Question 1

Sensory neglect is a disorder that involves lesions to which brain region?&#10;A) the right parietal cortex&#10;B) the right temporal cortex&#10;C) the right prefrontal cortex&#10;D) the right visual cortex

Accepted Answer

Sensory neglect is primarily caused by damage to the right parietal cortex, which leads to a lack of attention and awareness of one side of the body or surrounding environment. Lesions in other regions may also contribute to sensory neglect, but the right parietal cortex is the most commonly associated area.

Question 2

In Moran and Desimone's experiment, attentional effects were observed _____.&#10;A) only if the monkey had to reach for an object&#10;B) in all visual areas studied&#10;C) in area V1&#10;D) in area TE

Accepted Answer

Attentional effects in Moran and Desimone's experiment were specifically observed in area TE, which is part of the inferior temporal cortex involved in visual processing.

Question 3

According to an imaging study conducted by Liston and colleagues, stress has what effect on brain regions subserving attentional performance?&#10;A) decreased activation in DLPFC&#10;B) increased activation in posterior parietal cortex&#10;C) increased activation in Broca's area&#10;D) decreased cerebellar activity

Accepted Answer

The imaging study conducted by Liston and colleagues showed that stress led to decreased activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), which is a brain region that subserves attentional performance.

Question 4

The _____ works with the executive attentional network to keep unattended stimuli outside of conscious awareness.&#10;A) amygdala&#10;B) superior temporal gyrus&#10;C) posterior parietal cortex&#10;D) fusiform face area

Accepted Answer

The posterior parietal cortex, along with the executive attentional network, plays a crucial role in filtering out unattended stimuli to prevent them from reaching conscious awareness. This is part of the brain's broader function in managing attention and focus, determining what information is relevant and should be attended to versus what can be ignored.

Question 5

All of the following are processes believed to be prerequisites for consciousness EXCEPT:&#10;A) arousal.&#10;B) attention.&#10;C) working memory.&#10;D) language.

Accepted Answer

While language can certainly be a component of consciousness, it is not considered a prerequisite. Arousal, attention, and working memory are all processes that are necessary for conscious experience.

Question 6

When subjects fail to detect a second visual target if it is presented within half a second of the first one, this is called _____.&#10;A) inattentional blindness&#10;B) attentional blink&#10;C) change blindness&#10;D) retrograde amnesia

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon described is known as attentional blink, where if a second visual target is presented within half a second of the first one, it may not be detected due to a temporary inability to shift attention. Inattentional blindness refers to the failure to notice a fully visible, but unexpected object because attention is focused elsewhere. Change blindness is the failure to notice changes in the environment due to limitations in attention and memory. Retrograde amnesia refers to the loss of memories from the past.

Question 7

&#34;Pop - out&#34; stimuli are associated with which type of visual system search?&#10;A) conjunction&#10;B) top-down&#10;C) memorial&#10;D) feature

Accepted Answer

"Pop-out" stimuli are associated with the feature search, in which the target can be detected regardless of the presence of distractors, based on a single feature that differentiates it from the other items in the display.

Question 8

In Treisman's theory, attention is a cognitive process that serves to _____.&#10;A) embed aspects of the visual world in long-term storage&#10;B) determine the color of visual objects&#10;C) select and integrate features in maps&#10;D) place stimuli in object files

Accepted Answer

According to Treisman's theory of feature integration, attention is the cognitive process that serves to select and integrate features in maps. This process allows us to perceive objects as whole entities rather than as a collection of individual features.

Question 9

Serial processing is used by subjects for _____.&#10;A) &#34;pop-out&#34; searches in visual arrays&#10;B) conjunction searches&#10;C) detecting sad faces&#10;D) searching for particular combinations of sensory information.

Accepted Answer

Conjunction searches require serial processing because the subject must attend to each item in the array and compare it to the target.

Question 10

There are several diffuse regions associated with consciousness. Koubeissi and colleagues, using deep brain stimulation methodology, identified which structure as being critical to coordinating the activity among these regions?

A) the claustrum
B) the insula
C) the posterior cingulate
D) the anterior cingulate

Accepted Answer

Koubeissi and colleagues identified the claustrum as being critical to coordinating the activity among the diffuse regions associated with consciousness. They used deep brain stimulation methodology to stimulate the claustrum and observed widespread disruption in conscious awareness. This suggests that the claustrum may play a crucial role in integrating information from different brain regions to create a unified perception of the world.

Question 11

Summarizing several studies, Corbetta and colleagues found that the parietal cortex is particularly active during tasks that require attention to _____.&#10;A) movement&#10;B) color&#10;C) location&#10;D) distance from the animal

Accepted Answer

The answer of Summarizing several studies, Corbetta and colleagues found...

Question 12

Bottom - up processing is associated with _____.&#10;A) identification of &#34;pop-out&#34; stimuli in an array&#10;B) the sort of search that one makes when trying to find a particular street&#10;C) language development in children&#10;D) searching for particular combinations of sensory information.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Bottom - up processing is associated with...

Question 13

Regarding attention, an example of an automatic process would be:&#10;A) driving a five-speed (automatic shift) car&#10;B) searching for a street sign&#10;C) learning to play piano by ear&#10;D) learning to read braille

Accepted Answer

The answer of Regarding attention, an example of an automatic...

Question 14

Temporary reductions in the field defect present in patients with contralateral neglect were observed by Rossetti after the use of _____.&#10;A) aids to memory, such as taking notes on the location of objects&#10;B) increased rewards for such reductions&#10;C) prisms that shifted the visual field to the right&#10;D) Contralateral neglect is impervious to attempts to reduce it.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Temporary reductions in the field defect present...

Question 15

A key aspect of the reticular activating system (RAS) is the _____ projection from the locus coeruleus.&#10;A) dopaminergic&#10;B) serotonergic&#10;C) noradrenergic&#10;D) cholinergic

Accepted Answer

The answer of A key aspect of the reticular activating...

Deck 22: Extension: C - Attention and Consciousness