Deck 23: Extension: B - Brain Development and Plasticity

Question 1

Use the following to answer questions:
There are numerous types of abnormal development of the human brain. For each term listed, select the appropriate alternative from the list below.
holoprosencephaly ___

A)aborted cell migration of gray matter
B)absence of cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, and midbrain
C)failure to form sulci and gyri
D)single undifferentiated hemisphere

Answer 1

single undifferentiated hemisphere

Question 2

Identify the five phases of synapse formation in the cerebral cortex of primates as proposed by Bourgeois.

Answer 2

Phases 1 and 2 are synapse formation; phase 3 is synapse growth (begins pre-birth); phase 4 is a plateau in growth that is followed by reductions; and phase 5 is a slow decline in synaptic density (experience dependent).

Question 3

Describe two types of abnormal brain development.

Answer 3

Table Answer: 2 outlines different types of abnormal brain development. One is called cerebellar agenesis, where parts of the cerebellum, basal ganglia, or spinal cord are absent or malformed. A second is called lissencephaly, where the brain fails to form sulci and gyri and corresponds to that of a 12-week embryo.

Question 4

Studies examining the outcome of Romanian orphans that were adopted into families after the fall of communism in the 1980s provided what information?

Question 5

Use the following to answer questions:
There are numerous types of abnormal development of the human brain. For each term listed, select the appropriate alternative from the list below.
anencephaly ___

A)aborted cell migration of gray matter
B)absence of cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, and midbrain
C)failure to form sulci and gyri
D)single undifferentiated hemisphere

Question 6

What evidence from rats indicates that pregnant mothers should have access to stimulating environments?

Question 7

What brain abnormalities have been found in children with schizophrenia?

Question 8

What are three ways to examine the relationship between neural function and behavioral changes in development? Make sure to mention potential advantages and/or disadvantages of each.

Question 9

How might the developmental course of myelination be related to the maturation of motor skills?

Question 10

What are Piaget's four stages of cognitive development? Briefly characterize each stage.

Question 11

Use the following to answer questions:
For each researcher(s) listed, select what they are associated with from the list below.
Piaget ___

A)speech lateralization
B)ocular dominance columns
C)myelination index
D)cognitive development

Question 12

What is the role of radial glial cells in neuron cell migration?

Question 13

Why is cell death such an important part of the development of the brain?

Question 14

How is the adolescent brain different from that of a child and that of an adult?

Question 15

Use the following to answer questions:
There are numerous types of abnormal development of the human brain. For each term listed, select the appropriate alternative from the list below.
heterotopia ___

A)aborted cell migration of gray matter
B)absence of cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, and midbrain
C)failure to form sulci and gyri
D)single undifferentiated hemisphere

Question 16

Use the following to answer questions:
For each researcher(s) listed, select what they are associated with from the list below.
Rasmussen and Milner ___

A)speech lateralization
B)ocular dominance columns
C)myelination index
D)cognitive development

Question 17

Use the following to answer questions:
There are numerous types of abnormal development of the human brain. For each term listed, select the appropriate alternative from the list below.
lissencephaly ___

A)aborted cell migration of gray matter
B)absence of cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, and midbrain
C)failure to form sulci and gyri
D)single undifferentiated hemisphere

Question 18

Use the following to answer questions:
For each researcher(s) listed, select what they are associated with from the list below.
Flechsig ___

A)speech lateralization
B)ocular dominance columns
C)myelination index
D)cognitive development

Question 19

What brain abnormalities have been found in children with ADHD?

Question 20

Use the following to answer questions:
For each researcher(s) listed, select what they are associated with from the list below.
Hubel and Wiesel ___

A)speech lateralization
B)ocular dominance columns
C)myelination index
D)cognitive development

Question 21

What is one proposal about why some kinds of visuospatial orientation are impaired following early left - hemisphere injury?

Question 22

What are the effects on language of early - onset lesions (prior to age 15 years of age) to the left hemisphere, compared with similar lesions in adults (20 years of age and over)?

Question 23

Why would it be beneficial to provide regular tactile stimulation to an infant who had suffered a cortical lesion?

Question 24

What are the three critical age divisions related to the effects of brain lesions on cognitive abilities, and how do they differ?

Question 25

What is the Kennard principle? Explain why it is good news for infants who suffer early damage.

Question 26

What are the effects of area TE lesions in monkeys on performance in the delayed nonmatching - to - sample task? What are the effects of medial temporal lobe lesions? Discuss the difference.

Question 27

Discuss the areas of early brain damage most likely to result in (a) no shift in language functions, (b) complete shift of language to the right hemisphere, and (c) shift of posterior speech functions.

Question 28

What are the effects on visual cortical neurons of monocular deprivation during the early life of kittens?