Deck 9: Extension: B - Organization of the Motor System

Question 1

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the motor pathway in each question with the correct alternative.
lateral corticospinal tract ___

A)synapse directly on muscles
B)control of body midline muscles
C)control of facial muscles
D)control of limbs and digits

Answer 1

control of limbs and digits

Question 2

What is meant by the term "movement lexicon"?

Answer 2

A movement lexicon is a repertoire of movement categories in a cortex-for example, the pincer grasp. The cortical circuits are believed to be pre-wired/genetically inherited rather than organized on the basis of learning.

Question 3

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the individual(s) in each question with the correct research contribution.
Wilder Penfield ___

A)ethological categories of movement
B)cerebellum and timing of movements
C)movement direction-sensitive motor neurons
D)electrical mapping of motor cortex

Answer 3

electrical mapping of motor cortex

Question 4

Describe how motor cortex and corresponding parietal cortex topograghical regions produce movement.

Question 5

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the motor pathway in each question with the correct alternative.
corticobulbar tract ___

A)synapse directly on muscles
B)control of body midline muscles
C)control of facial muscles
D)control of limbs and digits

Question 6

What are ethological categories of movement, as defined by Graziano? How are they represented in the brain?

Question 7

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the motor pathway in each question with the correct alternative.
anterior corticospinal tract ___

A)synapse directly on muscles
B)control of body midline muscles
C)control of facial muscles
D)control of limbs and digits

Question 8

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the motor pathway in each question with the correct alternative.
spinal motor neurons ___

A)synapse directly on muscles
B)control of body midline muscles
C)control of facial muscles
D)control of limbs and digits

Question 9

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the individual(s) in each question with the correct research contribution.
Michael Graziano ___

A)ethological categories of movement
B)cerebellum and timing of movements
C)movement direction-sensitive motor neurons
D)electrical mapping of motor cortex

Question 10

In what ways do motor neurons encode different characteristics of movements, as suggested by the studies of Evarts and Georgopoulos?

Question 11

What patterns of ventral premotor cortical neuron activity were observed by Umilta et al. during the study of monkeys observing goal - directed movements by another monkey or human?

Question 12

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the cortical region in each question with the correct alternative.
prefrontal cortex ___

A)generation of specific movements
B)planning of movement
C)source of sensory information
D)sequencing of movement

Question 13

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the cortical region in each question with the correct alternative.
primary motor cortex ___

A)generation of specific movements
B)planning of movement
C)source of sensory information
D)sequencing of movement

Question 14

In which lobes of human cerebral cortex have "mirror neurons" been found?

Question 15

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the cortical region in each question with the correct alternative.
premotor cortex ___

A)generation of specific movements
B)planning of movement
C)source of sensory information
D)sequencing of movement

Question 16

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the cortical region in each question with the correct alternative.
posterior cortex ___

A)generation of specific movements
B)planning of movement
C)source of sensory information
D)sequencing of movement

Question 17

Describe the homunculus as mapped by Penfield. What changes have been made subsequently?

Question 18

Identify the four general regions of the neocortex thought to produce most voluntary movement.

Question 19

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the individual(s) in each question with the correct research contribution.
Apostolos Georgopoulos ___

A)ethological categories of movement
B)cerebellum and timing of movements
C)movement direction-sensitive motor neurons
D)electrical mapping of motor cortex

Question 20

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the individual(s) in each question with the correct research contribution.
Keele and Ivry ___

A)ethological categories of movement
B)cerebellum and timing of movements
C)movement direction-sensitive motor neurons
D)electrical mapping of motor cortex

Question 21

Differentiate between the "direct" and "indirect" pathways in the basal ganglia.

Question 22

Compare and contrast Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease.

Question 23

Describe the feedback circuit that allows the cerebellum to correct movements.

Question 24

In terms of body topography, describe how spinal cord motor neurons activated by the lateral corticospinal tract differ from those activated by the anterior corticospinal tract. How do these two differ from motor neurons innervated by the corticobulbar tract?
Answer Key

Question 25

What conclusions can be drawn from Hess's research on electrical stimulation of the brain?

Question 26

From medial to lateral locations in the cerebellar hemispheres, how do cerebellar neurons encode movements for different body regions?