Question 1

The need to take increasing amounts of a drug in order to experience the same physical effect is called:&#10;A) sensitization.&#10;B) tolerance.&#10;C) addiction.&#10;D) dependence.

Accepted Answer

Tolerance is the need to take increasing amounts of a drug in order to experience the same physical effect. Sensitization is the opposite effect, where the brain becomes more responsive to a drug with repeated use. Addiction and dependence involve psychological and behavioral aspects of drug use, whereas tolerance is primarily a physical effect.

Question 2

Which of the following factors is more associated with the development of sensitization than with the development of tolerance for a particular drug?&#10;A) fatigue during task performance&#10;B) neuroplastic brain changes only at the drug's site of action&#10;C) regular use&#10;D) occasional use

Accepted Answer

Sensitization, an increased response to a drug following repeated doses, is more associated with occasional use rather than regular use, which is more likely to lead to tolerance.

Question 3

A drug that is _____ is more readily absorbed from the stomach than one that is _____.&#10;A) weakly basic; weakly acidic&#10;B) weakly acidic; weakly basic&#10;C) insoluble; soluble&#10;D) digestible; indigestible

Accepted Answer

Weakly acidic drugs are more readily absorbed from the stomach than weakly basic drugs because the acidic environment of the stomach favors the absorption of acidic drugs.

Question 4

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is an agonist of which endogenous neurotransmitter?&#10;A) GABA&#10;B) glutamate&#10;C) dopamine&#10;D) anandamide

Accepted Answer

THC is an agonist of anandamide, which is an endogenous neurotransmitter that belongs to the class of endocannabinoids. Both THC and anandamide bind to cannabinoid receptors in the brain and body, producing similar effects such as pain relief, relaxation, and changes in mood and appetite.

Question 5

A typical function of homeostatic hormones is:&#10;A) activating sexual behaviors.&#10;B) dealing with stressful psychological events.&#10;C) controlling blood-sugar levels.&#10;D) instructing the body to develop as a male or female.

Accepted Answer

Homeostatic hormones are responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body, which includes regulating blood-sugar levels, among other things. Options A, B, and D are not typically associated with homeostatic hormones.

Question 6

The organizational effect of gonadal hormones is exerted during:&#10;A) early development.&#10;B) adolescence.&#10;C) adulthood.&#10;D) learning.&#10;Answer Key

Accepted Answer

The organizational effect of gonadal hormones refers to the long-lasting changes they cause in the developing brain and body. This takes place during early development, specifically during fetal and neonatal periods.

Question 7

Most psychoactive drugs affect the functioning of the:&#10;A) synapse.&#10;B) astrocytes.&#10;C) dendrites.&#10;D) axon hillock.

Accepted Answer

Most psychoactive drugs affect the functioning of the synapse, which is the small gap between neurons where chemical communication occurs through the release and reception of neurotransmitters. These drugs can alter the way neurotransmitters are produced, released, or taken back up, leading to changes in brain activity and behavior. Astrocytes and dendrites are also involved in neural communication and function, but they are not the primary target of most psychoactive drugs. The axon hillock is an important site for initiating and regulating neural impulses, but it is not directly impacted by most psychoactive drugs.

Question 8

Antipsychotic drugs are thought to exert their effects, at least in part, by blocking one type of:&#10;A) glutamate receptor.&#10;B) thought process.&#10;C) dopamine receptor.&#10;D) action potential.

Accepted Answer

Antipsychotic drugs are known to block dopamine receptors, specifically the D2 subtype. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in modulating mood, motivation, and reward pathways. Excess dopamine activity in certain areas of the brain has been linked to symptoms of psychosis, such as hallucinations and delusions. By blocking D2 receptors, antipsychotic drugs can reduce the activity of dopamine in these areas and help alleviate these symptoms.

Question 9

Isbell et al. reported that research participants who drank alcohol steadily for 20 days showed _____ degrees of intoxication _____ blood alcohol levels due to _____.&#10;A) increasing; but not; sensitization&#10;B) increasing; and; sensitization&#10;C) decreasing; and; tolerance&#10;D) decreasing; but not; sensitization

Accepted Answer

The participants showed decreasing degrees of intoxication and tolerance due to long-term alcohol consumption. Sensitization refers to an increased response to a drug, whereas tolerance refers to a decreased response.

Question 10

Nicotine acts primarily on _____ receptors.&#10;A) dopamine&#10;B) acetylcholine&#10;C) GABA&#10;D) histamine

Accepted Answer

Nicotine binds to and activates the acetylcholine receptors in the brain, leading to the release of various neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. This is responsible for the pleasurable effects and addiction potential of nicotine.

Question 11

Diverse drugs of abuse may act through a common neurotransmitter system that releases:&#10;A) endorphin.&#10;B) serotonin.&#10;C) dopamine.&#10;D) GABA.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Diverse drugs of abuse may act through...

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a stimulant?&#10;A) LSD&#10;B) caffeine&#10;C) cocaine&#10;D) amphetamine

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is NOT a...

Question 13

A drug that increases the effectiveness of neurotransmission is called a(n):&#10;A) antagonist.&#10;B) agonist.&#10;C) neuromodulator.&#10;D) stimulant.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A drug that increases the effectiveness of...

Question 14

The brain's capillary network is largely isolated from that of the body's general circulation by the:&#10;A) peripheral nervous system.&#10;B) meninges.&#10;C) blood-brain barrier.&#10;D) Circle of Willis.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The brain's capillary network is largely isolated...

Question 15

A GABA antagonist would be likely to produce:&#10;A) decreased anxiety and activity.&#10;B) increased anxiety and activity.&#10;C) respiratory depression.&#10;D) visual hallucinations.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A GABA antagonist would be likely to...

Question 16

According to the incentive - sensitization theory of drug addiction, wanting a drug may depend on _____ neurons, whereas liking a drug may depend on _____ neurons.&#10;A) dopamine; glutamate&#10;B) GABA; opioid&#10;C) dopamine; opioid&#10;D) opioid; dopamine

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the incentive - sensitization theory...

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT likely to interact at endorphin synapses?&#10;A) morphine&#10;B) heroin&#10;C) naloxone&#10;D) lithium carbonate

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is NOT likely...

Question 18

The study of the effects of drugs on the function of the nervous system is:&#10;A) psychopharmacology.&#10;B) neuroendocrinology.&#10;C) pharmacokinetics.&#10;D) biopsychology.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The study of the effects of drugs...

Question 19

The blood-brain barrier is established by:&#10;A) neurons and astrocytes.&#10;B) neurons and smooth muscle cells.&#10;C) endothelial cells and neurons.&#10;D) endothelial cells and astrocytes.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The blood-brain barrier is established by:&#10;A) neurons...

Deck 6: Extension: A - The Influence of Drugs and Hormones on Behavior