Question 1

Which ion form is the most appropriate match for protein anion? A) Cl^- B) A^- C) Na⁺ D) K⁺

Accepted Answer

Proteins are composed of amino acid residues, which have both acidic and basic functional groups. Therefore, proteins tend to carry a net negative charge at physiological pH (around 7.4). Among the given options, only option B has a negative charge (-) in the first digit, indicating an anionic ion form which matches the charge state of proteins. Option A has a chloride ion (Cl-) which is not commonly found in proteins, while options C and D have cations (Na+ and K+) which are not likely to be associated with proteins in their ionic forms. Therefore, option B is the most appropriate match for protein anion.

Question 2

Epigenetic mechanisms such as _____ can cause phenotypic plasticity.&#10;A) ncRNA deletion&#10;B) DNA deletion&#10;C) gene methylation and mRNA modification&#10;D) DNA resequencing and mRNA deletion&#10;Answer Key

Accepted Answer

DNA deletion

Question 3

Tubules are primarily concerned with _____.&#10;A) protein transport&#10;B) degradation of foreign substances&#10;C) providing energy to the cell&#10;D) transcribing base-pair sequences from nuclear DNA

Accepted Answer

Tubules, also known as microtubules, are involved in intracellular transport, including protein transport within the cell. They act as tracks to guide organelles and vesicles to their destination within the cell.

Question 4

Which ion form is the most appropriate match for hyperpolarization? A) Cl^- B) A^- C) Na⁺ D) K⁺

Accepted Answer

Hyperpolarization refers to an increase in the membrane potential, meaning a more negative charge inside the cell compared to outside. Negatively charged ions such as Cl- are usually involved in hyperpolarization. Therefore, choice A, which represents the Cl- ion in its negatively charged form, is the most appropriate match for hyperpolarization. The other ions listed in choices B, C, and D are positively charged and would not be involved in hyperpolarization.

Question 5

_____ embedded in the cell membrane act as gates and transportation systems that allow selected substances to pass through the membrane.&#10;A) Ion channels&#10;B) Proteins&#10;C) Lipids&#10;D) Enzymes

Accepted Answer

Proteins embedded in the cell membrane serve various functions including acting as gates and transport systems, allowing specific substances to pass through the membrane. These proteins can be channels or carriers that facilitate the movement of ions, molecules, and other substances across the cell membrane.

Question 6

The _____ carries the message across the synapse.&#10;A) axon&#10;B) dendrite&#10;C) neurotransmitter&#10;D) mRNA

Accepted Answer

The neurotransmitter is the chemical messenger that carries the message across the synapse, the small gap between neurons. The axon is the part of the neuron that sends the message, while the dendrites receive the message. mRNA is involved in protein synthesis and does not play a direct role in neuronal communication.

Question 7

Membrane pumps exchange Na⁺ ions for _____ ions. A) Ca²⁺ B) K⁺ C) Cl^- D) H²⁺

Accepted Answer

Membrane pumps exchange Na+ ions for K+ ions, therefore option B (K⁺) is the correct answer. Option A is incorrect because it refers to Ca2+ ions, which are not exchanged in a membrane pump. Option C is incorrect because it refers to Cl- ions, which are not exchanged in a typical membrane pump. Option D is incorrect because it refers to H+ ions, which are not exchanged in a typical membrane pump.

Question 8

The phrase &#34;Halle Berry neurons&#34; refers to _____.&#10;A) the most attractive neurons in the brain&#10;B) the neurons responsible for identifying people&#10;C) the neurons that are the last to break down with old age&#10;D) the implication that people have separate neurons for detecting and representing every object

Accepted Answer

The phrase "Halle Berry neurons" comes from a study that found that some neurons in the brain are specifically responsive to recognizing images of Halle Berry. This suggests that there may be separate neurons for detecting and representing every object, hence option D is the correct choice.

Question 9

The flow of information through a neuron _____.&#10;A) starts with the dendrites and ends with the terminal button&#10;B) starts with the axon and ends with the dendrites&#10;C) starts with the terminal button and ends with the dendrites&#10;D) starts with the dendrites and ends with the axon

Accepted Answer

The flow of information through a neuron typically starts with the dendrites, which receive signals from other neurons, then moves to the cell body, and finally travels down the axon to reach the terminal buttons, where it can be transmitted to other neurons or cells.

Question 10

The nucleus _____.&#10;A) regulates the materials that enter and leave the cell domain&#10;B) is where the cell's protein products are assembled&#10;C) is where the cell's protein blueprints are stored and copied&#10;D) is an extension of the nuclear membrane

Accepted Answer

The nucleus stores and copies the cell's genetic information, which includes the blueprints for protein synthesis.

Answer: A
 While the nuclear membrane regulates the materials that enter and leave the nucleus, it does not regulate materials entering and leaving the cell as a whole.

Question 11

The resting charge in neurons is about _____.&#10;A) +60 mV relative to the outside&#10;B) -70 mV relative to the inside&#10;C) +30 mV relative to the inside&#10;D) -70 mV relative to the outside

Accepted Answer

The answer of The resting charge in neurons is about...

Question 12

Which ion form is the most appropriate match for potassium ion? A) Cl^- B) A^- C) Na⁺ D) K⁺

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which ion form is the most appropriate...

Question 13

Which ion form is the most appropriate match for depolarization? A) Cl^- B) A^- C) Na⁺ D) K⁺

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which ion form is the most appropriate...

Question 14

The &#34;power plants&#34; of the cell, which provide most of the energy for cell functions, are the _____.&#10;A) Golgi bodies&#10;B) endoplasmic reticula&#10;C) mitochondria&#10;D) lysosomes

Accepted Answer

The answer of The &#34;power plants&#34; of the cell, which...

Question 15

A _____ is a segment of a DNA strand that encodes the synthesis of a particular type of protein molecule.&#10;A) chromosome&#10;B) gene&#10;C) double helix&#10;D) ribosome

Accepted Answer

The answer of A _____ is a segment of a...

Deck 4: Extension: C - the Structure and Electrical Activity of Neurons