Question 1

A decrease in the firing rate of a visual cortex neuron in response to a change in stimulus color can be viewed as:&#10;A) a neural code for the new color.&#10;B) always indicating a lack of neural processing of that new color.&#10;C) a da Vinci code for color.&#10;D) a typical code for impending sleep.

Accepted Answer

The decrease in firing rate of a visual cortex neuron in response to a change in stimulus color can be interpreted as a neural code for the new color. This is because neurons in the visual cortex can encode information about visual stimuli through changes in their firing rates, including information about color.

Question 2

The signal measured in a PET scan is generated by:&#10;A) blood oxygen levels.&#10;B) magnetic fields.&#10;C) radioactive decay.&#10;D) transmembrane ion flux.

Accepted Answer

The signal measured in a PET scan is generated by radioactive decay. In a PET scan, a small amount of radioactive tracer is injected into the body, which emits positrons as it decays. These positrons collide with electrons in the surrounding tissue, resulting in the emission of two gamma rays in opposite directions. These gamma rays are detected by the PET scanner and used to create an image of the body's metabolic activity.

Question 3

In MRI, a _____ is used to align _____ along their axis of spin.&#10;A) radioactive pulse; protons&#10;B) radioactive pulse; neutrons&#10;C) magnetic field; protons&#10;D) magnetic field; neutrons

Accepted Answer

MRI uses a strong magnetic field to align protons in the body along their axis of spin. This alignment is disturbed when a radiofrequency pulse is applied, and when the pulse is turned off, the protons release energy that can be measured to create an image.

Question 4

The fMRI technique makes use of activity - dependent changes in:&#10;A) blood oxygen levels.&#10;B) radioactive decay.&#10;C) glucose accumulation.&#10;D) myelin density.

Accepted Answer

fMRI technique makes use of changes in blood oxygen levels, known as the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal, which is a measure of neural activity. As neurons become active, they require more oxygen, leading to increased blood flow to the area. This increased blood flow results in an increase in the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin in the blood, while the concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin decreases. fMRI detects these changes in blood oxygenation levels and translates them into images of brain activity.

Question 5

Which of the following techniques is currently used in the treatment of the tremors and rigidity associated with Parkinson's disease?&#10;A) superficial brain stimulation&#10;B) deep brain stimulation&#10;C) temporal brain stimulation&#10;D) psychotherapy

Accepted Answer

Deep brain stimulation is currently used in the treatment of tremors and rigidity associated with Parkinson's disease. This technique involves implanting electrodes in specific areas of the brain that are involved in movement control and delivering electrical stimulation to modify neurological activity and reduce symptoms. Superficial brain stimulation and temporal brain stimulation are not currently used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and psychotherapy is not effective in treating the motor symptoms of the disease.

Question 6

The basis for many dynamic imaging systems is that active brain regions _____.&#10;A) are warmer than less active brain regions&#10;B) consume more glucose than less active regions&#10;C) have more dendrites than less active regions&#10;D) move slightly more than less active regions.

Accepted Answer

Active brain regions require more glucose to produce energy for neural processes, so they consume more glucose than less active regions. This increased glucose utilization can be detected through imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The other options are not supported by empirical evidence.

Question 7

MOST neurons respond to:&#10;A) a wide range of sensory stimuli or behaviors.&#10;B) a limited range of sensory stimuli or behaviors.&#10;C) sensory stimuli but not behaviors.&#10;D) behaviors but not sensory stimuli.

Accepted Answer

Most neurons are specialized to respond to a limited range of sensory stimuli or behaviors, allowing the nervous system to process information in a detailed and specific manner.

Question 8

Electroencephalography measures changes in:&#10;A) blood oxygenation levels generated by large numbers of neurons.&#10;B) glucose metabolism generated by large groups of neurons.&#10;C) voltage generated by large groups of neurons.&#10;D) voltage generated by single neurons.

Accepted Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG) measures voltage changes generated by large groups of neurons. The electrodes placed on the scalp detect the electrical activity of many neurons firing together, creating a characteristic wave pattern. EEG is commonly used to study human brain function, diagnose conditions such as epilepsy, and monitor brain activity during surgeries.

Question 9

Which of the following techniques provides the MOST specific spatial and temporal information about the relationship between neural function and behavior?&#10;A) positron emission tomography&#10;B) functional magnetic resonance imaging&#10;C) computed tomography&#10;D) single-cell recording&#10;Answer Key

Accepted Answer

Single-cell recording provides the most specific spatial and temporal information about the relationship between neural function and behavior because it involves recording the activity of individual neurons in real-time. The other techniques, while useful in their own ways, provide more general information about the functioning of the brain.

Question 10

The three - dimensional units used in the analysis of PET and MRI scans are known as:&#10;A) voxels.&#10;B) pixels.&#10;C) integrals.&#10;D) morphemes.

Accepted Answer

The three-dimensional units in PET and MRI scans are known as voxels or volumetric pixels. They represent a small cube-shaped portion of the scanned image and are used for the analysis of the image data. Integrals are mathematical operations used for calculating area or volume, while morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in language.

Question 11

The readiness potential is associated with activity in the _____ indicating _____.&#10;A) motor cortex; an impending movement&#10;B) visual cortex; an impending movement&#10;C) somatosensory cortex; stimulus expectancy&#10;D) frontal cortex; stimulus expectancy

Accepted Answer

The answer of The readiness potential is associated with activity...

Question 12

Your brain is probably producing _____ waves as you read this sentence.&#10;A) delta&#10;B) alpha&#10;C) theta&#10;D) beta

Accepted Answer

The answer of Your brain is probably producing _____ waves...

Question 13

Conventional radiography, angiography, and computed tomography all measure differences in:&#10;A) blood flow.&#10;B) high-contrast dyes.&#10;C) tissue density.&#10;D) fat content.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Conventional radiography, angiography, and computed tomography all...

Question 14

Dynamic imaging technology can record changes in:&#10;A) intelligence.&#10;B) cell structure.&#10;C) skull integrity.&#10;D) brain activity.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dynamic imaging technology can record changes in:&#10;A)...

Question 15

The imaging technique that provides the greatest contrast between brain tissues of different densities is:&#10;A) electroencephalography.&#10;B) transcranial magnetic stimulation.&#10;C) positron emission tomography.&#10;D) magnetic resonance imaging.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The imaging technique that provides the greatest...

Question 16

Epilepsy is characterized by:&#10;A) the absence of electrical activity within the brain.&#10;B) abnormally slow electrical discharges in the brain.&#10;C) abnormal electrical discharges in the brain.&#10;D) hyperexcitability of muscle tissue, resulting in seizures.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Epilepsy is characterized by:&#10;A) the absence of...

Question 17

The firing frequency of human cortical neurons is within the range of:&#10;A) 300-400 discharges per minute.&#10;B) 75-100 discharges per minute.&#10;C) 150-200 discharges per minute.&#10;D) 3-10 discharges per minute.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The firing frequency of human cortical neurons...

Question 18

Which of the following imaging techniques has a spatial resolution of 1 cubic millimeter?&#10;A) PET&#10;B) MRI&#10;C) EEG&#10;D) ERP

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following imaging techniques has...

Question 19

PET experiments distinguish brain regions associated with a specific cognitive function from regions active during more elementary processing through use of the _____ method.&#10;A) addition&#10;B) subtraction&#10;C) control&#10;D) exclusion

Accepted Answer

The answer of PET experiments distinguish brain regions associated with...

Deck 7: Extension: A - Imaging the Brains Activity