) 0.08 
B) 0.36 
C) 0.8 
D) 3.6 
E) eight

Question 42

An otherwise healthy person regularly consuming a high-protein diet risks ________.

A) liver disease 
B) decreased size of the liver and kidneys 
C) dehydration 
D) ulcers 
E) diabetes

Question 43

Which amino acid lowers blood pressure and prevents blood clots? 

A) Arginine 
B) Cysteine 
C) Tryptophan 
D) Phenylalanine 
E) Methionine

Question 44

Which of the following would not be classified as a carcinogen by the World Health Organization? 

A) Bacon 
B) Hot dogs 
C) Beef jerky 
D) Chicken tenders 
E) Ham

Question 45

What is the average daily protein intake in U.S.? 

A) 50 g 
B) 65 g 
C) 80 g 
D) 125 g 
E) 175 g

Question 46

A vegetarian who plans a meal involving rice can consume all the essential amino acids by adding another a plant protein rich in ________.

A) lysine 
B) tryptophan 
C) phenylalanine 
D) glutamic acid 
E) methionine

Question 47

Urea is formed by carbon dioxide and two ________.

A) ammonia fragments 
B) keto acids 
C) bases 
D) glucose fragments 
E) amino acids

Question 48

Which of the following cannot support growth and health as a diet's sole protein? 

A) Fish 
B) Cheese 
C) Gelatin 
D) Turkey 
E) Fatty fish

Question 49

Which of the following is not a function of proteins in the body? 

A) Providing fuel for energy needs 
B) Facilitating chemical reactions 
C) Maintaining volume of body fluids 
D) Protecting the body against diseases 
E) Inhibiting the absorption of cholesterol

Question 50

Which of the following is not a limiting amino acid? 

A) Lysine 
B) Methionine 
C) Threonine 
D) Tryptophan 
E) Serine

Question 51

The production of urea hits its maximum rate at intakes approaching ________ grams of protein per day.

A) five 
B) 50 
C) 100 
D) 250 
E) 500

Question 52

A reference protein is determined by comparing its amino acid composition with the essential amino acid requirements of ________.

A) infants 
B) preschool-age children 
C) male teenagers 
D) pregnant women 
E) adult men

Question 53

Which of the following is not an assumption made in the formulation of the RDA for protein? 

A) People are healthy and do not have unusual metabolic needs for protein. 
B) Dietary protein is of mixed quality. 
C) Dietary carbohydrate and fat intakes are adequate. 
D) The body will use protein efficiently. 
E) Dietary protein needs are lower in infants and children.

Question 54

Which of the following foods contains all of the essential amino acids in relatively the same amounts that the human body requires? 

A) Turkey 
B) Quinoa 
C) Broccoli 
D) Gelatin 
E) Pumpkin seeds

Question 55

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between dietary protein and kidney function? 

A) Protein deficiency increases the risk of kidney stones. 
B) Restricting dietary protein helps slow the progression of kidney disease. 
C) Long-term, high-protein diets are a risk factor for kidney disease. 
D) High urea production from high-protein diets increases kidney efficiency. 
E) High-protein diets are recommended for childhood with genetic kidney issues.

Question 56

A vegetarian who plans a meal involving black beans can consume all the essential amino acids by adding another a plant protein rich in ________.

A) lysine 
B) tyrosine 
C) methionine 
D) isoleucine 
E) phenylalanine

Question 57

The digestibility of most plant proteins (beside legumes)is ________.

A) 30 to 50% 
B) 50 to 60% 
C) 60 to 70% 
D) 70 to 90% 
E) 90 to 99%

Question 58

The amino acid homocysteine is elevated in ________.

A) cancer 
B) kidney disease 
C) heart disease 
D) protein-energy malnutrition 
E) osteoporosis

Question 59

The digestibility of most animal proteins is ________.

A) 50 to 59% 
B) 60 to 69% 
C) 70 to 79% 
D) 80 to 89% 
E) 90 to 99%

Question 60

What is the most likely reason for a person to have abnormally high blood urea levels? 

A) Liver dysfunction 
B) Kidney dysfunction 
C) Rapid weight gain 
D) Protein intake one-tenth the RDA 
E) Hyperstimulation of the immune system

Question 61

The inactive form of pepsin is called ________.

Question 62

What amino acid has been advertised in the popular media for treating insomnia and depression? 

A) Glycine 
B) Arginine 
C) Tryptophan 
D) Phenylalanine 
E) Proline

Question 63

The term meaning "a substance that can cause cancer" is ________.

Question 64

In epigenetic study,methylation involves ________.

A) the addition of a methyl group 
B) the removal of a methyl group 
C) the failure to metabolize tyrosine 
D) the removal of amino acids 
E) the addition of glucose

Question 65

What nutrient participates in DNA demethylation? 

A) Folate 
B) A phytochemical in green tea 
C) Lysine 
D) Vitamin C 
E) Iron

Question 66

Which of the following statements about whey protein is FALSE? 

A) It is popular among athletes hoping to build muscle. 
B) It is found in many affordable protein powders. 
C) It is a waste product of cheese production. 
D) It benefits body tissues in ways dietary proteins cannot. 
E) It has a high leucine content and is digested quickly.

Question 67

A measure of the amount of amino acids absorbed from a given protein take is called ________.

Question 68

The essential amino acids leucine,isoleucine,and valine,which are present in large amounts in skeletal muscle tissue are called ________ amino acids.

Question 69

________ refers to the change in a protein's shape and consequent loss of its function brought about by heat,agitation,acid,base,alcohol,heavy metals,or other agents.

Question 70

Which term refers to the study of how genes influence the activities of nutrients? 

A) Nutrigenetics 
B) Nutrigenomics 
C) Genetic synthesis 
D) Human nutritional economics 
E) Bioproteomics

Question 71

About how much protein is provided by 1 cup of milk? 

A) 4 g 
B) 8 g 
C) 16 g 
D) 32 g 
E) 56 g

Question 72

A diet that restricts phenylalanine and supplies tyrosine is the only current treatment for people born with the single-gene disorder ________.

A) DNA 
B) ALC 
C) NLM 
D) PKU 
E) BHA

Question 73

Which term refers to the study of how nutrients influence the activities of genes? 

A) Nutrigenetics 
B) Nutrigenomics 
C) Genetic synthesis 
D) Human nutritional economics 
E) Bioproteomics

Question 74

About how many protein-coding genes are in the human genome? 

A) 5,000 
B) 10,000 
C) 20,000 
D) 40,000 
E) 80,000

Question 75

Which term refers to the study of heritable changes in gene function that occur without a change in the DNA sequence? 

A) Genetics 
B) Genomics 
C) Nutritional genomics 
D) Epigenetics 
E) Nutrigenetics

Question 76

Amino acids that the body can make are called ________.

Question 77

________ is the process by which a cell converts the genetic code into RNA and protein.

Question 78

A bond that connects the acid end of one amino acid with the amino end of another,forming a link in a protein chain,is called a ________.

Question 79

The swelling of body tissue caused by excessive amounts of fluid in the interstitial spaces is called ________.

Question 80

A ________ provides a standard against which to measure the quality of other proteins.