Question 1

The loss of neurons whose main neurotransmitter is _____ is thought to be involved in the memory deficits seen in Alzheimer's disease.&#10;A) dopamine&#10;B) norepinephrine&#10;C) acetylcholine&#10;D) serotonin

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in learning and memory processes. In Alzheimer's disease, there is a significant loss of cholinergic neurons in areas of the brain important for memory, such as the hippocampus and cortex. As a result, deficits in memory formation and retrieval are observed.

Question 2

Which experimental criterion is NOT used to identify a chemical as a neurotransmitter?&#10;A) A substance must contain an amine group.&#10;B) The chemical can be introduced into the synapse artificially to produce a response.&#10;C) The chemical must be synthesized in or present in the neuron.&#10;D) The chemical must be released when the neuron is active.

Accepted Answer

Although many neurotransmitters do contain an amine group, it is not necessary for a chemical to be classified as a neurotransmitter. Other chemicals such as amino acids and peptides can also act as neurotransmitters.

Question 3

Synapses where an axon releases a neurotransmitter directly into the blood are called _____ synapses.&#10;A) axomuscular&#10;B) axosomatic&#10;C) axoextracellular&#10;D) axosecretory

Accepted Answer

Synapses where an axon releases a neurotransmitter directly into the blood are called axosecretory synapses. These synapses are found in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, where they release hormones into the bloodstream.

Question 4

Which type of postsynaptic receptor does NOT contain a pore and acts indirectly?&#10;A) holotropic&#10;B) ionotropic&#10;C) second messenger&#10;D) metabotropic

Accepted Answer

Metabotropic receptors do not contain a pore for ion flow, but instead act indirectly via intracellular signaling pathways involving G proteins and second messengers.

Question 5

The effects of the opiate drugs are MOST closely matched by _____.&#10;A) acetylcholine&#10;B) met-enkephalin&#10;C) dopamine&#10;D) histamine

Accepted Answer

The opiate drugs, such as morphine and heroin, mimic the effects of endorphins, which are naturally occurring opioids in the body. Met-enkephalin is an endorphin that binds to the same receptors as opiates, therefore the effects of the opiate drugs are most closely matched by met-enkephalin. Acetylcholine, dopamine, and histamine are neurotransmitters that have effects on different aspects of brain function, but they do not closely match the effects of opiate drugs.

Question 6

Dopamine is synthesized from _____.&#10;A) tryptophan&#10;B) tyrosine&#10;C) glutamate&#10;D) choline

Accepted Answer

Dopamine is synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine, which is converted to L-DOPA by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. L-DOPA is then decarboxylated to form dopamine by the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase.

Question 7

Transmitter - activated receptors are located _____.&#10;A) on the presynaptic membrane&#10;B) on the postsynaptic membrane&#10;C) on both the pre- and postsynaptic membranes&#10;D) in the nuclear membrane only

Accepted Answer

The answer of Transmitter - activated receptors are located _____.&#10;A)...

Question 8

Which neurotransmitter is used to treat Parkinson's disease?&#10;A) histamine&#10;B) acetylcholine&#10;C) dopamine&#10;D) NO

Accepted Answer

Parkinson's disease is characterized by a lack of dopamine in the brain, so treatment typically involves drugs that increase dopamine levels or mimic its effects. Examples of such drugs include L-dopa, a precursor to dopamine, or dopamine agonists which stimulate dopamine receptors in the brain.

Question 9

During which step of neurotransmission is a neurotransmitter transported to the presynaptic membrane?&#10;A) inactivation&#10;B) release&#10;C) receptor action&#10;D) synthesis

Accepted Answer

During the release step of neurotransmission, the neurotransmitter is transported to the presynaptic membrane and released into the synaptic cleft.

Question 10

The _____ activating system is believed to be related to obsessive - compulsive disorder.&#10;A) serotonergic&#10;B) dopaminergic&#10;C) cholinergic&#10;D) noradrenergic&#10;Answer Key

Accepted Answer

The serotonergic system is believed to be related to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), as evidenced by the effectiveness of SSRIs, which increase serotonin levels, in treating OCD symptoms.

Question 11

Which neurotransmitter is primarily affected by the drug Viagra?&#10;A) met-enkephalin&#10;B) acetylcholine&#10;C) dopamine&#10;D) nitric oxide

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which neurotransmitter is primarily affected by the...

Question 12

The substance that Otto Loewi found to accelerate the heart was later identified as _____.&#10;A) glutamate&#10;B) acetylcholine&#10;C) epinephrine&#10;D) Vagusstoff

Accepted Answer

The answer of The substance that Otto Loewi found to...

Question 13

The number of substances now known to be peptide neurotransmitters is about _____.&#10;A) 15&#10;B) 24&#10;C) 50&#10;D) 375

Accepted Answer

The answer of The number of substances now known to...

Question 14

Which ion is mainly responsible for transmitter release? A) Ca²⁺ B) Na⁺ C) K⁺ D) Cl^-

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which ion is mainly responsible for transmitter...

Question 15

The main transmitter found in the locus coeruleus is _____.&#10;A) norepinephrine (NE)&#10;B) dopamine (DA)&#10;C) serotonin (5-HT)&#10;D) acetylcholine (ACh)

Accepted Answer

The answer of The main transmitter found in the locus...

Deck 5: Extension: C - Communication Between Neurons