Deck 15: Life Cycle Nutrition: Pregnancy and Lactation

Question 1

_____ supplemention is associated with a lower incidence of neural tube defects.

A) Iron 
B) Folate 
C) Calcium 
D) Cobalamin 
E) Iodine

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Compared to other women,obese women are more likely to have all of the following except 

A) complications during delivery. 
B) gestational hypertension. 
C) large for gestational age babies. 
D) gestational oxygen deprivation. 
E) gestational diabetes.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What organ system is most vulnerable to adverse influences during its critical period? 

A) Cardiovascular 
B) Circulatory 
C) Digestive 
D) Nervous 
E) Endocrine

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A fertilized ovum is known as a ______.

A) zygote 
B) embryo 
C) fetus 
D) placenta 
E) implantation egg

Question 5

All of the following are associated with reduced fertility except 

A) malnutrition. 
B) overweight dad. 
C) underweight dad. 
D) overweight mom. 
E) obese mom.

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of macrosomia? 

A) A neural tube defect in a fetus 
B) A baby born at 37 weeks gestation 
C) A mother gaining excessive weight during pregnancy 
D) A baby born after the fortieth week of gestation 
E) A baby born weighing 9 pounds 6 ounces

Question 7

_______ is the term used for a developing infant from the eighth week after conception until birth.

A) Fetus 
B) Ovum 
C) Zygote 
D) Embryo 
E) Blastocyst

Question 8

The influence of how a mother's nutrient intake may change gene expression to increase the infant's development of obesity or chronic diseases later in life is referred to as ________.

A) fetal programming 
B) overnutrition 
C) malnutrition 
D) fertilization 
E) critical periods

Question 9

Periods of time during development in which events can occur that will have irreversible effects on later development are called ________.

A) anencephaly 
B) gestation 
C) fetal programming 
D) critical periods 
E) genetic mutations

Question 10

A developing infant from 2 to 8 weeks is known as a(n)_____.

A) fetus 
B) ovum 
C) zygote 
D) embryo 
E) blastocyst

Question 11

An infant born at 39 weeks would be described as _____.

A) pre-term 
B) complete 
C) full-term 
D) post-term 
E) after due date

Question 12

A "belly button" is the scar in the middle of the abdomen that marks the former attachment of the ________.

A) blastocyte 
B) amniotic sac 
C) placenta 
D) umbilical cord 
E) unterus

Question 13

The ________ is the time period during which irreversible damage to the fetus may occur from specific events such as malnutrition or exposure to toxins.

A) period of maximal sensitivity 
B) critical period 
C) fertility period 
D) conceptual period 
E) teratogenic period

Question 14

Gestation is generally divided into equal periods called _____.

A) quarters 
B) quintiles 
C) semesters 
D) trimesters 
E) periods

Question 15

Sue has a BMI of 23.4 at conception.What is her recommended range of weight gain? 

A) 10-18 
B) 19-24 
C) 25-35 
D) 36-44 
E) 45-55

Question 16

Sonya is overweight when she becomes pregnant.What is her recommended range of weight gain? 

A) 10-18 
B) 15-25 
C) 25-35 
D) 36-44 
E) 45-55

Question 17

Which of the following is not a risk factor for neural tube defects? 

A) Inadequate folate 
B) The mother being obese 
C) The mother being underweight 
D) Family history of spina bifida 
E) The mother being of Hispanic ethnicity

Question 18

Which of the following is true about low-birth-weight infants? 

A) They show greater prevalence for liver fat infiltration. 
B) They demonstrate catch-up growth within 3 months of birth. 
C) They have an increased risk for insulin resistance later in life. 
D) They have proportionately larger kidneys and greater risks for low blood pressure. 
E) They are more commonly born to upper socioeconomic status women.

Question 19

The _______ is the organ from which the infant receives nourishment.

A) placenta 
B) umbilical cord 
C) amniotic sac 
D) blastocyte 
E) The sac in which the developing infant is contained prior to birth

Question 20

A healthy full-term infant weighs approximately _____ pounds.

A) 5 ½ to 7 
B) 6 to 7 
C) 6 ½ to 8 
D) 8 to 9 
E) over 7

Question 21

Cravings and aversions to certain foods are probably the result of altered taste and smell sensitivities induced by ________.

A) iron-deficiency anemia 
B) deficiencies in the body 
C) careless and inappropriate selection of foods 
D) hormone changes. 
E) overconsumption of that particular food

Question 22

What is the recommended range of weight gain for a mother at healthy BMI at conception who is pregnant with twins? 

A) 28 to 40 pounds 
B) 31 to 50 pounds 
C) 37 to 54 pounds 
D) 50 to 70 pounds 
E) Insufficient data to make recommendation

Question 23

_______ is the most reliable indicator of an infant's future health status.

A) The infant's birthweight 
B) The mother's weight before pregnancy 
C) The mother's weight gain during pregnancy 
D) The mother's nutrition status prior to pregnancy 
E) Maternal age

Question 24

Based on the weight gain patterns discussed,a woman who was at a healthy BMI when she became pregnant should have gained approximately _____ pounds by the twentieth week of gestation.

A) 7 
B) 10 ½ 
C) 20 
D) 14 ½ 
E) 17 ½

Question 25

All of the following are benefits of physical activity during pregnancy except 

A) reduced stress. 
B) fewer discomforts associated with pregnancy. 
C) maintenance of health habits to help lose weight after birth. 
D) weight maintenance or loss. 
E) reduced risk for gestational hypertension.

Question 26

A pregnant woman needs to increase her intake by approximately ___ kcal to account for increased energy need in the second trimester of pregnancy.

A) 200 
B) 340 
C) 450 
D) 540 
E) 600

Question 27

The developing brain depends heavily on ______,and the mother's intake of during pregnancy may improve an infant's brain function and cognition.

A) essential amino acids 
B) omega-3 fatty acids 
C) iron 
D) saturated fats 
E) vitamins B6 and B12

Question 28

Nancy's protein RDA before she got pregnant was 47 grams per day.What is her protein RDA now that she is pregnant? 

A) 47 grams 
B) 1.0 grams per kg of body weight 
C) 72 grams 
D) 1.2 grams for each kg of pregnancy weight gained 
E) 94 grams

Question 29

What is the most likely reason for a pregnant woman to crave a nonfood item like laundry starch or ice? 

A) A change in hormones 
B) A hypoglycemic episode 
C) A physiologic need for fluid 
D) A physiologic need for sodium 
E) Anemia due to iron-deficiency

Question 30

Jennifer craves a bowl of ice cream every night while pregnant and has heard that this craving may be due to her body's need for additional calcium.What would you tell her? 

A) Cravings usually suggest the body's need for particular nutrient in the food being craved. 
B) Cravings usually suggest the body's need for additional protein. 
C) Cravings do not seem to indicate a physiological need for a nutrient 
D) Cravings usually suggest the body's need for additional energy due to rapid growth spurts in the fetus. 
E) Cravings suggest physiological need for a nutrient and should be given in to.

Question 31

The increased needs for _______ during pregnancy cannot be met by diet or existing stores so supplements are recommended.

A) protein 
B) calcium 
C) iron 
D) zinc 
E) vitamin B12

Question 32

_________ are the two components that make up approximately 15 pounds of the recommended weight gain during pregnancy.

A) The placenta and the mother's fat stores 
B) The amniotic sac fluid and the infant at birth 
C) The maternal fat stores and the additional blood volume 
D) The infant at birth and the mother's fat stores 
E) The increased size of the uterus and increases in the mother's fluid volume

Question 33

Which of the following is a correct statement regarding recommended weight gain for an obese pregnant woman? 

A) Since she already has excess fat stores, she should try to not gain any weight during pregnancy. 
B) Her goal is to gain a minimum of 5 pounds but no more than 10 pounds. 
C) Regardless of weight status, all mothers need to gain 25 to 35 pounds while pregnant. 
D) Her goal is to gain a minimum of 15 pounds but no more than 25 pounds. 
E) Her goal is to gain between 11 and 20 pounds.

Question 34

Which of the following is a correct statement about calcium during pregnancy? 

A) Calcium intakes usually meet the recommendations. 
B) The RDA for calcium is the same as before pregnancy. 
C) Calcium absorption efficiency is the same as before pregnancy. 
D) Adequate intake prevents the calcium from being taken from the mother's bones. 
E) The body priorities the mother's bone calcium needs over that of the fetus.

Question 35

Which nutrient does the body show a dramatic increase in absorption for during pregnancy? 

A) Sodium 
B) Protein 
C) Calcium 
D) Thiamin 
E) Magnesium

Question 36

___________ are two nutrients required in higher amounts during pregnancy due to their roles in the synthesis of red blood cells.

A) Protein and iron 
B) Folate and vitamin B12 
C) Calcium and vitamin A 
D) Calcium and B6 
E) Selenium and iron

Question 37

Which of the following is a correct statement about morning sickness? 

A) It may occur any time of day, not just in the morning hours. 
B) It typically peaks at the start of the second trimester. 
C) It can be effectively treated by eating foods high in vitamin B6. 
D) Citrus juices, water, and milk are the best beverages to treat nausea. 
E) Taking prenatal supplements will ease symptoms.

Question 38

Which of the following is a correct statement about prenatal supplements during pregnancy? 

A) Prenatal supplements typically contain higher amounts of iron, protein, and calcium. 
B) They are particularly beneficial for women with inadequate dietary intakes or women carrying multiple fetuses. 
C) Very few doctors recommend daily multivitamin-mineral supplements. 
D) They are only properly absorbed if eaten on an empty stomach. 
E) Prenatal supplements typically contain additional energy, omega-3 fatty acids, and calcium needed by the mother.

Question 39

Which of the following is a correct statement in regards to the mother's weight and weight loss after pregnancy? 

A) Most women return to their pre-pregnancy weight. 
B) Women who do lose all their pregnancy weight are more likely to gain additional weight during adult years. 
C) A combination of diet and breastfeeding is the most effective method to use to support weight loss. 
D) Retaining some pregnancy weight has little effect on the mother's future health and chronic disease risk. 
E) The more weight a woman gains beyond needed pregnancy weight, the more weight she will likely retain.

Question 40

Sally weighed 160 pounds and had a BMI of 28 when she got pregnant.What weight,in pounds,is within the recommended weight gain range for her at the end of her pregnancy? 

A) 173 
B) 182 
C) 189 
D) 194 
E) 196

Question 41

What pregnancy condition can also be an early indicator of preeclampsia? 

A) Chronic hypertension 
B) Gestational diabetes 
C) Gestational hypertension 
D) Preexisting diabetes 
E) Slow, but excessive weight gain

Question 42

Which of the following is a correct statement about preeclampsia? 

A) A woman is more likely to have preeclampsia if her mother experienced symptoms when pregnant with her. 
B) When it progresses, the rate of death is twice as high in white women when compared to black women. 
C) It usually occurs in a woman's second or third pregnancy. 
D) It's often seen in the first trimester. 
E) Symptoms dissipate within 4 to 6 hours after delivery.

Question 43

Which of the following is not a risk factor for gestational diabetes? 

A) The mother being 33 years old 
B) The mother being 24 years old 
C) BMI of 29 at conception 
D) The mother's sister having type 2 diabetes 
E) The mother being African-American or Native American

Question 44

Andrea delivers a preterm baby that weighs 3 lbs 6 oz.Which is an appropriate classification of her baby based on this information? 

A) Very-low-birthweight baby 
B) Low-birthweight baby 
C) Small for gestational age 
D) Appropriate for gestational age 
E) Perinatal baby

Question 45

A high-quality,cost-effective healthcare and nutrition services program that provides women who are pregnant,breastfeeding,or have children ages 0 to 5 years is ________.

A) the SNAP program 
B) the March of Dimes 
C) food stamp 
D) the WIC program 
E) the OAA program

Question 46

A low-birthweight infant is defined as a baby that weighs _______ at birth.

A) 3 1/2 lbs or less 
B) 4 lbs or less 
C) 5 1/2 lbs or less 
D) 6 1/2 lbs or less 
E) 9 lbs or less

Question 47

To reduce risk of the development of type 2 diabetes after pregnancy,health professional strongly advise women to _______.

A) avoid excessive weight gain during and after pregnancy 
B) gain less than the recommended weight indicated for their BMI at conception 
C) control blood glucose with insulin or medications rather than rely on diet and exercise if diagnosed with gestational diabetes 
D) follow a low-carbohydrate diet if diagnosed with gestational diabetes 
E) avoid foods high in sugar and alcohol

Question 48

Which fish is considered a good choice for pregnant women to eat and can be consumed up to two to three times per week if desired? 

A) Chilean sea bass 
B) Atlantic mackerel 
C) Tuna 
D) Orange roughy 
E) King mackerel

Question 49

Which of the following is correct about a woman's energy needs during the first trimester? 

A) Only a very small additional amount of energy (150 to 250 kcal) is typically needed. 
B) They are approximately the same as those for a nonpregnant woman. 
C) The energy needs are the same as what is needed in the second trimester. 
D) No additional energy is needed if a vitamin and mineral supplement is being taken. 
E) Energy needs are the same across all three trimesters.

Question 50

All of the following are signs or symptoms of preeclampsia except 

A) hypertension. 
B) severe headaches. 
C) swelling of hands, feet, and face. 
D) hypoglycemia. 
E) sudden weight gain of approximately 1lb per day.

Question 51

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a mother who has experienced malnutrition prior to or after conception? 

A) Inadequate fetal nourishment due to a poorly developed placenta. 
B) A temporary loss of insulin secretion 
C) If the baby is female, an elevated risk of that baby later in life to develop a chronic disease that could impair her ability to give birth to a healthy infant. 
D) Growth restriction in the fetus 
E) Higher risk of spontaneous abortion or stillbirth

Question 52

________ is a condition characterized by high blood pressure and protein in the urine of a pregnant woman.

A) Preeclampsia 
B) Gestational diabetes 
C) Teratogenic hypertension 
D) Pregnancy-induced blood pressure crisis 
E) Malignant renal hypertension syndrome

Question 53

Consumption of unpasteurized dairy products and soft cheeses can lead to ________.

A) mercury contamination 
B) intake of heavy metals like lead 
C) low-birthweights 
D) foodborne illness from listeriosis. 
E) phenylketonuria (PKU)

Question 54

_____ triggers the "let-down reflex" where the mammary glands are triggered to eject milk into the milk ducts.

A) Oxytocin 
B) Estrogen 
C) Prepartum amenorrhea 
D) Postpartum amenorrhea 
E) FSH

Question 55

What substance increases the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)? 

A) Mercury 
B) Second-hand cigarette smoke 
C) Some herbal supplements 
D) Lead 
E) Prescription medications

Question 56

All of the following are potential health benefits of lactation that benefit the mother except 

A) reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes. 
B) lengthened birth intervals or time between pregnancies. 
C) increased energy expenditure may aid in weight loss. 
D) reduced risk of all types of cancer. 
E) cntraction of the uterus after birth.

Question 57

Which of the following is a not typically something that a pregnant woman of 35 years or older is at higher risk for? 

A) Caesarean sections 
B) Preterm births 
C) Macrosomia 
D) Genetic abnormalities in the fetus 
E) Low-birthweight babies

Question 58

Which of the following is a characteristic associated with adolescent pregnancy? 

A) Labor is typically shorter due to the baby being smaller. 
B) Maternal death is highest for those younger than age 20. 
C) Socioeconomic status has little effect on pregnancy health and complications. 
D) Young mothers are less likely to smoke. 
E) They are more likely to deliver a baby that weighs 5 ½ pounds or less.

Question 59

What is the recommendation regarding alcohol intake during pregnancy? 

A) They should drink absolutely no alcohol. 
B) They should refrain from drinking hard liquor only. 
C) They are permitted to ingest no more than 2 drinks per day. 
D) They are permitted to ingest small amounts of alcohol during the last trimester. 
E) Organic beer and wine is acceptable.

Question 60

To ensure identification and treatment of gestational diabetes,physicians screen for risk factors using a glucose tolerance test in __________.

A) all women immediately after confirming pregnancy 
B) high-risk women immediately after confirming pregnancy 
C) all women in the first trimester 
D) high-risk women only between the 24 and 28 weeks of gestation 
E) women who have had gestational diabetes in previous pregnancies only

Question 61

Which of the following is not a potential risk or side effect of caffeine intake by a mother when pregnant or breastfeeding? 

A) Irritability in the infant 
B) Infant's iron stores may be impaired 
C) Increased risk of low-birthweight infant 
D) Increased risk of stillborn infant 
E) Impaired cognitive development

Question 62

___________ is a condition that normally develops in the second half of pregnancy and that can increase risk of developing type 2 diabetes after pregnancy if overweight.

Question 63

A baby born between 39 and 40 weeks gestation is referred to as ______.

Question 64

____________ is the influence of substances during fetal growth on the development of diseases in later life.

Question 65

When does the most severe damage associated with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)occur? 

A) Around the time of conception 
B) Between weeks 8 and 12 
C) After week 24 
D) The second trimester 
E) The third trimester

Question 66

A nursing mother needs at least _____ a day to receive all the nutrients required for successful lactation.

A) 1200 kcal 
B) 1400 kcal 
C) 1800 kcal 
D) 2000 kcal 
E) 2400 kcal

Question 67

A lactating mother produces approximately ____ of milk each day.

A) 12 oz 
B) 18 oz 
C) 25 oz 
D) 28 oz 
E) 32 oz

Question 68

________ is a genetic abnormality that causes metal impairment,short stature,and flattened facial features.

Question 69

Which of the following can help to minimize the effects of an occasional alcoholic drink in the milk of lactating women? 

A) Drink alcohol before breastfeeding, rather than after. 
B) Breastfeed immediately after drinking prior to alcohol entering the bloodstream. 
C) Pump and discard the milk following alcohol consumption. 
D) Consume alcohol on an empty stomach. 
E) Scientific evidence recommends consuming a glass of alcohol while lactating, and it will have no effect on milk.

Question 70

__________ is the ability of a man and women to reproduce.

Question 71

Breastfeeding is not recommended when the mother has ________.

A) hepatitis 
B) common cold 
C) tuberculosis 
D) sinus infection 
E) HIV

Question 72

What happens to a mother's milk if she lacks certain nutrients in her diet? 

A) The milk quantity stays the same but is of lower quality. 
B) The milk quantity decreases, and the milk is lower in those nutrients. 
C) The milk quality stays the same, but the quantity of the milk decreases. 
D) The missing nutrients affect levels of other nutrients in the milk. 
E) The milk is not an appropriate source of nutrition and formula should be used.

Question 73

To prevent dehydration,it is recommended that a lactating mother consume approximately ____ of water per day.

A) 6 to 7 cups 
B) 8 cups 
C) 10 to 11 cups 
D) 13 cups 
E) 16 cups

Question 74

Which of the following is a correct statement about a lactating mother and her dietary intake? 

A) The mother's milk has consistent flavor regardless of foods eaten. 
B) Flavors in the mother's milk may influence the infant's food choices later in life. 
C) Many mothers require iron-supplementation to enhance the iron levels in breast milk. 
D) Infants consume more milk when it contains even small amount of alcohol. 
E) Infant discomfort like gas or constipation has no association with the food intake of the lactating mother.

Question 75

The temporary absence of menstrual periods immediately following childbirth is referred to as __________.

Question 76

What level of alcohol consumption does the U.S.Surgeon General advice for pregnant women? 

A) None 
B) No more than 1 drink per day 
C) No more than 2 drinks per day 
D) Between ½ to 1 per day 
E) Less than 1oz per drink

Question 77

Which of the following is a correct statement about fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)? 

A) FAS cannot be treated, only prevented. 
B) Cognitive function is affected the least when physical abnormalities are most severe. 
C) Diagnosis is apparent within 6 months of birth for virtually all children with FAS. 
D) The most severe physical abnormalities in most FAS children are covert rather than overt. 
E) No harm will result to the infant unless the mother is actually drunk.

Question 78

_________ are strong desires to avoid particular foods and are thought to be due to hormonal changes.

Question 79

A health care provider who specializes in helping new mothers establish a healthy breastfeeding relationship with their infant is called a _____________.

Question 80

A woman who is ______ at the time of conception is advised to gain 15 to 20 pounds during pregnancy.