Deck 22: The Chemistry of the Main Group Elements

Question 1

Use your knowledge of group properties to predict the chemical formula for selenic acid.

A) HSeO₂
B) H₂SeO₃
C) H₂SeO₄
D) H₃SeO₃
E) H₃SeO₄

Answer 1

H₂SeO₄

Question 2

Which list contains the three most abundant elements in the Earth's crust?

A) hydrogen,helium,and lithium
B) sodium,calcium,and iron
C) oxygen,nitrogen,and iron
D) carbon,nitrogen,and oxygen
E) oxygen,aluminum,and silicon

Answer 2

oxygen,aluminum,and silicon

Question 3

Which of the following is the second most abundant (by mass)element in the earth's crust,oceans,and atmosphere?

A) hydrogen
B) oxygen
C) carbon
D) aluminum
E) silicon

Answer 3

silicon

Question 4

Which of the following reactions describes the formation of a molecular compound of hydrogen?

A) 2Cs(s)+ H₂(g) $\to$ 2CsH(s)
B) 2Na(s)+ H₂(g) $\to$ 2NaH(s)
C) Mg(s)+ H₂(g) $\to$ MgH₂(s)
D) S₈(s)+ 8H₂(g) $\to$ 8H₂S(g)
E) 2Al(s)+ 3H₂(g) $\to$ 2AlH₃(s)

Question 5

What is the highest oxidation state possible for elements from Group 2A?

A) 2+
B) 4+
C) 5+
D) 6+
E) 7+

Question 6

Which of the following chemical equations shows the formation of synthesis gas?

A) 2 H₂O(g) $\to$ 2 H₂(g)+ O₂(g)
B) 16 CH₄(g)+ 7 O₂(g) $\to$ 2 C₈H₁₈(g)+ 14 H₂O(g)
C) C(s)+ 2 H₂(g) $\to$ CH₄(g)
D) CO(g)+ H₂O(g) $\to$ CO₂(g)+ H₂(g)
E) C(s)+ H₂O(g) $\to$ H₂(g)+ CO(g)

Question 7

Approximately 300 billion liters of hydrogen is produced annually.The majority of the hydrogen is used in the production of ____.

A) ammonia
B) hydrogen chloride
C) methane
D) sulfuric acid
E) water

Question 8

Which of the following is not a likely oxidation number for iodine?

A) -1
B) 0
C) +1
D) +2
E) +7

Question 9

What is the oxidation state of the common ion formed from F?

A) 1+
B) 2+
C) 3-
D) 2-
E) 1-

Question 10

Which of the following compounds is a common oxide for phosphorus?

A) PO
B) P₂O₃
C) PO₃
D) PO₅
E) P₄O₁₀

Question 11

Predict the formula of the product resulting from reaction of elemental forms of Sr and P.

A) SrP
B) SrP₂
C) Sr₂P
D) SrP₃
E) Sr₃P₂

Question 12

Which two elements are most abundant in our solar system?

A) hydrogen and helium
B) hydrogen and oxygen
C) helium and iron
D) hydrogen and iron
E) carbon and oxygen

Question 13

Which of the following is the most abundant $\underline{\text{ metal}}$ on earth?

A) calcium
B) iron
C) copper
D) aluminum
E) zinc

Question 14

What is the oxidation state of each nitrogen in nitrogen dioxide?

A) 0
B) +4
C) +3
D) -3
E) +5

Question 15

What is the formula of the common oxide formed from Group 6A elements? (E = main group element)

A) EO
B) EO₂
C) EO₃
D) E₄O₁₀
E) E₂O₇

Question 16

The oxidation state per each nitrogen,given in parentheses,is correct in all the following cases except

A) HN₃ (-3).
B) N₂O₃ (+3).
C) HNO₃ (+5).
D) NH₄⁺ (-3).
E) N₂O (+2).

Question 17

Which of the following statements about hydrogen is/are correct?
1)It is a very low density gas.
2)Most stars consist primarily of hydrogen.
3)An atom of deuterium is about three times the mass of protium.

A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 3 only
D) 1 and 2
E) 1,2 and 3

Question 18

Catalytic steam reformation of hydrocarbons (such as methane)produce a mixture of

A) CO₂ and H₂O.
B) C and H₂.
C) O₂ and H₂.
D) CH₄ and H₂O.
E) CO and H₂.

Question 19

Which of the following reactions does not represent a commercial method for the large scale production of hydrogen gas?

A) CH₄(g)+ H₂O(g) $\to$ CO(g)+ 3H₂(g)
B) C(s)+ H₂O(g) $\to$ CO(g)+ H₂(g)
C) 2H₂O( $\ell$ ) $\to$ 2H₂(g)+ O₂(g)
D) CO(g)+ H₂O(g) $\to$ CO₂(g)+ H₂(g)
E) none of the above

Question 20

What is the general formula for an alkaline earth metal hydride? (M = metal)

A) MH₂
B) M(OH)₂
C) MH
D) MH₃
E) MOH

Question 21

All of the following statements concerning sodium are correct EXCEPT

A) most sodium compounds are water soluble.
B) sodium is soft and easily cut with a knife.
C) sodium is usually found in nature as the reduced metal or as a sulfide salt.
D) sodium ions help regulate osmotic pressure in the human body.
E) sodium is commercially prepared by electrolysis of molten NaCl.

Question 22

Which group 1A metal is the strongest reducing agent?

A) Li
B) Na
C) K
D) Rb
E) Cs

Question 23

The primary source material for the commercial production of magnesium is

A) ores rich in MgCO₃.
B) ores rich in MgCl₂.
C) seashells.
D) seawater.
E) limestone.

Question 24

All of the following elements or compounds react with water to produce hydrogen gas EXCEPT ____.

A) Na(s)
B) MgH₂(s)
C) Ca(s)
D) LiH(s)
E) CaO(s)

Question 25

Which one of the following elements would react with chlorine most rapidly?

A) Li
B) Na
C) K
D) Rb
E) Cs

Question 26

The products of the reaction of calcium hydride and water are

A) CaOH + H₂.
B) Ca₂O + H₂.
C) Ca(OH)₂ + H₂.
D) CaO + H₂.
E) CaOH + O₂.

Question 27

Which of the following calcium compounds is an important reactant in the commercial production of phosphoric acid.

A) the apatites
B) fluorite
C) limestone
D) slaked lime
E) gypsum

Question 28

Write a balanced chemical equation for the electrolysis of brine (i.e.,salt water).

A) 2 NaCl(aq)+ 2 H₂O( ) $\to$ 2 Na(s)+ 2 HCl(aq)+ O₂(g)
B) 2 NaCl( ) $\to$ 2 Na( )+ Cl₂(g)
C) 2 NaCl(aq)+ O₂(g) $\to$ Na₂O₂(s)+ Cl₂(g)
D) 4 NaCl(aq)+ O₂(g) $\to$ 4 Na(s)+ 2 OCl₂(g)
E) 2 NaCl(aq)+ 2 H₂O( ) $\to$ Cl₂(g)+ 2 NaOH(aq)+ H₂(g)

Question 29

Metal hydrides are used to remove traces of water from nonpolar solvents.Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of lithium hydride and water.

A) LiH₂(s)+ 2 H₂O( ) $\to$ Li(s)+ 2 H₃O⁺(aq)
B) 2 LiH(s)+ 2 H₂O( ) $\to$ 2 LiOH(s)+ H₂(g)
C) 2 LiH(s)+ H₂O( ) $\to$ Li₂O(s)+ 2 H₂(g)
D) 2 LiH(s)+ H₂O( ) $\to$ Li₂O(s)+ 4 H⁺(aq)
E) LiH(s)+ H₂O( ) $\to$ Li(s)+ H₃O⁺(aq)

Question 30

At high temperatures limestone decomposes according to which balanced chemical equation?

A) Ca(OH)₂(s) $\to$ CaO(s)+ H₂O(g)
B) 2 CaO(s) $\to$ 2 Ca(s)+ O₂(g)
C) CaCO₃(s) $\to$ CaO(s)+ CO₂(g)
D) Ca(OH)₂(s) $\to$ CaH₂(s)+ O₂(g)
E) 2 CaCO₃(s) $\to$ 2 Ca(s)+ O₂(g)+ CO₂(g)

Question 31

Elemental sodium is commercially produced by electrolysis of ____.A valuable by-product,____,is simultaneously produced during the electrolysis.

A) NaCl( ),Cl₂(g)
B) NaH(g),H₂(g)
C) NaCl(aq),NaOH(aq)
D) Na₂O₂( ),O₂(g)
E) Na₂S(s),S₈(s)

Question 32

Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of lime and water to form slaked lime.

A) CaO(s)+ 2 H₂O( ) $\to$ CaCO₃(s)+ 2 H₂(g)
B) CaO(s)+ H₂O( ) $\to$ Ca(OH)₂(s)
C) Ca₃(PO₄)₂(s)+ 2 H₂O( ) $\to$ 2 CaHPO₄(aq)+ Ca(OH)₂(aq)
D) CaCO₃(s)+ H₂O( ) $\to$ Ca(s)+ H₃O⁺(aq)+ CO₂(g)
E) CaCO₃(s)+ H₂O( ) $\to$ CaO(s)+ H₂CO₃(aq)

Question 33

Which of the following statements concerning sodium and potassium is/are CORRECT?
1)The sodium concentration in seawater is over three times greater than the concentration of potassium.
2)Plants contain roughly four to six times more sodium than potassium.
3)Roman soldiers were paid in sodium chloride.

A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 3 only
D) 1 and 3
E) 1,2,and 3

Question 34

Which of the following statements are CORRECT?
1)Chili saltpeter is a common name for NaNO₃.
2)Trona is a common name for Na₂CO₃.NaHCO₃.2 H₂O.
3)Soda ash is a common name for Na₂CO₃.

A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 3 only
D) 1 and 3
E) 1,2,and 3

Question 35

The primary product of the reaction of sodium with oxygen is

A) NaO.
B) Na₂O.
C) NaO₂.
D) Na₂O₂.
E) NaO₃.

Question 36

What mass of CO₂ would be produced by heating a 200.-kg sample of limestone that is 49.1% CaCO₃? Assume complete reaction and no other source of carbon dioxide.

A) 43.2 kg
B) 98.2 kg
C) 87.9 kg
D) 21.6 kg
E) 200 kg

Question 37

How is sodium metal commercially produced?

A) By electrolysis of molten Na₂CO₃.
B) By electrolysis of NaCl(aq).
C) By electrolysis molten NaCl using a Downs Cell.
D) By reaction of potassium metal vapor with molten NaCl.
E) By reduction of NaOH with carbon.

Question 38

Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of potassium and water.

A) K(s)+ H₂O( ) $\to$ KO(s)+ H₂(g)
B) 2 K(s)+ 2 H₂O( ) $\to$ 2 KOH(aq)+ H₂(g)
C) 2 K(s)+ 2 H₂O( ) $\to$ K₂O₂(s)+ 2 H₂(g)
D) 2 K(s)+ H₂O( ) $\to$ K₂O(s)+ H₂(g)
E) 4 K(s)+ 2 H₂O( ) $\to$ 4 KH(s)+ O₂(g)

Question 39

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

A) Diagnostic imaging of the human digestive tract often requires a patient to consume a slurry of BaSO₄(s),a compound that contains the toxic Ba²⁺ ion.
B) Hydroxyapatite is a calcium containing compound that is the main component of tooth enamel.
C) Beryllium is toxic.Exposure (by breathing)to beryllium can cause berylliosis.
D) Most magnesium is obtained from seawater,where it is present at a roughly 0.05 M concentration.
E) Calcium is the central element in chlorophyll.

Question 40

What mass of MgO would be produced by heating a 300.-kg sample that is 59.0% Mg(OH)₂? Assume complete reaction and no other source of magnesium.

A) 122 kg
B) 256 kg
C) 3.03 kg
D) 434 kg
E) 207 kg

Question 41

Who developed the process for obtaining aluminum from bauxite ore?

A) Antoine Lavoisier
B) Fritz Haber
C) Michael Faraday
D) Herman Frasch
E) Charles Hall

Question 42

What is the general valence shell electron configuration of the Group 3A elements?

A) [Noble Gas Core]ns²
B) [Noble Gas Core]ns²np¹
C) [Noble Gas Core]ns²np²
D) [Noble Gas Core]ns²np³
E) [Noble Gas Core]ns²np⁴

Question 43

Nitric acid decomposes slowly in sunlight with nitrogen dioxide and oxygen as reduction and oxidation products,respectively.Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction.

A) HNO₃(aq) $\to$ NO₂(g)+ 1/2 O₂(g)
B) HNO₃(aq) $\to$ NO₂(g)+ 1/2 O₂(g)+ H⁺(aq)
C) 2 HNO₃(aq) $\to$ 2 NO₂(g)+ O₂(g)+ H₂(g)
D) 4 HNO₃(aq) $\to$ 2 NO₂(g)+ + N₂(g)+ 3 O₂(g)+ 2 H₂O(g)
E) 4 HNO₃(aq) $\to$ 4 NO₂(g)+ O₂(g)+ 2 H₂O(g)

Question 44

What is the total number of valence electrons in NO?

A) 11
B) 16
C) 17
D) 34
E) 15

Question 45

Dinitrogen monoxide,or laughing gas,can be made by decomposing ammonium nitrate at 250 ^$\circ$ C.Write a balanced equation for this reaction.

A) NH₄NO₃(s) $\to$ N₂O(g)+ 2 H₂(g)+ O₂(g)
B) NH₄NO₃(s)+ 2 N₂(g) $\to$ 3 N₂O(g)+ 2 H₂(g)
C) NH₄NO₃(s) $\to$ N₂O(g)+ 2 H₂O(g)
D) 2 NH₄NO₃(s) $\to$ N₂O(g)+ 2 HNO₂(g)+ H₂O(g)+ 2 H₂(g)
E) 3 NH₄NO₃(s) $\to$ N₂O(g)+ 2 N₂(g)+ 8 H₂O(g)

Question 46

Molten Al₂O₃ is reduced by electrolysis at low potentials and high currents.If 7.5 $\times$ 10³ amperes of current is passed through molten Al₂O₃ for 12.0 hours,what mass of Al is produced? Assume 100% current efficiency.

A) 5.0 $\times$ 10² g
B) 3.0 $\times$ 10⁴ g
C) 9.1 $\times$ 10⁴ g
D) 2.7 $\times$ 10⁵ g
E) 3.1 $\times$ 10⁶ g

Question 47

Hydrazine,N₂H₄,is produced by the Raschig process-the oxidation of ammonia with alkaline ____.

A) HNO₃(aq)
B) NaOCl(aq)
C) N₂(g)
D) HPO₄^2-(aq)
E) N₂O(g)

Question 48

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

A) Carbon is classified as a nonmetal.
B) Silicon is classified as a metalloid.
C) Germanium is classified as a metal.
D) Tin is classified as a metal.
E) Lead is classified as a metal.

Question 49

What is the oxidation state of each nitrogen in ammonia?

A) +3
B) -3
C) 0
D) +4
E) +2

Question 50

Quartz is the pure crystalline form of

A) silica,SiO₂.
B) sodium silicate,NaSiO₄.
C) calcium orthosilicate,Ca₂SiO₄.
D) silicon tetrachloride,SiCl₄.
E) silicon carbide,SiC.

Question 51

The only acid that decomposes silicon dioxide is ____.

A) CF₃CO₂H
B) H₂SO₄
C) HBr
D) HF
E) HClO₄

Question 52

Oxides of the alkaline earth family form ____ upon reaction with water.

A) basic solutions
B) acidic solutions
C) alkaline earth hydrides
D) oxygen gas
E) hydrogen gas

Question 53

Aluminum is resistant to corrosion because

A) the surface of aluminum is coated with unreactive AlN.
B) the surface of aluminum is coated with unreactive Al₂O₃.
C) aluminum is a noble metal.
D) aluminum has the greatest density of all naturally occurring metals.
E) aluminum has a large positive standard reduction potential.

Question 54

Which of the following statements concerning boron compounds is INCORRECT?

A) More than 20 neutral boron hydrides (having formulas B_xH_y)are known to exist.
B) The two boron atoms in B₂H₆ are connected by 3-center 2-electron B-H-B bridges.
C) Borax,Na₂B₄O₇.10 H₂O,is used as a low-melting flux in metallurgy.
D) Sodium borohydride,NaBH₄,is a reducing agent used in organic chemistry.
E) Diborane,B₂H₆,is the powerful rocket fuel that is used to launch the space shuttle.

Question 55

The Ostwald process is an industrial method of producing ____ from the oxidation of ____.

A) nitric acid,ammonia
B) ammonia,nitric acid
C) ammonia,nitrogen
D) nitric acid,nitrogen
E) dinitrogen monoxide,nitrogen

Question 56

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

A) Quartz is a form of silicon dioxide that is used for controlling the frequency of radio and television transmissions.
B) Silica gel,a noncrystalline for of SiO₂,is used to keep electronics dry.
C) Passing beer through a bed of silica gel removes small particles that cause cloudiness.
D) Gaseous SiO₂ is a linear molecule with silicon-oxygen double bonds and a boiling point slight below 0 ^$\circ$ C.
E) Silicon dioxide is resistant to attack from all acids except HF.

Question 57

The building block of silicate minerals is the

A) linear SiO unit.
B) the bent SiO₂ unit.
C) trigonal-bipyramidal SiO₅ unit.
D) tetrahedral SiO₄ unit.
E) the linear SiO₂ unit.

Question 58

Bauxite ore is the primary source material in the commercial production of ___.

A) B
B) Al
C) Na₃AlF₆
D) NaOH
E) B₂H₆

Question 59

Which of the following nitrogen oxides are free radicals: NO,N₂O,NO₂,and/or N₂O₃?

A) NO and N₂O
B) N₂O and NO₂
C) NO₂ and N₂O₃
D) NO and NO₂
E) N₂O and N₂O₃

Question 60

In what way is cryolite (Na₃AlF₆)used in the production of aluminum?

A) Cryolite is a catalyst,it increases the rate of aluminum reduction.
B) Cryolite-bauxite mixtures melt at lower temperatures than pure bauxite.
C) Cryolite makes aluminum more corrosion resistant.
D) Cryolite is reduced to aluminum at the cathode.
E) Cryolite is oxidized to F₂(g)at the anode.

Question 61

Silicon is purified in a process called ________,where a narrow segment of a silicon rod is melted and allowed to slowly recrystallize.

Question 62

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

A) Phosphoric acid gives a tart taste to carbonated beverages such as colas.
B) Sodium phosphate,Na₃PO₄,is a relatively strong base used in paint strippers.
C) Ca(H₂PO₄)₂.H₂O is used as an acid leavening agent in baking powder.
D) Ca₃(PO₄)₂ is a dark green compound used in latex paints.
E) Calcium monohydrogen phosphate is an abrasive and polishing agent in toothpaste.

Question 63

Ammonium perchlorate can decompose violently according to the chemical equation below.
2 NH₄ClO₄(s) $\to$ N₂(g)+ Cl₂(g)+ 2 O₂(g)+ 4 H₂O(g)
What volume of chlorine gas is produced by the decomposition of 120 g NH₄ClO₄ at 650 K and 1.0 atm? (R = 0.08206 L.atm/K.mol)

A) 27 L
B) 54 L
C) 91 L
D) 110 L
E) 3200 L

Question 64

Pure oxygen can be produced by the catalyzed decomposition of potassium chlorate.Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction.

A) KClO₃(s) $\to$ KClO(s)+ O₂(g)
B) 2 KClO₃(s) $\to$ 2 K(s)+ Cl₂(g)+ 3 O₂(g)
C) 2 KClO₃(s) $\to$ 2 KCl(s)+ 3 O₂(g)
D) 2 KClO₃(s) $\to$ 2 KClO₂(s)+ O₂(g)
E) KClO₃(s) $\to$ K(s)+ ClO(g)+ O₂(g)

Question 65

Based on the following data,what is the Cl-Cl bond energy?
H₂(g)+ Cl₂(g) $\to$ HCl(g); $\Delta$ _rH ^$\circ$ = -92.31 kJ/mol-rxn

A) 432 kJ/mol
B) 236 kJ/mol
C) -236 kJ/mol
D) -421 kJ/mol
E) 421 kJ/mol

Question 66

The active ingredients in "strike anywhere" matches are ____ and the powerful oxidizing agent KClO₃(s).

A) N₂H₄
B) P₄O₁₀
C) Mg₃N₂
D) P₄S₃
E) (HPO₃)₃

Question 67

What is the molecular formula of chlorous acid?

A) HClO
B) HClO₂
C) HClO₃
D) HClO₄
E) HCl

Question 68

Arrange the following in order of increasing ease of oxidation: I^-,F^-,At^-,Cl^-

A) At^- < F^-< Cl^- < I^-
B) F^- < I^- < At^- < Cl^-
C) At^- < Cl^- < I^- < F^-
D) F^- < Cl^- < I^- < At^-
E) Cl^-< F^- < I^- < At^-

Question 69

Phosphorus was first isolated in 1669 by Hennig Brandt,a German alchemist.Brandt was able to isolate approximately 30 grams of phosphorus from 60 gallons of ________.

A) sea water
B) Chilean saltpeter
C) urea
D) honey
E) urine

Question 70

Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride is used in all of the following applications EXCEPT

A) etching fluorescent light bulbs.
B) the production of refrigerants.
C) the reduction of alkali and alkaline earth metals.
D) the production of plastics.
E) the production of herbicides.

Question 71

Which of the following statements is/are CORRECT?
1)The most stable allotrope of sulfur is orthorhombic sulfur,which consists of 8-member rings of sulfur atoms.
2)Diatomic sulfur,S₂,is the most common allotrope of sulfur.Typical air samples contain between 0.5 and 2.0% S₂(g).
3)Plastic sulfur is an allotrope of the element that consists of long chains of sulfur atoms.

A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 3 only
D) 1 and 3
E) 1,2,and 3

Question 72

A(n)________ reaction is one where an element or compound is simultaneously oxidized and reduced.

Question 73

Write a balanced chemical equation for the roasting of CuS.

A) CuS(s)+ 2 HCl(aq) $\to$ CuCl₂(aq)+ H₂(g)+ S(s)
B) CuS(s)+ O₂(g) $\to$ CuO₂(s)+ S(s)
C) CuS(s)+ O₂(g) $\to$ CuO(s)+ SO(g)
D) CuS(s)+ 2 HCl(aq) $\to$ CuCl₂(aq)+ H₂S(g)
E) 2 CuS(s)+ 2 O₂(g) $\to$ 2 CuO(s)+ SO₂(g)

Question 74

The most reactive nonmetallic element is ____.This element has been shown to form compounds with every other element except He and Ne.

A) oxygen
B) fluorine
C) lithium
D) phosphorus
E) carbon

Question 75

Which of the following occurs uncombined in nature?

A) F
B) Cl
C) O
D) Br
E) P

Question 76

In the United States,most sulfur is obtained from

A) the reduction of cinnabar,HgS.
B) S₈ deposits along the Gulf of Mexico.
C) the reduction of iron pyrite,FeS₂.
D) the reduction of copper sulfide,CuS.
E) the oxidation of H₂S gas.

Question 77

Give two examples of the allotropes of elemental oxygen.

Question 78

Which of the following elements is least likely to form a stable oxide?

A) Fe
B) Ca
C) S₈
D) P₄
E) He

Question 79

Which of the following do $\underline{\text{ not }}$ contain sulfur?

A) iron pyrite (fools gold)
B) galena
C) lime
D) volcanic gases
E) gypsum

Question 80

What is the outer shell ground state electron configuration of Br?

A) 4s²4p³
B) 5s²5p⁴
C) 5s²5p⁵
D) 4s²4p⁴
E) 4s²4p⁵