Deck 9: Extension: A - Organization of the Motor System

Question 1

The contribution of the cerebellum to the control of movement is:

A) idea generation and planning.
B) initiation of voluntary actions.
C) fine-tuning of timing and accuracy.
D) coordination of ethological behaviors.

Answer 1

fine-tuning of timing and accuracy.

Question 2

When learning to throw darts, the basal ganglia contribute to the _____ of the throw, whereas the cerebellum contributes to the _____ of the throw.

A) force; lateral accuracy
B) lateral accuracy; force
C) force; motivation
D) horizontal accuracy; score

Answer 2

force; lateral accuracy

Question 3

Evidence suggests that the primary motor cortex is organized on the basis of:

A) intelligent design.
B) environmental experience.
C) specific movements.
D) movement goals.

Answer 3

specific movements.

Question 4

Mirror neurons may provide a neurobiological basis for:

A) motor memory.
B) social awareness.
C) reflexive behavior.
D) brain symmetry.

Question 5

Huntington's disease is a genetic disorder resulting from degeneration of:

A) dorsal columns of the spinal cord.
B) ventral columns of the spinal cord.
C) the spinocerebellar tract.
D) caudate putamen cells.

Question 6

Parkinson's disease is caused by a loss of neurons that release the neurotransmitter:

A) dopamine.
B) acetylcholine.
C) norepinephrine.
D) glutamate.

Question 7

Defensive facial expressions are an example of a(n) _____ category.

A) ethological movement
B) ethical movement
C) ethological sensory
D) voluntary movement

Question 8

Research by Evarts found that the firing rate of neurons in the monkey motor cortex:

A) increased as the amount of force required to make a wrist movement increased.
B) decreased as the amount of force required to make a wrist movement increased.
C) was not related to the amount of force required to generate wrist movement.
D) varied with the monkey's emotional state.

Question 9

Neurons that respond both when the subject performs an action and when the subject observes the action being performed are called _____ neurons.

A) Renshaw
B) bipolar
C) mirror
D) copycat

Question 10

One role of the basal ganglia in producing effective movements is the:

A) planning of discrete voluntary movements.
B) activation of spinal motor neurons.
C) fine-tuning of lateral accuracy.
D) generation of the appropriate amount of force.

Question 11

There are about _____ pathways that originate in the brainstem and project to the spinal cord.

A) 4
B) 16
C) 26
D) 62

Question 12

Karl and Whishaw (2013) concluded that reaching for an object involves: _____ pathway(s) from _____ to _____.

A) a single; M1; the spinal cord
B) several; the basal ganglia; V1
C) two; V1; the parietal cortex and M1
D) a single; V1; M1

Question 13

The basal ganglia receive neural inputs from two main sources. These sources are the:

A) cerebellum and thalamus.
B) neocortex and substantia nigra.
C) neocortex and cerebellum.
D) limbic cortex and thalamus.

Question 14

Movement sequences are organized by neurons in the:

A) premotor cortex.
B) primary motor cortex.
C) prefrontal cortex.
D) cerebellum.

Question 15

A patient who has difficulty with balance, posture, and coordination would MOST likely have a lesion in the:

A) brainstem motor areas.
B) orbitofrontal cortex.
C) posterior parietal cortex.
D) primary motor areas.

Question 16

The flocculus is part of the _____.

A) basal ganglia
B) brainstem
C) cerebellum
D) thalamus

Question 17

Exaggerated, excessive movements are characteristic of degeneration of the:

A) temporal cortex.
B) substantia nigra.
C) caudate putamen.
D) nucleus accumbens.

Question 18

The multiple motor homunculi have been suggested to correspond to different:

A) classes of sensory information.
B) levels of motivation.
C) classes of movement.
D) speeds of movement.

Question 19

An inability to generate the appropriate amount of force when executing a movement might be seen following damage to the:

A) prefrontal cortex.
B) basal ganglia.
C) amygdala.
D) cerebellum.

Question 20

Disruption of movement sequences, in the absence of muscle weakness, would follow lesions of the:

A) prefrontal cortex.
B) premotor cortex.
C) primary motor cortex.
D) reticular activating system.

Question 21

Corticobulbar fibers project from the motor cortex to the:

A) temporal lobe.
B) olfactory bulb.
C) parietal lobule.
D) brainstem.

Question 22

Difficulty holding a pen to write would MOST likely result from damage to the:

A) lateral corticospinal tract.
B) ventral corticospinal tract.
C) corticobulbar tract.
D) rubrospinal tract.

Question 23

Difficulty maintaining proper posture and balance would MOST likely result from damage to the:

A) lateral corticospinal tract.
B) anterior corticospinal tract.
C) corticobulbar tract.
D) rubrospinal tract.
Answer Key